Investigation On Trends Of Mobile Operating Systems
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 4 Issue 07, July-2015Investigation on Trends of Mobile OperatingSystemsAnindya SenJyotsna DeiM. Tech. StudentElectronics and Communication Engineering Deptt.J.I.S. College of Engineering, KalyaniWest Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata, IndiaAssociate ProfessorElectronics and Communication Engineering Deptt.Heritage College of Engineering, KolkataWest Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata, IndiaAbstract- In today’s world, everybody from a lay man to anindustrialist is using a mobile phone. Therefore, it becomes achallenging factor for the mobile industries to provide bestfeatures and easy to use interface to its customer. Due to rapidadvancement of the technology, the mobile industry is alsocontinuously growing.However, perfection is the keyrequirement of the mobile users which needs the continoustechnology refinement in due course of time. This paper reviewsthe different mobile operating systems viz. Android, Symbian,iOS, Windows, and Blackberry considering the differentparameters like architecture, user interfaces, processor used,memory utilization, device security, power management,connectivity, cross platforming and cloud readiness etc. Thiscomparative study of various mobile operating systems wouldhelp the end users and developers to opt and choose for theright kind of mobile OS to meet their requirement.Key words: Android, iOS, Symbian, Windows, Blackberry.I.INTRODUCTIONToday our life is more connected than a few years back tokeep up with the rapid evolution of new mobile phones. Withthe availability of powerful mobile operating system andwith the tremendous growth in mobile communicationtechnology, mobile computing is projected to have the mostpotential for future growth in both academia and industry.1.1 MotivationMobile operating system allows a user to effectivelyutilize their time by being in constant touch with theirofficial work while utilizing their commuting and travelingtime. Hundred of frequency bands and different operatingsystems providing thousands of features to the customersseem to be a mind boggling market. This creates confusionfor the customers to choose the right mobile and operatingsystem to fulfill their requirements. An operating system isthe soul of the mobile device, and every mobile industrywant to provide best features in their mobiles. This paperintends to explore different OS perspectives, features &suitability for mobile devices and compares betweenAndroid, iOS, Symbian, Blackberry & Windows mobile OS.IJERTV4IS0705871.2 BackgroundThe mobile operating system models are used to providevarious interfaces of communication between the softwarecomponents at the application layer, middleware layers, andhardware devices.The operating system models were compared based onthe parameters like user interfaces, processors, memoryutilization, security, power management, connectivity, crossplat-forming, cloud readiness and, execution of software ondiversified hardware components and as a developmentplatform. These parameters are indicative for exploring amobile operating system [1] which is user friendly andhelpful for the developer.Features like camera, global positioning system (GPS),browser, messaging, and music are also gaining popularity inmobile operating systems. However, in the present study,emphasis has been given to the operating system features.Among different operating systems, Android and iOS hastaken over the market largely because of their uniqueness[2,3]. At the same time Windows, Blackberry are closelyfollowing the lead, depend upon the customer’s satisfaction.While Android is java based and freely available, iOS is bestat features and quality. Although operating systems attemptsto provide very nice libraries with best features, but still theyface a stiff market competition [4]. Tools like crossplatforming, cloud, updater, mail etc. are gaining popularityin mobile operating system depending on web developmenttools like Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML5),Cascading Style Sheets, and Java Scripts. Some mobileoperating systems that provide drag and drop features requirevery less programming skills for developing theseapplications. In market so many tools are available formobile operating system; the developers are confused inkeeping and discarding the useful ones.All operating system are trying to provide somethingunique to attract customers, with high performance mobileoperating system in front. The technology giant like Nokia,Google, Symbian, Microsoft, Apple, Black Berry are playingimportant role. They try to give product that popular fit in themarket. A few years before, Symbian was the most popularmobile operating system but currently its OS share is downthan earlier and the only reason for this is the rapidlychanging mobile operating systems market with competitionfrom giants.www.ijert.org(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)764
