Assessment Of Development Results: Zambia
ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT RESULTSASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT RESULTSE V A L UA T I ON OF UNDP CONTRI BUTI ONZambiaSales #: E.10.III.B.9ISBN: 978-92-1-126280-3United Nations Development ProgrammeEvaluation OfficeOne United Nations PlazaNew York, NY 10017, USATel. (212) 906 5059, Fax (212) 906 6008Internet: http://www.undp.org/eoZAMBIAHUMAN DEVELOPMENTeffectiveness COORDINATefficiency COORDINATION ANDPARTNERSHIP susNATIONAL OWNERSHIP relevance MANAGINGFOsustainability MANAGINGFOR RESULTS responsivenAN DEVELOPMENTresponsiveness NATIONAL OWNNATIONAL OWNERSHIP effectiveness COORDINATefficiency COORDINATION ANDPARTNERSHIP susNATIONAL OWNERSHIP relevance MANAGINGFOsustainability MANAGINGFOR RESULTS responsivenHUMAN DEVELOPMENTeffectiveness COORDINAT
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ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT RESULTSEVAL UATI ON OF UNDP CONTRI BUTI ONZAMBIAEvaluation Office, February 2010United Nations Development Programme
REPORTS PUBLISHED UNDER THE ADR hutanBosnia & HerzegovinaBotswanaBulgariaBurkina FasoCambodiaChileChinaColombiaRepublic of the durasIndiaJamaicaJordanLao iaEvaluation TeamTeam LeaderErik LybyTeam MembersHonorine MuyoyetaJorry MwenechanyaEO Task ManagerUrs NagelEO Research AssistantZembaba AyalewASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT RESULTS: MALDIVESCopyright UNDP 2010, all rights reserved.Manufactured in the United States of America.The analysis and recommendations of this report do not necessarily reflect the views ofthe United Nations Development Programme, its Executive Board or the United NationsMember States. This is an independent publication by UNDP Evaluation Office.Cover photos provided by Urs Nagel and UNDP Zambia.Design: Green Communication Design inc.Production: Consolidated Syrian Arab t NamYemen
FOREWORDThe current country programme of theUnited Nations Development Programme(UNDP) in Zambia will come to an end thisyear, and a new country programme will besubmitted to the UNDP Executive Board forits approval. In order to support the process ofunderstanding UNDP’s contribution to Zambia’sdevelopment over the past years (2002 to 2009),and provide recommendations that may assist inthe formulation of the new country programme(2011 to 2015), the UNDP Evaluation officehas conducted an Assessment of DevelopmentResults (ADR). The ADR is an independentcountry-level evaluation that examines the relevance of UNDP in Zambia and assesses itsstrategic positioning.During the period under review, Zambia hasachieved growth rates averaging about 5 percentper annum and maintained a peaceful democraticenvironment. At the same time, the country continues to face serious development challengesincluding widespread poverty and high incomedisparity. Zambia is at the epicentre of theHIV/AIDS pandemic that affects virtually allits citizens in a variety of ways, and places atremendous burden on the country’s social andeconomic development. A resource-rich country,Zambia’s environmental sustainability constitutesa serious concern, with projections indicatingthat the related Millennium Development Goal(MDG) is unlikely to be achieved by 2015.Throughout, UNDP Zambia has been an allyof the Government of the Republic of Zambiain its effort to address a range of developmentneeds, particularly in the areas of governance,environment and energy and HIV/AIDS. Theevaluation suggests that UNDP’s contribution tothe fight against HIV/AIDS has been particularlynotable. The promotion of gender equality hasbeen a cross-cutting concern, which has receivedincreasing attention over the past few years, but isFOREWORDnot considered to have been effective. UNDP hasbeen a strong advocate of the MDGs and has supported the Government in MDG monitoring. Ithas worked closely with the Government in preparing national Human Development Reports,and has contributed macroeconomic studies.As a partner in the Joint Assistance Strategy forZambia, UNDP has played a lead (gender) orco-lead (governance, environment) role in thesectoral sub-groups of the Cooperating Partners’Group. According to the evaluation, UNDP’soverall contribution was limited, in part, asa result of programme resources spread toothinly across many initiatives and insufficientattention given to ensuring