Drop-in Transportation Fuels From Carbon Dioxide And Solar .
Drop-in Transportation Fuels from CarbonDioxide and Solar HydrogenJian YuHawaii Natural Energy InstituteUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHawaii, USAEnvironmental and Energy Resource Management Summit 2017November 9-11, Washington DC.www.hnei.hawaii.edu
Energy Consumption & CO2 EmissionEnergy per capita (#48 in 50 states)CO2 emission (million metric tonnes) Total annual: 18.4 mmt Transportation 9.9 mmt or 54% Electric: 6.7 mmt or 36% (point source) Others: 1.8 mmt or 10%http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu
A Green Factory for Renewable w.hnei.hawaii.edu
Solar Hydrogen from Water ElectrolysisAnode: 2H2O (l) O2 (g) 4H (aq) 4eCathode: 4H (aq) 4e 2H2 (g)Overall: 2H2O(l) O2(g) 2H2 (g)http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu
Artificial Photosynthetic Systemhv PV assembly-H2eH2O2H2OeElectrolyzerO2CO2FermenterCO2 H2O hv CH2O (biomass)http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu
CO2 Fixation with H2 & PHB FormationAutotrophic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteriumGranules of polyhydroxybutyrate (50-70 wt%) accumulatedin bacterial cells as carbon and energy storage materialhttp://www.hnei.hawaii.edu
Gas Fermentation & PHB ProductionCell density80Residual cell mass70PHB%6020504030102010000 PHB%Cell density, RCM (g/L)30102030Time (hr)4050Cell mass doubled in 8 hoursHigh cell density of 23 g/L45-60% of PHB, a biopolyester materialH2 energy efficiency 20%http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu
Solar Energy EfficiencyPV module 20%(high efficiency 35%)Water electrolysis 70%(high efficiency 80%)CO2 fixation 20%(high efficiency 28%) The energy efficiency is 3% (3 times higher than highplants and crops) Higher efficiency (8%) is achievable in the future!http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu
A Bioplastic of 100% CO2 carbonhttp://www.hnei.hawaii.edu
Hydrocarbon Oil from PHBOCH2 C-C-OH-H2OCH3Methacrylic acidHO OOCH3-C - C-OHCH3CH32-hydroxyisobutyric acidIsomerizationOHO [OCHCH2C]nOHPolyhydroxybutyrate-H2OHeat H2OCH3OHO-CH-CH2-C-OHR-3-hydroxybutyric acid-H2OCH3CH2CH2COHButyric acidOCH3CCH2COHAcetoacetic acid-H2OO 2H2 -H2O-CO2C6H6Aromatics-CO2HO OCH3CH CH2CH3CH2CHCOHPropylene2-hydroxybutyric acid-CO2OCH3CCH3Acetone H2CH3CH CH2COHCrotonic acid lOCH2 CHCH2COH 3-butenoic acidOH H2-H2OCH3CH2CCOHCnH2nO2-oxobutyric acidAlkenesGasoline(n 6-18)http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu
PHB Melting & Catalytic Reform in DSCCH3CH3OORR-CH-CH2-C-O-CH-CH2-C-OHCO2CH3O HR-CH-CH2-COCH-C-OHO CHCH3CH3O HR-CH-CH2-COH CO2CH3-CH CH2OCH-C-OHCHCH3H CH3-CH-CH3Crotonic acidhttp://www.hnei.hawaii.edu
Aromatics from PHB: GCMS Analysis#1 can replace lead for high octane (100 )aviation gasolineR'RO CO2 H2O O2C3H6KetonizationAromaticsCompound 5 (C7H10O)OHCA (C4H6O2)OCO2 H2O Compound 6 (C7H10O)R''R''' Aromaticshttp://www.hnei.hawaii.edu
Alkenes from PHB100% H3PO4230 .12.0*Based on percentage of peak areas in GCMS chromatogramshttp://www.hnei.hawaii.edu
Oils from Reaction & DistillationCO2Light oil (77 wt%, 40-240 oC)PHB (C4H6O2)240oC,H Oil(C6-C16)Heavy oil (23 wt%, 240-310 oC)gas ei.hawaii.edu
Drop-in BiofuelsGasolineaLight-oilHeavy-oilBiodiesel bBP (oC)40-24040-240240-310182-338C (wt%)80.4081.3779.3876.96H (wt%)12.3011.309.6711.85N (wt%)0.150.140.23-O (wt%)c6.357.1910.729.41HHV (MJ/kg)d41.841.438.439.7Fuelsa Commercialgasoline from a local stationfrom plant oil (FAME)c Estimated by elemental balanced Measured by Hazen Research Inc.b Biodieselhttp://www.hnei.hawaii.edu