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 4 Issue 07, July-2015New mobile operating systems with advance featuresshould be convenient for developers to deploy and createnew applications. The new features like Wi-Fi, gallery,Bluetooth and contact etc are developed in mobile operatingsystem are advantageous for end developers because theyneed not start from the scratch. Still customers are confusedwhile they opt to purchase a mobile that which mobileoperating system is best suitable for them. This papercompares five mobile operating system to help the end-users.1.3 Aim of the research.Review five mobile operating system in terms of majorparameters as user interface, processor, memory utilization,security, power management, cross plat forming,connectivity, and cloud readiness.II.CHALLENGES OF OS IN MOBILE ENVIRONMENTThe mobile operating system provides various interfacesof communication between the software components at theapplication layer middleware layers and hardware devices.The OS manages the hardware and software resources withina device. It performs and manages basic tasks such as therecognition of input from the device keyboard and generationof output to the device’s screen. OS also ensures thatdifferent programs running at the same time do not interferewith each other [5]. It is responsible for the memorymanagement and for communication within the device. OScan be extended to add additional complexity andfunctionality to the code. Mobile OS supports the importantUI (User Interface) function. The OS is purposely hiddenfrom the user. It’s, a base onto which the applicationsrequired by the user are loaded. The OS is not only a keyelement in terms of the tasks it performs but the choice of OSwill constrain or enable the functionality of the end device intwo key respects; firstly that which is technically possiblewith any given OS and secondly that which is available, i.e.what applications have been developed for that OS. The OSalso provides a consistent interface for applications,regardless of the hardware it is loaded on. Communicationbetween the OS and the applications is done through an API(Application Program Interface) which allows a softwaredeveloper to write an application for one device and have ahigh level of confidence that it will be running on anotherrunning the same OS.The mobile OS can be differentiated, as follows, based onthe divisions of the existing operating systems used by thecomputers [6]. Real Time Operating System (RTOS) Single user single tasking operation system Single user multi tasking Multi-user operating system2.1 Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)Real-Time Operating System which responds to inputs,immediately and generates results, instantly. This type ofsystem is usually used to control scientific devices andIJERTV4IS070587similar small instruments where memory and resources arecrucial and constricted. This type of devices have verylimited or zero-end user utilities, so more effort goes intomaking the OS really memory efficient and fast (lesscoding), so as to minimize the execution time ,in turn savingon power as well. e.g.: 8086 etc.2.2. Single user, single tasking operation systemThis type of OS is better version of Real time OS, whereone user can do effectively one thing at a time, which meansthat doing more than one thing at a time is difficult in thistype of OS. For instance the palm OS in palm hand heldcomputer is an example of single-task OS.2.3. Single user multi tasking operating systemIt allows more than one program to run concurrently likeprinting, scanning, word processing etc. e.g. MS Windowsand Apple’s Mac OS.2.4. Multi user operating systemIt allows two or more users to run programs at the sametime. Some OS permit hundreds or even thousands ofconcurrent users. e.g. UNIX, and Main Frame OS.III.RESEARCHABLE ISSUES.3.1. Architectures comparision of Mobile PhoneThe mobile phone OS considered for comparison areAndroid, iOS, Windows, Symbians, and Blackberry.3.1.1 AndroidFig 1 Architecture of Android Mobile OSAndroid Inc. was founded by Andy Rubin. In 2005, afterGoogle acquisition, the Rubin’s team developed the Linuxbased kernel. On the November 5, 2007 the Open HandsetAlliance – an alliance of several companies includingGoogle, HTL, - released their first product of Android inMarket [7]. The internal architecture of Android OS is shownin Fig 1. The OS is divided into components, as applicationlayer, application framework, libraries, android runtime, anda Linux kernel. There is a distinct separation between eachcomponent layer with message passing protocolcommunication between layers. The first commerciallywww.ijert.org(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)765
