Ethnocentrism And Racism Historical Views
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaBoard Member and Treasurers, -- Sustainable TompkinsEthnocentrism andRacismHistorical ViewsRacism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views1
This slideshow was developed by:Dr. Richard W. FrankePh. D. Harvard University 1972Professor Emeritus of Anthropology atMontclair State University in New JerseyResident: Ecovillage at IthacaBoard Member and Treasurer: Sustainable ntclair.edu/ frankerSunday, March 14, 20102
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State UniversityResident: Ecovillage at IthacaThis presentation wasdeveloped for use inthe Martin Luther KingCommunity Read inIthaca, New York, 20102011 and Sunday, March 14, 20103
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State UniversityResident and Board Member Ecovillage at Ithaca for Conference Day inthe Ithaca City SchoolDistrict March 19,2010 Your comments,criticisms andsuggestions arewelcome Sunday, March 14, 20104
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaEthnocentrism and RacismThe learning objectives for this presentation are:– to understand the similarities and differencesbetween ethnocentrism and racism, and;– to know a few of the most important examples ofsuch beliefs in ancient and recent timesRacism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views5
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaEthnocentrism and RacismTerms you should know at the end of thisslideshow Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views6
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaEthnocentrism and RacismSources:1. Ethnocentrism—What It Is and Why Anthropologists Reject It.Patterson, Thomas C. 1997. Inventing Western Civilization. New York: Monthly Review Press. Anarchaeologist summarizes the history of racism and ethnocentrism along with comments on Europeanswho rejected both.2. Racism—the Genetic Version of Ethnocentrism and Why Anthropologists Reject ItBenedict, Ruth. 1940. Race, Science, and Politics. New York: The Viking Press. The classic USanthropological refutation.Feldstein, Stanley. 1972. The Poisoned Tongue: A Documentary History of American Racism andPrejudice. New York: William Morrow & Company.Gossett, Thomas F. 1997. Race: The History of an Idea in America. New York: Oxford University Press.Montagu, Ashley. 1997. Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: the Fallacy of Race. Walnut Creek, California:AltaMira Press. 6th edition. The definitive encyclopedia of theories of racial superiority/inferiority and thebiological and genetic refutations of them.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views7
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaEthnocentrism and RacismSources:3. Psychological Component of Ethnocentrism and Racism -- PrejudiceAllport, Gordon. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. New York: Doubleday Anchor.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views8
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaEthnocentrism1. The belief that one's own culture is good,beautiful, or important and that– to the extent they are different –Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views9
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at Ithaca2. Other cultures are inhuman, disgusting,irrational, ugly, savage.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views10
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident– Ecovillage at IthacaEthnocentrism can be present in any culture, but it isprobably most important to identify andquestion it in one’s own –Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views11
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident– Ecovillage at IthacaEuropean Ethnocentrism: 1400 ADBy CE (AD) 1400 the European upper classes haddeveloped a complex and sophisticated system ofethnocentrism —including the categories of– 1. Barbarians: (Greek: “strangers”)Treacherous, cruel, illiterate, uncultured foreigners withdifferent languages and customs.Source: Patterson, Thomas C. 1997. Inventing Western Civilization. New York: MonthlyReview Press. Page 95.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views12
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaEuropean Ethnocentrism: 1400 AD2. Pagans (Latin: “civilian”)– Rural people who remained non Christian evenafter Christianity had been adopted in the majorcities3. Heathens (Anglo-Saxon from “heath,” awasteland)– Polytheists: not Christian, Muslim, or Jew.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views13
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaEuropean Ethnocentrism: 1400 AD4. Infidels (Latin: “unfaithful”)– People following religions thought to be opposedto Christianity; usually a reference to Muslims and Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views14
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaEuropean Ethnocentrism: 1400 AD5. Savages (also called “wild men”) (Latin: “silva,”forest)–Wild, fierce, cruel, ungovernable, people without goodbehavior, hairy, lacking the ability to speak and lacking theability to conceive of a God– Savages were thought to have fallen from an originalhuman status to live in the wilderness like other animalsand to survive only by strength and aggressivenessRacism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views15
Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeRacism is the biological version of ethnocentrism. Inplace of cultures, physical types are used Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views16
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaRacism Is the belief in superior or inferior racesRacism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views17
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State UniversityResident -- Ecovillage at IthacaRacism As a Set of BeliefsMain psychological component is:stereotypingRacism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views18
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaIn 1954 Harvardpsychologist GordonAllport wrote the classicwork on prejudice. Hedefined a stereotypeas Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views19
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at Ithaca“ an exaggerated belief associated with acategory [of people].”Allport, Gordon. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. New York: Doubleday-Anchor. page 187.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views20
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State UniversityResident and Board Member Ecovillage at IthacaStereotypes are usually the basis of“prejudice,” which Allport defined (p.8) as:“An avertive or hostile attitude toward aperson who belongs to a group, simplybecause he belongs to that group”Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views21
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State UniversityResident of Ecovillage at IthacaStereotypes and prejudice can occur inmany ways and among any groups but inthe history of the United States probablythe strongest prejudices have been basedon racial stereotypes.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views22
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaWhat’s Wrong With Racism?Racism is based on degrading and insultingstereotypes of individuals and groups.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views23
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaWhat’s Wrong With Racism?Beliefs about racial inferiority or superiorityhave helped justify oppression, exploitation,slavery, discrimination and genocide;wherever it still exists, racism continues tointerfere with efforts to build a just andpeaceful world.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views24
