2014 Fuel Cell Technologies Market Report - Energy.gov
Fuel Cell TechnologiesMarket Report 2014
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FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT 2014AuthorsThis report was compiled and written by Sandra Curtin and Jennifer Gangi of the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen EnergyAssociation, in Washington, D.C.AcknowledgementThe authors relied upon the hard work and valuable contributions of many men and women in government and inthe fuel cell industry. The authors especially wish to thank Sunita Satyapal and the staff of the U.S. Department ofEnergy’s Fuel Cell Technologies Office for their support and guidance. Also thanks to Philipp Beiter, Tian Tian,and Jeff Logan of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and David Hart and Franz Lehner of E4Tech.NoticeThis report is being disseminated by the Department of Energy. As such, this document was prepared in compliance with Section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (PublicLaw 106-554) and information quality guidelines issued by the Department of Energy.Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty,express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulnessof any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privatelyowned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark,manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoringby the United States government or any agency thereof.Cover ImageCal State L.A. Hydrogen Research and Fueling Facility in Los Angeles, California. The station was formallyopened on May 7, 2014 and is the largest University located hydrogen fueling facility in the nation. Image courtesy of California Fuel Cell Partnership.i
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT 2014List of AcronymsAFCBAmerican Fuel Cell BusAPUAuxiliary power unitARFVTPCalifornia’s Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology ProgramARPA-EAdvanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (DOE)CECCalifornia Energy CommissionCHPCombined heat and powerCTECenter for Transportation and the EnvironmentDMFCDirect methanol fuel cellCO2Carbon dioxideDOEU.S. Department of EnergyDOTU.S. Department of TransportationEEREOffice of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (DOE)FCEVFuel cell electric vehicleFCTOFuel Cell Technologies Office (DOE)FTAU.S. Federal Transit AdministrationHNEIHawaii Natural Energy InstituteIPIntellectual propertyIPOInitial public offeringkg KilogramkmKilometerkm/hKilometers per hourkWKilowattkWhKilowatt-hourMARADU.S. Maritime AdministrationMCFCMolten carbonate fuel cellm-CHPMicro-combined heat and powerMEAMembrane electrode assemblyMETIJapan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and IndustryMHEMaterial handling equipmentmphmiles per hourii
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT 2014MoUMemorandum of UnderstandingMPaMegapascalMWMegawattNFCBPNational Fuel Cell Bus ProgramNRELNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryOEMOriginal equipment manufacturerOTCOver-the-counterPAFCPhosphoric acid fuel cellPEPrivate equityPEMProton exchange membranePIPEPrivate in public equitiesR&DResearch and developmentRD&DResearch, development and demonstrationREBELSARPA-E’s Reliable Electricity Based on ELectrochemical SystemsSBIR/STTRSmall Business Innovation Research/Small Business Technology TransferSOFCSolid oxide fuel cellUAVUnmanned Aerial VehicleVCVenture capitalW Wattiii
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT 2014Table of ContentsList of Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiTable of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ivList of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viList of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viCurrency Exchange Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiiIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Business and Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Business Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Revenues, Assets, and R&D Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Raising Capital/Equity Offerings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Intellectual Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Shipments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Government Policies, Activities, and Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15State Policies and Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19International Policies and Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Applications and Market Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Light Duty Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Buses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Material Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26iv