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 4 Issue 07, July-2015available phone to run the Android operating system was theHTC Dream, released on 22 October 2008. Applications areusually developed in the Java using the Android SoftwareDevelopment Kit. Android offers open developmentplatform. Android OS is used on smart phones, notebooksand tablets, including the Dell Streak, Samsung Galaxy Tab,TV and other devices.The main hardware platform for Android is the ARMarchitecture (ARMv7 orlater,Android 5.0alsosupports ARMv8-A), with x 86 and MIPS architectures alsoofficially supported. Both 64-bit and 32-bit variants of allthree architectures are supported since the release ofAndroid 5.0.Since2012,Androiddeviceswith Intel processors began to appear, including phones andtablets.Linux supports core system services such as security,memory management, process management, network stack,and driver mode. The kernel acts as an abstraction layerbetween the hardware and the rest of the software stack.Runtime includes core libraries and Dalvik virtual machine.Core libraries have a set of core libraries that provides mostof the functionality available in the core libraries of the Javaprogramming language. Every Android application runs inits own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtualmachine. The Dalvik VM executes files in the DalvikExecutable (.dex) format which is optimized for minimalmemory footprint. The VM is register-based, and runsclasses compiled by a Java language compiler that have beentransformed into the .dex format by the included “dx” tool.The Dalvik VM relies on the Linux kernel for underlyingfunctionality such as threading and low-level memorymanagement.Android has a set of C/C libraries. The system Clibrary is a BSD-derived implementation of the standard Csystem library [4]. The media libraries are based on PacketVideo’s open CORE which supports playback and recordingof many popular audio formats.All Android applications are written with Javaprogramming language. Developers have full access to thesame framework APIs used by the core applications [8].Content providers enable applications to access data fromother applications or to share data with others. The resourcemanager providing access to non-code resources such aslocalized strings, graphics and layout files. The notificationmanager enable all applications to display custom alter in thestatus bar. The activity manager manages the lifecycle ofapplications and provides a common navigation back stack.3.1.2 iOSIphone 6 features an A8 chip built on second-generation64-bit desktop-class architecture. It is enhanced by an M8motion coprocessor that measures activity from advancedsensors. Earlier versions were developed from ARMprocessors.In iPhone, Hardware refers to the physical chips solderedto the iPhone’s circuitry. The actual processor falls under thislayer, but the instruction set and in-memory descriptor tablesare contained within the “processor” layer [9].Firmware refers to the chip-specific code that is eithercontained with memory in/around the peripheral itself, orwithin the drive for said peripherals.iphone OS is the kernel, drivers, and services thatcomprise of the iPhone Operating System. It sits between theuser space and hardware.Objective-C runtime is comprised of both the Objective-Cdynamically-linked runtime libraries, as well as theunderlying C libraries.Fig 2 Architecture of iOS Mobile OSFrameworks/API layer has API calls which are Appledistributed headers with the iPhone SDK, with somedynamic linking occurring at runtime. These reside on top ofthe Objective-C runtime, as many of these are written inObjective-C [10].The application stored in iPhone has to bepurchased through the application store [12]. This applicationwas compiled to native code by the Apple-distributed iPhonecompiler, and linked with the Objective-C runtime and Clibrary by the linker. The application also runs entirelywithin the user space environment set up by the iPhone OS.3.1.3 SymbianSymbian mobile operating system with libraries, UIframes works and common tools. It is descendant of PsionsEPOC and run exclusively on ARM processors. Symbian OSwas built to follow three design rules in order to supportextended always on operation [13]. The integration and security of user data isimportant. User time must not be wasted.IJERTV4IS070587www.ijert.org(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)766
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 4 Issue 07, July-2015There is a large networking and communicationsubsystem for EPOC telephony. The subsystem also containscode for short range communication like Bluetooth, IrDA(Infra Red Data Association) and USB. In Symbian OS theactual UI are maintained bythird parties.A JVM (Java ME) is also included above the OSservices layer.3.1.4 WindowsFig 3: Architecture of Symbian Mobile OSFor hardware, the OS is optimized for lowpower battery based and for ROM based systems. The laterversion of Symbian has a real time Kernel and a platformsecurity model (version 8 and 9).There is a strong emphasis on conserving resources, usingSymbian specific programming features such as descriptorsand clean up stack. All Symbian OS programming is eventbased, and the CPU is switched off when applications are notdirectly dealing with an event. Similarly, the OS approach tothread