sustainability. Whilecooperating partners and non-governmentalorganizations would have preferred UNDP toplay a stronger role in advocacy, the Governmentappreciates UNDP as a consistent partner. Theevaluation suggests that, within the context of theUnited Nations country team, UNDP missedopportunities to develop more joint initiatives.The evaluation recommends that the UNDP’scountry programme in Zambia should focusmore narrowly on upstream policy-level support in areas where it has clear comparativeadvantages within its three established primarythematic areas of cooperation, and especiallyin the area of governance. Moreover, it is suggested that there is much scope for strengtheningUNDP’s contribution to gender equality, particularly in cooperation with the United Nationscountry team, other cooperating partners andcivil society. A review of UNDP’s partnershipstrategy is advised, both as a means of leveragingits support to the Government more effectivelyand, in this context, of developing a systematicapproach towards capacity development. Thefindings and recommendations of the evaluation thus highlight that there are advantagesin providing consistent, long-term support tocountries in the achievement of developmenti
results, but that UNDP must be ready to adjustits approach in line with its corporate mandateand the changing development environment. It ismy sincere hope that this report has provided anopportunity to reflect on UNDP’s contributionto development results in Zambia, and to identify ways in which the country programme can befurther strengthened over the coming years.A number of people contributed to theevaluation. I would like to thank the independentevaluation team, led by Mr. Erik Lyby, andits members Ms. Honorine Muyoyeta andMr. Jorry Mwenechanya. I also wish to thankMs. Mary Chinery-Hesse, who took part inthe inception phase of the evaluation, for herinvaluable insights and advice. The evaluation would not have been possible withoutthe constructive support and contributionsof our colleagues in the Zambia CountryOffice: Resident Representative Mr. MacleodNyirongo, Country Director Ms. Viola Morgan,Deputy Country Director (Programme)Ms. Georgina Fekete, Deputy Country Director(Operations) Ms. Dancilla Mukarubayiza, theevaluation focal point and Economic AdviserMr. John Wayem and all other programmeand project staff who assisted the team in conducting this evaluation. I also thank the externaliireviewers of the draft report, Ms. Anne Gillesand Mr. Oliver Saasa. My sincere gratitudeis extended to all the people in Zambia whohave taken time to respond to the requests bythe evaluation team: government officials, localadministration officials, community representatives, civil society actors, development partners,villagers, trainers, men and women. Specialthanks go to the staff of the Ministry of Financeand National Planning, the central coordinatingministry responsible for UNDP’s developmentcooperation with the Government, for their support to the ADR process, and particularly toMr. Emmanuel Ngulube, Permanent Secretaryfor Budget and Economic Affairs. Finally,I would like to thank our colleagues in theEvaluation Office for their support: Mr. Urs Nagel,the Task Manager of this evaluation, as wellas Mr. Oscar Garcia, Ms. Thuy Hang To,Ms. Cecilia Corpus, Ms. Caroline Monyi,Mr. Anish Pradhan and Ms. Zembaba Ayalew.Saraswathi MenonDirector, Evaluation OfficeFOREWORD
TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Purpose and scope1.2 Methodologyvii11122.12.22.32.4DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES AND NATIONAL STRATEGIESCountry contextPoverty and human developmentGovernment responseExternal assistance9910141833.13.23.33.43.53.63.7UNDP’S RESPONSE AND STRATEGIESUN in ZambiaUNDP’s responseDemocratic governanceHIV/AIDSEnergy and environmentGender equalityPoverty and N TO DEVELOPMENT RESULTSFostering democratic governanceResponding to HIV/AIDSEnergy and environment for sustainable developmentPromoting gender equalityPoverty and MDGsOther cross-cutting issues3131343642465055.15.25.35.45.55.6UNDP’S STRATEGIC POSITIONINGManagement, planning, monitoring & evaluationStrategic relevance of UNDP practice areas and non-project activitiesResponsiveness to changesContribution to UN valuesStrategic partnershipsContribution to UN coordination535353555556586 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS6.1 Development results6.2 UNDP positioningTABLE OF CONTENTS595960iii
