Biodiversity - Mrs. Kornelsen's Classroom

BIODIVERSITYMiss Yorke

Which of the following three ducksbelong to the same species?

American Wigeon Male (Anasamericana)Green-winged Teal Male (Anascrecca)Green-winged Teal female (Anascrecca)

Classification Think about your home, school and neighbourhood.Can you think of any examples of classificationsystems in use?

Possible Answers:

Vegetable Activity Answers The varieties of Brassica oleracea are all artificiallyselected and derived from the wild-type that growson the sea cliffs of Europe.Note that obvious traits are not always important indefining species. In this case, the detail of theflowers present is used to define the Brassica genus,and the arrangement of stalks defines the Brassicaspecies.

Discuss the scientific names. These samples are good for reinforcing theidea that the scientific names do mean something (if you know Latinand Greek).Latin Greek brassic cabbage acephala no head capitata head botrytis bunch of grapes oler greens caulo turnip rapa stem gemmifera bud-bearing chinesis Chinese lattuca lettuce

The number of Brassica oleracea varieties is anexcellent representation of the genetic variation ina species. Artificial selection can be demonstratedwith broccoli, cauliflower, and broccoflower(Brassica oleracea botrytis), which have been bredfor selected traits.Remind students of the role that artificially bredplants and animals played in the development ofDarwin’s ideas on natural selection.

Classification Tools Really great activity for using biotechnology todetermine 0078695104/student view0/unit4/chapter17/virtual labs.html#

Kingdoms and Domains

The 3 Domains of LifeThis phylogenetic tree (a treeshowing evolutionary relationships) isbased on rRNA sequences thatdemonstrate the division of all livingthings into three broad domains.

The 3 Domains of Life The Bacteria domain is prokaryotic, is considered tobe the oldest and is composed of the organisms inthe Kingdom Eubacteria (the “true” bacteria). Archaea is the second prokaryotic domain and is alsocomposed of singlekingdom Archaebacteria. The third domain, Eukarya,contains all four of theeukaryotic kingdoms:Animalia (animals),Fungi (fungi), Plantae(plants), and Protista (protists).

The Kingdoms of Life Biologists have further organized living things into large groupscalled Kingdoms. Biologists group organisms into six Kingdoms based on RNA andDNA sequencing and the following other similarities:– Cell Type Organisms are either prokaryotes or eukaryotes.– Cell Walls– Body Type Organisms are either unicellular or multicellular.– Nutrition Organisms are either autotrophs or heterotrophs.

The 6 Kingdoms of Life

What happened to the 5 Kingdoms?Just a few years ago, living things used to be classified into 5Kingdoms:i) Plantaeii) Animaliaiii) Fungiiv) Protistav) Monera* The difference is that Archaebacteria and Eubacteria were oncein one category. Recent RNA testing has shown thatArchaebacteria are not closely related to the “true” bacteria,Eubacteria.

The Domain Bacteria Contains a single kingdom, Eubacteria.– Some scientists call this kingdom Bacteria. Bacteria are prokaryotes and have no membrane boundstructures such as a nucleus or mitochondria Bacteria have a nucleoid instead of a nucleus. Like eukaryotic cells, bacteria have ribosomes Bacteria are found inpractically everyenvironment on Earth.Bacilli bacteria under an electronmicroscope

Characteristics of BacteriaBacteria have strong exterior cell walls made of peptidoglycan, amolecule complex consisting of sugars and amino acids that form amesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane.

Kinds of Bacteria Bacteria can cause disease,while others are used byhumans to process food. Bacteria are used to control agricultural pests, toproduce various chemicals, and perform geneticengineering. Some Bacteria obtain energy from inorganic compoundssuch as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and methane. Some Bacteria are photosynthetic and are found inocean and freshwater ecosystems. Some heterotrophic Bacteria are able to live in theabsence of oxygen. Heterotrophic Bacteria are also important decomposers.

Uses of Bacteria - Cheese production- Bacteria enables us to eat fermented dairy productssuch as yogurt, buttermilk, and cheese- Example: Lactococcus lactis is used to ferment milkinto Cheddar Cheese!- We’ve all heard of probiotic yogurts – All yogurts areprobiotic! This just means they have “good” bacteria.Did you know?- Escherichia coli (E. coli) exists in abundance ineveryone’s intestine. It is only dangerous wheningested.

The Domain Archaea Contains a single kingdom Archaebacteria. Archaebacteria are prokaryotes that havediverged very early from bacteria. They are more closely relatedto eukaryotes than to bacteria.

Characteristics of Archaebacteria Cell Wall and Membrane– The cell walls of archaebacteria do not containpeptidoglycan, as the cell walls of bacteria do.– Archaebacteria contain lipids very different fromthose of bacteria or eukaryotes. Gene Structure and Translation– The ribosomal proteins ofarchaebacteria are very similarto those of eukaryotes anddifferent from those of bacteria.

Kinds of Archaebacteria1) Methanogens– These archaebacteria obtain energyby combining hydrogen gas andcarbon dioxide to form methane gas.– Methanogens live deep in the mudof swamps and are poisoned by eventraces of oxygen.– They are common in wetlands,where they are responsible formarsh gas, and in the guts of animalssuch as ruminants (cud-chewinganimals) and humans, where theyare responsible for the methanecontent of flatulence.

Kinds of Archaebacteria cont’d2) Extremophiles– A group of extremophiles calledThermophiles lives in very hot places.– Halophiles inhabit very salty lakesthat can be three times as salty asseawater.– Other extremophiles live in veryacidic places or under enormouspressure.3) Nonextreme Archaebacteria– These grow in all the sameenvironments that bacteria do.