vs. process is driven by reducing over heads. Itsupports fast real time response, that a single core executesboth the user application and signaling stack in a mobilephone. This feature is not available in Linux also. Thisfeature makes Symbian OS phones to become smallercheaper and more power efficient.The Symbian OS model contains the following layers. UI frame work layer. Application services layer containing the followingservices:a. Generic OS services.b. Communications services.c. Multimedia and graphic services.d. Connectivity services. Base service layer. Kernel services and hardware interface layer.The base services layer is the lowest level, reachable byuser side operation. It includes the file server and userlibrary, the plug in framework which manages all plugs instore, control, Data Base Management System (DBMS) andcryptographic services. It also includes the Text windowserver and the Text shell, complete functional port can becreated from this, without the need for any higher levelservices.Symbian OS has a Microkernel architecture that providesrobustness availability and responsiveness. It contains ascheduler, memory management and device drivers. Otherservices like networking telephony and file system supportare present in the OS services layer or base services layer.The inclusion of device drivers means the kernel is not a truemicrokernel but a nanokernel containing only the basicprimitives and supporting an extended kernel to implicateany other abstractions Symbian OS is designed forcompatibility with other devices.IJERTV4IS070587In Windows CE. NET based architecture, the ROM storesthe entire OS as well as the applications that come with thesystem, like Pocket Word, Pocket Excel. If a module isuncompressed ROM-based modules are executed in place. Ifthe ROM based module is compressed, then firstdecompressed and then paged into RAM. All read and writedata are loaded into RAM1 [10]. The option to enablecompression in ROM is controlled by the original equipmentmanufacturer (OEM) executing programs directly fromROM.Fig 4: Architecture of Windows Mobile OSThe RAM on a Windows CE device is dividing into twoareas one is object store and the program memory [14]. Theobject store resembles a permanent virtual RAM disk. Datain object store is retained when the system is suspended orsoft reset, and devices typically have a backup power supplyfor the RAM to preserve data if the main supply isinterrupted temporarily. As a preemptive, multitasking OS,CE supports up to 32 processes running simultaneouslywithin the system. The actual number of additional threads islimited only by the available system resources.The windows CE.NET scheduler maintains a priority listof each process and thread in the OS. Each process cancontain multiple threads, and each of these threads composesa path of execution. The scheduler controls the order inwhich these different paths of execution are sequenced andallows them to interact in a predictable fashion. Schedulerperforms its work both from the kernel and in a predefinedscheduling mechanism.3.1.5 BlackberryWithin Blackberry devices Java is integrated tightlyand represents the only possible programming language forthe Blackberry device. So it is possible to write native codefor Blackberry device [13].www.ijert.org(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)767
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)ISSN: 2278-0181Vol. 4 Issue 07, July-2015Blackberry devices have a proprietary Java virtual machine(JVM) which offers both Java ME standard features as wellas Blackberry specific Java API extensions. Java is used forthird party application development including email,contacts, calendar, web browser, etc.Fig 5: Architecture of Blackberry Mobile OSIt also supports a large set of additional Java APIs that arenot part of the standard Java ME specification for greatersupport of any particular hardware. Of course it is always notnecessary to use these specific classes as greater features andfunctionality often provided within standard Java MEspecification.For Blackberry some groups of Java APIs are available.These are used to integrate with the existing Blackberryapplications like phone, email, calendar, browser, and tax listand the groups are – User Interface APIs. Event listener Networking Data Storage APIs. Application integration APIs. Persistent Data storage APIsIn Blackberry more utilities like additional APIs for dataencryption and compression, XML parsing, location basedservices, Bluetooth connectivity etc are available. Thespecific libraries of Blackberry offer extensive support ofphone related features. For example it is possible to add,vi
2.3. Single user multi tasking operating system It allows more than one program to run concurrently like printing, scanning, word processing etc. e.g. MS Windows and Apple’s Mac OS. 2.4. Multi user operating system It allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some OS permit hundreds or even thousands of
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