ivANNEXESAnnex 1: Terms of referenceAnnex 2: List of documents consultedAnnex 3: List of people consultedAnnex 4: Evaluation questionsAnnex 5: Zambia HDI highlightsAnnex 6: Zambia HDI indicators over timeAnnex 7: Zambia at a glance6363697783858995TABLESTable 1. CPD/CPAP outcomes per practice areaTable 2: Evaluated activities and stakeholdersTable 3: Poverty 1991 to 2006Table 4: Achievement of MDGsTable 5: Knowledge of HIV/AIDsTable 6: UNDP results frameworkTable 7: UNDP Zambia expendituresTable 8: UNDP funding by practice area 2007 to 2009Table 9: UNDP Zambia staffing 2002 to 2009Table 10: Micro Bankers trust products351012132122232447TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS AND sment of Development ResultsAcquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeCommunity-based organizationCountry Cooperation FrameworkConvention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against WomenCountry Programme Action PlanCountry Programme DocumentCooperating Partners’ GroupCivil society organizationUNDP Evaluation OfficeFifth National Development PlanGlobal Environment FacilityGovernment of Republic of ZambiaGerman Technical Cooperation AgencyHuman Development IndexHuman Development ReportHighly indebted poor countriesHuman Immunodeficiency VirusHuman Poverty IndexJoint Assistance Strategy for ZambiaMillennium Development GoalsMinistry of Finance and National PlanningMinistry of Tourism, Environment and Natural ResourcesNon-governmental organizationNational United Nations VolunteerPeople Living with HIV and AIDSPoverty Reduction Strategy PaperRegional Bureau for AfricaSectoral Advisory GroupSixth National Development PlanStrategic Policy UnitUnited Nations Country TeamUnited Nations Development Assistance FrameworkUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUnited Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDSACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONSv
UNIDOUNRCUNVviUnited Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUnited Nations Resident CoordinatorUnited Nations Volunteer
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYBackground and contextThe purpose of this report is to present anassessment of the contributions of the UnitedNations Development Programme (UNDP) todevelopment results in Zambia in the period2002 to 2009. It covers two programming cyclesknown as the second Country CooperationFramework (CCF-II) 2002 to 2006, and thecurrent Country Programme Document (CPD)2007 to 2010. The evaluation was carried outbetween June 2009 and January 2010, and itsfindings were designed to contribute to the newcountry programme, currently being prepared bythe UNDP Country Office and national stakeholders. The Assessment of Development Results(ADR) addressed two main clusters of issues:1. An evaluation of the extent to which UNDPhas achieved the outcomes foreseen in itsplanning documents, thereby contributing todevelopment results; this was accomplishedthrough the application of the followingevaluation criteria to a selection of UNDPZambia’s projects: relevance, effectiveness,efficiency and sustainability.2. The way in which UNDP has positioneditself in the national development context toadd value in response to national needs; theevaluation criteria used were: strategic relevance, responsiveness, contribution to UNvalues, strategic partnerships and contribution to UN coordination.UNDP’s Country Programme is synchronizedwith the United Nations Development AssistanceFramework (UNDAF). The UNDAF and theUNDP Country Programme in turn support theGovernment’s Fifth National Development Plan(FNDP) and, in order to be fully in line withoverall national priorities and plans, as from 2011the UN response will be fully synchronized withthe Sixth National Development Plan (SNDP).EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe development challenges faced by Zambiaare many. While the period under review hasshown respectable economic growth rates averaging five percent per annum, poverty remainsdeep and widespread, although a slight reduction seems to have taken place. The economyis heavily dependent on one resource—copper;while copper prices helped spur the growth ofrecent years, the 2008 economic downturn ledto sharp falls in copper prices, thereby seriouslyreducing the Government’s