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT 2014Other Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Hydrogen Infrastructure Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Hydrogen Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Power-to-Gas/Hydrogen Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Hydrogen Regulations/Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Hydrogen Technology Advancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Stationary Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Prime Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Micro Combined Heat and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Backup and Remote Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Micro Fuel Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Military . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Materials/Components/Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53University News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Reports and Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Appendix 1: Compilation of Companies in this Report with Commercially Available Fuel Cell Products . . . . . . . 56Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58v
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT 2014List of FiguresFigure 1. Worldwide Venture Capital, Private Equity, Over-the-Counter, and Private Investment in Public EquitiesInvestments in Fuel Cell Companies (2012-2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Figure 2. U.S. Venture Capital, Private Equity, Over-the-Counter, and Private Investment in Public EquitiesInvestments in Fuel Cell Companies (2012-2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Figure 3. Top 10 Fuel Cell Energy Patent Assignees (2002-2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Figure 4. Fuel Cell Patents Geographic Distribution (2002-2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Figure 5. Fuel Cell System Revenue by Region of Manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Figure 6. Fuel Cell Systems Shipped Worldwide by Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Figure 7. Megawatts of Fuel Cells Shipped Worldwide by Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Figure 8. Megawatts of fuel Cells Shipped Worldwide by Region of Manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14List of TablesTable 1. 2014 Average Exchange Rates for Converting Foreign Currencies into U.S. Dollars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiiTable 2. Gross Revenue and Cost of Revenue for Select Public Fuel Cell Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Table 3. R&D Expenditures for Select Public Fuel Cell Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Table 4. Total Assets and Liabilities for Select Public Fuel Cell Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Table 5. Disclosed Top Venture Capital and Private Equity Investors in Fuel Cells, By Company and By Country(2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Table 6. Top Ten Venture Capital and Private Equity Investors in Fuel Cells, By Company and By Country,Cumulative 1/1/2000-12/31/2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Table 7. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) 2014 Funding Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Table 8. DOE’s Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy’s (ARPA-E) Reliable Electricity Based onELectrochemical Systems (REBELS) 2014 Funding Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 9. State Funding for Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Table 10. Overview of International Policies and Funding for Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21vi
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT 2014Table 11. Examples of Commercially Available Fuel Cells for Transportation 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Table 12. Ballard Power Systems’ Bus Orders and Deliveries in 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Table 13. Notable Plug Power 2014 GenDrive Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Table 14. Examples of Commercially Available Fuel Cells for Material Handling 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Table 15. California Energy Commission’s Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology ProgramProceedings (ARFVTP) Funding Awards for New Public Hydrogen Refueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Table 16. New, Planned and Upgraded Hydrogen Fueling Stations 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Table 17. Examples of Commercially Available Hydrogen Fueling Stations 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Table 18. Examples of Commercially Available Hydrogen Generation Systems 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Table 19. Power-to-Gas/Hydrogen Energy Storage Projects Announced in 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Table 20. Examples of Commercially Available Stationary Fuel Cells 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Table 21. Summary of FuelCell Energy Projects 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Table 22. Summary of Bloom Energy Projects 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Table 23. Summary of Ballard/Dantherm Projects 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Table 24. Examples of Commercially Available Backup and Remote Power Fuel Cells 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50vii
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT 2014Currency Exchange RatesThe U.S. Internal Revenue Service 2014 yearly average exchange rates were used to convert foreign currencies toU.S. dollars using the following rates. If unspecified, amounts are reported in U.S. dollars.Table 1. 2014 Average Exchange Rates for Converting Foreign Currencies into U.S. Dollars2014 Average Exchange iaDollarAU 1.154CanadaDollarCA 1.149Euro ZoneEuro 0.784JapanYen 110.101SwedenKronakr7.138United KingdomPound 0.632Source: U.S. Internal Revenue Serviceviii