The Domain Eukarya Eukarya is made up of four kingdoms:– Protista– Fungi– Plantae– Animalia Members ofthis domainare Eukaryotes.

Characteristics of Eukarya Highly Organized Cell Interior– All eukaryotes have cells witha nucleus and otherinternal compartments. Multicellularity– The activities of individual cells are coordinated and thecells themselves are in contact, occurs only in eukaryotes. Sexual Reproduction– Meiotic cell division forms haploid gametes and twogametes unite to form a diploid cell in fertilization.– Genetic recombination during meiosis and fertilizationcauses the offspring of eukaryotes to vary widely,providing for evolution.

Kinds of Eukarya A wide variety of Eukaryotes are unicellular.– Most unicellular Eukaryotes are in the kingdomProtista. Protists contain both unicellular andmulticellular organisms, many are aquatic. Fungi are heterotrophs that are mostlymulticellular.– Many fungi live on and decompose deadorganisms, many others are parasitic. Plants and Animals are all multicellular.– Almost all plants are autotrophs and havecells with cell walls composed of cellulose.– All animals are heterotrophs composed of cellsthat do not have cell walls.– Most plants and animals have tissues andorgans.

Kingdom and Domain CharacteristicsDomain KingdomBacteriaArchaeaEukaryaCharacteristicsCell typeCellStructureProkaryoticCell Wall,PeptidoglycanArchaebacteria ProkaryoticEubacteriaProtistaBody otrophicEnterobacteriaSpirochetesCell astsMushroomsAutotrophicFernsPine treesEukaryaFungiEukaryoticCell Wall,ChitinEukaryaPlantaeEukaryoticCell icNo Cell WallMulticellula HeterotrophricBirdsEarthworms

Kingdom Protista Of the six kingdoms oforganisms, Protista is themost diverse. They are eukaryotes thatare not fungi, plants, oranimals. Many are unicellular. All single celled eukaryotes(except yeasts) are protists. Some protists, such as somekinds of algae, have cellspecialization. Most are microscopic, butsome are as large as trees.

Kinds of Protists Protists that use Pseudopodia– Amoebas are protists that haveflexible surfaces with no cell wallsor flagella.– They move by using extensions ofcytoplasm called pseudopodia.– Forams have porous shells throughwhich long, thin projections ofcytoplasm can be extended. Protists that use Flagella– Many protists move by usingflagella.

Kinds of Protists1) Animal-like Protists - also called protozoa (means"first animal") – heterotrophs2) Plant-like Protists- also called algae - autotrophs Distinguished bythe type of chlorophyllthey contain.– Many algae are multicellular and reproducesexually.3) Fungus-like Protists– Slime molds and water molds are oftenconfused with fungi because they aggregatein times of stress to form spore-producingbodies.– heterotrophs, decomposers, externaldigestion

Malaria– Malaria is caused by the protozoa Plasmodium falciparum andis spread by the mosquito– Each year, malaria kills between 1 and 3 million people!– Economists suggest that malaria can be controlled for 3 billionUS per year through drugs, mosquito eradication, and biteprevention

Kingdom Plantae Plants are complex multicellular autotrophs. Plants have specialized cells and tissues. Most plants have several different types of cells that areorganized into many specialized tissues. Plants cannot move from one place to another. Portable reproductive structures, such as spores and seeds,enable the dispersal of plants. As autotrophs, plants are the primaryproducers in most terrestrial food webs. Plants also release oxygen gas tothe atmosphere. Plants are very important in the cyclingof phosphorus, water, nitrogen, and carbon. Plants are a source of food, medicines,dyes, cloth, paper and many other products.

Example of PlantWestern prairie fringed orchidPlatanthera praeclara Scheviak and Bowles (Orchidaceae)Endangered in Manitoba

Western Fringed Prairie Orchid The largest population in the world exists byTolstoi, MB. Pollinated by a specific moth (hawk moth).This moth lives in trees and the flower lives ingrassland, so they can only coexist along theborders of these regions. These orchid seeds may take up to 12 years togerminate because they have to form arelationship with the fungi in the soil.

Kinds of Plants Nonvascular Plants– Plants without a well-developedsystem of vascular tissue.– These plants are relatively small.– They lack tissue to transport waterand dissolved nutrients.– They also lack true roots, stems, and leaves.– Mosses are the most familiar example. Seedless Vascular Plants– They have roots, stems, and leavesand their surfaces are coated with awaxy covering that reduces water loss.– They reproduce with spores thatare resistant to drying.– Both haploid and diploid phases occupysignificant parts of the life cycle.– Ferns are the most common andfamiliar example.

Kinds of Plants Nonflowering Seed Plants– Gymnosperms are vascular plantsthat reproduce using seeds but donot produce flowers.– Gymnosperms include plants that produceseeds in cones, such as pines and spruces. Flowering Seed Plants– Most plants that produce seeds also produceflowers.– Flowering plants are called angiosperms.– Angiosperms, such as roses, grasses, andoaks, produce seeds in fruits. Fruits are structures that enable thedispersal of seeds. Seeds enable plants to scatter offspringand to survive long periods of harshenvironmental conditions, such asdrought and extreme temperatures.

Kingdom Animalia Animals are complexmulticellular heterotrophs. Their cells are mostly diploid,lack a cell wall, and areorganized as tissues. Animals are able to moverapidly in complex ways.– Movement enables animals to avoidpredators and to look for food and mates.

Kingdom Animalia Most animals reproduce sexually. Almost all animals (99%) areinvertebrates; they lack abackbone. Of more than 1 million livingspecies, only about 42,500 have abackbone; they are referred to asvertebrates.DamselflyThe animal kingdom includes about 35 phyla, most of whichlive in the sea.