revenue. In spite ofmajor efforts to contain it throughout the periodunder review, corruption levels remain high andare recognized by the Government as a majorthreat to development. Zambia is ranked no. 165out of 177 countries in the Human DevelopmentIndex (HDI) in the UNDP 2007 to 2008 HumanDevelopment Report (HDR).Zambia is at the epicentre of a mature HIV/AIDS pandemic with some 15 percent of theadult population infected with HIV. This is asevere blow to economic and social developmentat all levels. Another major challenge is presentedin terms of environmental sustainability and theeffects of climate change. The Government ofthe Republic of Zambia (GRZ) regularly reportson its progress towards meeting the MillenniumDevelopment Goals (MDGs) by 2015 andstates that almost all MDGs are achievable orpotentially achievable—except for MDG 7 onenvironmental sustainability.The GRZ and its cooperating partners indevelopment subscribe to the principles of the2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectivenessand the 2008 Accra Action Plan. As a consequence, Zambia is moving forward towards aidharmonization and alignment in the frameworkof the mutually agreed—upon Joint AssistanceStrategy for Zambia (JASZ) 2007 to 2010.Within the FNDP and JASZ framework,17 Sectoral Advisory Groups (SAGs) have beenvii
set up, normally chaired by the PermanentSecretary of the related sectoral line ministry.In parallel with this, a Cooperating Partners’Group (CPG) has been established in order tocoordinate and harmonize the external assistance. To do so, the CPG has established sectoralsub-groups mirroring the SAGs. UNDP andother UN agencies participate in the SAGs andCPG sector groups.UNDP Zambia's mission is to build nationalcapacity to help Zambia achieve the MDGs byfocusing on: HIV/AIDS Energyand environment Democraticand economic governance.The UNDP Country Office is organized intoprogramme units according to the thematic areasmentioned above. In addition to these thematicareas gender equality has assumed prominenceand become part of the programme unit ongovernance. Further, the Office has a StrategicPolicy Unit (SPU) offering support to the GRZin macroeconomic analysis, MDG monitoringand HDR preparation. The Country Office alsohas a United Nations Volunteer (UNV) Unit dueto the high number of national and internationalUNVs employed in the Country Programme.DEVELOPMENT RESULTSOverall, UNDP Zambia has provided importantcontributions to meet the development challengesthat the country is facing. These contributions,listed below, are highly relevant to developmentchallenges faced by Zambia.EffectivenessGood progress has been made in the fight againstHIV/AIDS as a major threat to economic, socialand human development. Some progress is alsonotable in the field of democratic governance,although slower than expected. Innovativeviiiapproaches have been introduced in the area ofenergy and environment, but results are slow incoming. The MDGs have been integrated intoZambian monitoring and evaluation systems andknowledge about them is widespread. In manycases where expected results have not been met,this has been due to factors outside UNDP’scontrol. With this proviso, UNDP has in generalbeen effective in its contributions to developmentin Zambia.EfficiencyUNDP’s efficiency in achieving the expectedoutcomes has varied; UNDP’s support in thebattle against HIV/AIDS has been very efficient, not least due to the combined efforts ofthe Joint UN AIDS Team and the operationalmodalities in interaction with the National AidsCouncil. Good progress is being made towardsthe outcome of a decentralized, multi-sectoraland community-based response, reaching out toall districts.GovernanceUNDP’s interventions in the governancesector include support to the DecentralizationSecretariat, the National Assembly, the ElectoralCommission and the Human Rights Commission.Support to the decentralization policy has, forvarious reasons not related to UNDP, stalledin spite of UNDP support to policy formulation and preparation of an implementationplan. UNDP support to parliament has beenrelatively small compared to that of other cooperating partners, making UNDP a fairly new andjunior member of this group. UNDP has supported elections in 2006 and 2008. UNDP hashelped the Human Rights Commission establish itself in five locations outside the capital,thereby making its services available on a widerscale. Some of UNDP’s governance projects aresmall in terms of financing, while others, suchas the elections programme, are large and verydemanding in operational terms.