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaRacism: Some Historical Views“Do not obtain your slaves from Britain becausethey are so stupid and so utterly incapable ofbeing taught that they are not fit to form apart of the household of Athens.”Cicero to Atticus, 1st Century BCSource: Benedict, Ruth. 1940. Race, Science, and Politics. New York: The Viking Press. Pages 6 and 7.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views25
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaRacism: Some Historical Views“The White [here meaning “Nordic”] race originally possessedthe monopoly of beauty, intelligence and strength. By itsunion with other varieties [here referring to Alpines orMediterraneans], hybrids were created, which were beautifulwithout strength, strong without intelligence, or if intelligent,both weak and ugly.”Source: Arthur de Gobineau. 1856. Essay on the Inequality of Human Races.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views26
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaRacism: Some Historical Views“Judgment, truthfulness and energy always distinguishthe Nordic man. He feels a strong urge toward truthand justice.Passion in the usual meaning of therousing of the senses or the heightening of thesexual life has little meaning for him.He is neverwithout a certain knightliness.”Hans F. K. Gunther. 1927. The Racial Elements of European History.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views27
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaRacism: Some Historical ViewsThe Negroes CharacterCowardly and cruel are those Blacks Innate,Prone to Revenge, Imp of inveterate hate.He that exasperates them, soon espiesMischief and Murder in their very eyes.Libidinous, Deceitful, False and Rude,The Spume Issue of IngratitudeJohn Saffin. 1701. A Brief and Candid Answer to a Late Printed Sheet, Entitled TheSelling of Joseph [the first New England antislavery pamphlet].Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views28
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResiden – Ecovillage at IthacaRacism: Some Historical Views“Comparing them [blacks] by their faculties of memory,reason, and imagination, it appears to me, that inmemory they are equal to the whites; in reasonmuch inferior, as I think one could scarcely be foundcapable of tracing and comprehending theinvestigations of Euclid; and that in imagination theyare dull, tasteless, and anomalous.”Thomas Jefferson. 1787. Notes on the State of Virginia.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views29
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident– Ecovillage at IthacaRacism: Some Historical Views“The innate love to act as body servant or lacquey is too stronglydeveloped in the negro race to be concealed.the primordialcell germ of the Nigritians has no more potency than what issufficient to form a being with physical power.with themental organization too imperfect to enable him to extricatehimself from barbarism.”Samuel Cartwright. 1860. On the Caucasians and the Africans.Source: Feldstein, Stanley. 1972. The Poisoned Tongue: A Documentary History of AmericanRacism and Prejudice. New York. William Morrow & Company. Pages 37, 48–49, and 103.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views30
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaRacism: Stereotyping an “Enemy”“There is no difference between Jew and Jew. EveryJew is a sworn enemy of the German people. If hefails to display his hostility against us, it is merely outof cowardice and slyness but not because his heart isfree of it.”Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Propaganda Minister, 1941Source: Remax, Joachim, editor. The Nazi Years: A Documentary History. EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969, page 156.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views31
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaRacism: Identifying an “Enemy”“The Japanese race is an enemy race and while many second-and thirdgeneration Japanese, born on United States soil, possessed of UnitedStates citizenship have become “Americanized,” the racial strains areundiluted . It, therefore, follows, that along the vital Pacific Coast over112,000 potential enemies, of Japanese extraction, are at large today.”Lieutenant-General John L. DeWitt, Commanding General,Western Defense Command, February, 1942Source: Jacubus ten Broek, Edward N. Barnhart, and Floyd W. Matson. Prejudice, War,and the Constitution, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, page 263.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views32
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident and Board member – Ecovillage at IthacaRacism: Identifying an “Enemy”“I suppose I should be ashamed to say that I take the Westernview of the Indian. I don’t go so far as to think that the onlygood Indians are the dead Indians, but I believe nine out ofevery ten are, and I shouldn’t inquire too closely into the caseof the tenth. The most vicious cowboy has more moralprinciple than the average Indian.”Theodore Roosevelt, from his book, The Winning of the West, a 4 volume workpublished 1889–1896.Source: Gossett, Thomas F. Race: The History of an Idea in America. New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 1997, page 238.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views33
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident and Board member – Ecovillage at IthacaRacism and/or Ethnocentrism: Identifying an“Enemy”“Ellison’s [ taking the oath on a Koran] willembolden Islamic extremists and make newones, as Islamists, rightly or wrongly, see thefirst sign of the realization of their greatestgoal – the Islamicization of America.”Dennis Prager, conservative radio hostDecember 2006Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views34
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident and Board member – Ecovillage at IthacaRacism: Some Historical ViewsEthnocentrism?“If you’re incapable of taking the oath on [theBible], don’t serve in Congress.”Dennis Prager, conservative radio host, after the first Muslim was elected tothe US Congress, Keith Ellison of MinnesotaRacism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views35
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident and Board member – Ecovillage at IthacaRacism: Some Historical Views“Keith Ellison does not have to answer to you,to me or anyone else in regards to questionsabout his faith.”Bill Pascrell, Democratic representative from the 8th District in New Jerseythat includes MSU’s campus.Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views36
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident and Board member – Ecovillage at IthacaRacism: Identifying an “Enemy”In a private ceremony (after being sworn inpublicly without any religious paraphernalia)as an elected member of the US House ofRepresentatives in Jan 2007, Keith Ellison ofMinnesota used Thomas Jefferson’s Koran Racism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views37
Dr. Richard W. FrankeProfessor Emeritus of Anthropology – Montclair State UniversityResident – Ecovillage at IthacaEnd of Slides onEthnocentrism andRacismRacism and Ethnocentrism – Historical Views38
5 Dr. Richard W. Franke Professor Emeritus of Anthropology –Montclair State University Resident –Ecovillage at Ithaca Ethnocentrism and Racism The learning objectives for this presentation are: –to understand the similarities and differences between ethnocentrism and racism, and; –to know a few of the most important examples of
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