Anatomy Study Guide Chapter 22 “The Respiratory System”

NamePeriodDateAnatomy Study GuideChapter 22 – “The Respiratory System”22.1 Adaptations for Gas Exchangein all organisms ultimately relies on which is themovement of molecules from to concentration. is the equation for respiration. This life process depletes , increases, & creates concentration that favor the diffusion of out of cells &into cells. All systems share 3 features that facilitate diffusion: 1) Respiratory surfacesmust . This is because O2 & CO2 must in before they caninto cells. 2) The cells lining the respiratory surfaces must be . 3) Thesystem must have a large in contact with its external environment, which allows foradequate .In general, gas exchange in respiratory systems occurs in the following stages:1. - During this stage, air (or water) that is high in & low incontent is moved past the respiratory surface usually as a result of .2. - Oxygen & carbon dioxide are through the respiratorysurface by ; oxygen diffuses into & carbon dioxide diffuses back out.3. - Oxygen & carbon dioxide is transported from the respiratorysystem to the as blood is pumped throughout the body.4. - Oxygen & carbon dioxide is exchanged between the& the .5. - Carbon dioxide is returned to the respiratory system from thebody tissues & exchanged with oxygen in the .22.2 How the Human Respiratory System WorksThe respiratory system of humans can be divided into two parts:1. The portion is a series of that carry into & out of the .2. The - portion is where the gases are between the & the .The organs of the respiratory system include the following: , , ,, , & . The special of the respiratorysystem include: 1) It oversees the between & the external .2) It is able to , , & all incoming air. 3) It aids in control.

Anatomy of the respiratory system:The cavity has receptors located in the lining of the surface thatprovide your of . The rest of the cavity is lined with tissue that theincoming air & foreign particles. The sinuses are within the bonessurrounding the cavity. Their function is to the skull, act aschambers, & to produce that into the nasal cavity.The separates food & water into the and air into the . The(or the voice box) serves as the opening into the & plays a major role inas this is where the are found. The cartilage is the anterior portionof this chamber and forms the .After air passes through the larynx, it moves into the which is more commonly known as the“ ”. It is lined with cells. These expel loaded with& other away from the lungs. The walls of this pipe are reinforced with -cartilage. The primary form a division at the base of the & itbranches off into & leading into the . The right bronchus is, , & than the left. Once in the lungs, they into smaller& smaller branches (see next paragraph).Air ultimately ends up in the which occupy most of the cavity. Each isdivided into . The left is divided into and the right is dividedinto . Inside the lungs are a series of or the branches ofthe . Each of these structures end in a cluster of . are siteswhere the actual takes place. The alveoli form the “ - Barrier”. Eachalveolus is wrapped in for O2/CO2 . The capillaries areonly & coated in a thin layer of . This fluid allows the to& into the blood stream more easily.Mechanics of Breathing:Breathing is formally known as “Pulmonary ” and it is a completelyprocess that depends on in the thoracic cavity. Thelead to which ultimately leads to a of gases in orderto those pressure changes. There are two phases of breathing: 1) is theair flowing the lungs and 2) is the air flowing the lungs.

requires the use of and happens when the & externalmuscles (between the ribs) . When this happens, the size & volume ofthe thoracic cavity causing external air to be the lungs due to anin the chest cavity. (Remember: Gas Laws Chemistry )is a fairly process that depends on the natural of the lungs. As themuscles of the thoracic cavity , air is of the lungs. Expiration canbe by contracting the muscles & internal (whichthe rib cage).Non-Respiratory Air Movements:There are some air movements that have nothing to do with gas exchange. Examples include: or(used for clearing the lungs of ), , , , &. These examples are mostly caused by or some kind of action.O2 & CO2 Transport MechanismsO2 & CO2 are transported using different mechanisms. binds & toon the red blood cells. Each holds up to O2 molecules (or oxygenatoms). Nearly all O2 is carried by the blood is on these molecules.is transported in three different ways. About of CO2 reacts with to form ionsthat then diffuse into the . Another binds to as it returns to the lungsafter delivering O2. The remaining stays dissolved in the & is not .Respiratory Volumes & Capacities:A is an instrument that is used to measure respiratory . In humans, the(TLC) is approximately liters of air. The(TV), or the amount of air that is moved by a single, , is usually aboutof air. The (RV), or the amount of air in the lungs after a maximum, is about . The Volume (DSV), or the amount of air thatin the zone, is about .it is air that never reaches the .There are several factors that affect the respiratory capacities including a person’s , their ,their (men have greater lung capacities than women), and their overall condition.Respiratory Control:The rate of humans is controlled by a part of the brain called the . The ratechanges in response changes in the of in the . As a rule,leads to an while leads to a

. An increase in of just will cause the breathing rate to !There are several factors that influence breathing rate. 1) factors such as increased, , talking, & coughing. 2) , or your control plays arole. 3) Various factors. 4) factors such aslevels. This is the regulatory mechanism & utilizes various located in thethroughout the body. The levels only influence respiration if levelsdrastically. Sensors for this are found in the and arteries.22.3 How the Human Respiratory System Works – Homeostatic Imbalances1) Carbon is a gas that is produced by the of. It can be at concentrations as low as . This gas binds to the hemoglobin almosttimes easier than does, and it O2 from leading to .C.S.I. – How can you tell if someone has died from regular asphyxiation & someone who dies from COasphyxiation?2) Chronic Disease (COPD) is the cause of &in the U.S. Patients of COPD almost always have a history of . Over time,(or shortness of breath) becomes progressively . In addition, &frequent pulmonary are common. Most victims have difficulty out ,& those afflicted ultimately develop . There are two major categories ofCOPD: Chronic & .a) Chronic is when the lining of the respiratory passages becomesseverely causing increased production. The mucus inthe base of the lungs impairing & . With thisdisease, there is an increased risk of & .b) is where the alveoli become & the adjacentalveoli. This chronic leads to lung or “hardening”. Theairways begin to during requiring large amounts ofin order to .3) Lung accounts for as many as of all in the U.S. each year.& increases the risks of this disease. There are common types.4) (SIDS) is a condition in which anapparently healthy infant & while sleeping. Some cases are thought

to involve poorly in the brain. of all casesappear to be due to abnormalities.5) is a condition where you have chronically ,bronchioles. The typical responses environmental includes (shortness ofbreath), , & .6) (CF) is the over-secretion of ,in the airways that causes to develop & results in poor . This conditionis the result of a that occurs before birth. It is considered one of the mostchronic respiratory diseases in & .7) There are many effects of . As you get older, the of the lungs .In addition, your blood levels begin to along with your ability to respond tolevels. Finally, you are more at risk of developing a .

5. _ _ _ - Carbon dioxide is returned to the respiratory system from the body tissues & exchanged with oxygen in the _. 22.2 How the Human Respiratory System Works The respiratory system of humans can be divided into two parts: 1.