Acknowledgement Students and post-doctors for laboratory work Office of Naval Research for financial supportThank You !!!http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu
2 CH 2 OH OH 1 ,3-butanediol Heat H -H 2 O 2 O CH 2 CHCH 2 COH O 3-butenoic acid -H 2 O CH 3-C - C-OH O CH 3 HO 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid Isomeriz ation CH 2 C-C-OH O CH 3 Methacrylic acid-H 2 O-H 2 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COH O Butyric acid-H 2 O H 2 2H 2 CH 3 CCH 3 O-CO 2 CH 3 CH CH 2 Propylene A cetone C n H 2n Gasoline (n 6
Fuels that are found and obtained from nature are natural fuels. E.g: Coal, petroleum etc. Fuels that are prepared artificially from primary fuels are secondary or artificial fuels. Eg: Kerosene, producer gas etc. On the basis of physical state, fuels are classified as solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. 2. Characteristics of a good fuel 1.
Source: Natural Resources Canada Gasoline Diesel Aviation fuels 36 5 3 11 41 4 Road passenger Road freight Air arine Rail Off-road Energy use in the transportation sector, 2017 Transportation emissions by mode, 2017 Petroleum fuels power more than 95% of transportation Road transportation accounts for more than 75% of total transportation emissions
no limit 4 drop . drop is taken out of pot after the first bet is made and called . poker flats casion drop structure asian games . super . pan . 9 (pan, super 9) 5 to 40 1 collection fee 10 to 10 2 collection fee . drop . is . taken before the start of game . push . 9 . 1 . condition 1 to 6 players . 2 drop . 1 condition 7 pla yers ; 3 . drop . 2 condition 1 to 6 players ; 2 drop .
no limit 4 drop . drop is taken out of pot after the first bet is made and called . poker flats casion drop structure asian games . super . pan . 9 (pan, super 9) 5 to 40 1 collection fee 10 to 10 2 collection fee . drop . is . taken before the start of game . push . 9 . 1 . condition 1 to 6 players . 2 drop . 1 condition 7 pla yers ; 3 . drop . 2 condition 1 to 6 players ; 2 drop .
necessary alternative fuels infrastructure. In 2012, transport in Europe was 94 % dependent on oil, 86 % of it being imported (DG MOVE -Expert group on future transport fuels -State of the Art on Alternative Fuels Transport Systems, 2015). The build-up of alternative fuel infrastructure will contribute to economic
Sustainable Transportation - Offi ce of Energy Effi ciency and Renewable Energy Replacing the Whole Barrel of Oil with Drop-In Fuels Beyond cellulosic ethanol, EERE is developing several ways to make "biocrude" and drop-in fuels that further diversify our nation's fuel supply and enhance energy security.
Original Wej-It Wedge Anchor 26 Sleeve-TITE Sleeve Anchor 27 Threaded Anchors POWER-Skru Large Diameter Concrete Screw 30 Wej-Con Concrete Screw 33 Hang-TITE Rod Hanger Screw 36 Drop-In and Shield Anchors Ultra-Drop Drop-In Anchor 38 Hollo Set Drop-In Anchor 40 POWER-Drop Drop-In Anchor 41 Expansion Shield 42
Derivation of Equation 1 - Time Needed to Pressurize Drop Tube Volume at a flowrate of 0.424 CFH (200 cc/min), and Drop Tube Diameter of 4 Inches . Volume of 4 inch Drop Tube of Length (cubic feet) Volume of Nitrogen Needed to Pressurize Drop Tube to 2.0 inWC Time Needed to Pressurize Drop Tube Volume at a Flow Rate of 0.42 CFH (STEP 1) (STEP 2)