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT 2014IntroductionFuel cells are devices that electrochemically combine hydrogen andoxygen to produce electricity, water, and heat. Unlike batteries, fuel cellscontinuously generate electricity as long as a source of fuel is supplied.Fuel cells do not burn fuel, making the process quiet, pollution-free, andtwo to three times more efficient than combustion. A fuel cell system canbe a truly zero-emission source of electricity when hydrogen is producedfrom nonpolluting sources.There are three main markets for fuel cell technology: stationary power,transportation, and portable power. Stationary power includes anyapplication in which the fuel cells are operated at a fixed location forprimary power, backup power, or combined heat and power (CHP).Transportation applications include motive power for passenger cars,buses and other fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), specialty vehicles,material handling equipment (MHE), and auxiliary power units (APUs)for off-road vehicles. Portable power applications include fuel cells thatare not permanently installed or fuel cells in a portable device.There are many types of fuel cells currently in operation in a wide rangeof applications, including molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), solidoxide fuel cells (SOFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) and low and high temperature proton exchangemembrane (PEM) fuel cells.In 2014, the fuel cell industry grew by almost 1 billion, reaching 2.2billion in sales, up from 1.3 billion in 2013. Major increases were seenin North America and Asia Pacific revenues, spurred by fuel cells formaterial handling (U.S.) and large-scale stationary sales by U.S. companies and residential fuel cells in Japan.A number of ongoing market trends continued in 2014, contributing to anincrease in shipments and revenue: State incentives drove large stationary deployments, primarily inCalifornia and Connecticut, but other states in the Northeast havebegun to fund fuel cells as part of microgrids and other resiliencyefforts. Major corporations deployed fuel cells at retail, corporate, andwarehouse facilities, many in multiple locations. Municipalities arefollowing suit, installing fuel cells at facilities that provide criticalcity and county services, suc
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT 2014 Introduction Fuel cells are devices that electrochemically combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, water, and heat. Unlike batteries, fuel cells continuously generate electricity as long as a source of fuel is supplied. Fuel cells do not burn fuel, making the process quiet, pollution-free, and
hydrogen fuel cell engines introduction page v course contents module 1 hydrogen properties module 2 hydrogen use module 3 hydrogen use in internal combustion engines module 4 fuel cell technology module 5 fuel cell systems module 6 fuel cell engine safety module 7 fuel cell bus maintenance module 8 fuel cell hybrid electric
The objective of the Fuel Cell Vehicle Technologies, Infrastructure and Requirements project was to evaluate state-of-the-art of fuel cell (FC) vehicles technologies and current and future fuel station infrastructure roll- out for the deployment of large scale fuel cell electric vehicles (FC EVs).
Fuel transfer pump (35) is mounted on the back of unit injector hydraulic pump (1). The fuel transfer pump pushes pressurized fuel out of the outlet port and the fuel transfer pump draws new fuel into the inlet port. Fuel is drawn from fuel tank (12) and flows through two micron fuel filter (11) . Fuel flows from fuel filter (11) to the inlet .
2 Fuel Cell Technologies Office eere.energy.gov Fuel Cell Market Market Growth Fuel cell markets continue to grow35,000 units shipped 25% increase in global MWs shipped since 2012 35% increase in revenues from fuel cell systems shipped over last year Consistent 30% annual growth in global systems shipped since 2010. DOE Funded .
Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) for the period 2014-2024 with a budget of 1.4 billion (US 1.8 billion), a 27% increase over the first phase of the program. Japan’s 2013 RD&D budget for fuel cells and hydrogen was almost double the 2012 budget, at 36.83 billion (US 363 million). 2013 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES MARKET REPORT. 2013 FUEL CELL .
IEC IEC 62282-2 (2005-03) – Fuel cell technologies – Part 1: Terminology xx IEC IEC 62282-2 (2004-07) – Fuel cell technologies – Part 2 : Fuel cell modules x IEC WG3 IEC 62282-3-1- Fuel cell technologies – Part 3-1: Stationary fu
of the cell and eventually divides into two daughter cells is termed cell cycle. Cell cycle includes three processes cell division, DNA replication and cell growth in coordinated way. Duration of cell cycle can vary from organism to organism and also from cell type to cell type. (e.g., in Yeast cell cycle is of 90 minutes, in human 24 hrs.)
Send comments (with copy to psa@ansi.org) to: Christina Earl, (315) 339-6937, cearl@esda.org TCIA (ASC A300) (Tree Care Industry Association) Revision BSR A300 (Part 3)-201x, Tree Care Operations - Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Management - Standard Practices (Supplemental Support Systems) (revision of ANSI A300 (Part 3)-2006)