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Energy and environmentMicrofinanceUNDP is an important player in the energy andenvironment thematic area, which otherwisedoes not have widespread support from cooperating partners. The portfolio includes, interalia, cooperation with the Global EnvironmentFacility (GEF) on biodiversity and reclassification of protected areas; communicating tothe United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change (UNFCCC); action plansfor MDGs at the community level and a project on Capacity Development for SustainableRenewable Energy Management and Utilization.UNDP involvement in the latter project isminimal as it is implemented by the UnitedNations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO). The main GRZ partners are theMinistry of Environment, Tourism and NaturalResources, the Environmental Council and theZambia Wildlife Authority. In terms of energyand environment, UNDP has been confiningitself to issues of national development priorityand recording progress in the attainment of programme outcomes. Due to various delays, someof the projects will not be completed beforethe end of the Country Programme ActionPlan (CPAP) period. If stopped prematurely,there is a risk that the impact of these activities will be compromised. The programme maythus fail to deliver expected developmentreturns on investments by UNDP and theimplementing partners.Outside the thematic areas are projects such asthe Microfinance and Poverty Reduction Project,which has duplicated the approach of the GrameenBank in Zambia. The approach is relevant toZambian conditions and its implementation hasbeen efficient, but the scope for sustaining itwithout external assistance is questionable, as isthe extent to which it can be up-scaled.SPUThe SPU works in close cooperation with theMinistry of Finance and National Planning aswell as other partners, and promotes central UNproducts and values such as the HDR and MDGs.The work is upst
4.6 Other cross-cutting issues 50 5 UNDP’S StRatEGiC POSitiONiNG 53 5.1 Management, planning, monitoring & evaluation 53 5.2 Strategic relevance of UNDP practice areas and non-project activities 53 5.3 Responsiveness to changes 55 5.4 Contribution to UN values 55 5.5 Strategic partnerships 56 5.6 Contribution to UN coordination 58
Constitution of Zambia (Amendment) [No. 2 of 2016 9 An Act to amend the Constitution of Zambia. [ 5th January, 2016 ENACTED by the Parliament of Zambia. 1. This Act may be cited as the Constitution of Zambia
Overall Development Achievements and Challenges 14 Zambia’s Efforts in Achieving the Millennium Development Goals 16 CHAPTER 2 Comparative Advantage of the United Nations in Zambia 21 CHAPTER 3 Zambia–United Nations Sustainable Development Partnership Framework Results Pillars 25
QUALITATIVE STUDY FROM ZAMBIA ON BARRIERS TO AND FACILITATORS OF LIFE-LONG LEARNING (SUMMARY OF RESULTS) Central Statistical Office Lusaka, Zambia Ministry of Community Development and Social Services Lusaka, Zambia DECEMBER 2018 Professor Jacob R.S. Malungo Professor Dabie Nabuzoka Dr Ravi Paul Mr Nkenda Sachingongu (University of Zambia) Editors:
Given hostile social and political contexts little is known and researched on sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) in Zambia, although pockets of information are opening. legislative and policy environment 2 canaries in the coal mines – an analysis of spaces for LGBTI activism in Zambia 6 country report: Zambia
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represent a significant public health challenge in Zambia. According to the 2013–2014 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey, 13% of all 15 to -49-year-old people in Zambia are living with HIV, translating to 15% of women an
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climate change in Africa. One of the more famous books is the one edited by Pak Sum Low (2005). The literature addressing climate change specifically in Zambia is much thinner and focuses mostly on Zambia's climate change struggles, mainly in terms of negative impacts on Zambia's agriculture and food production. The most comprehensive report on
