GIS Applications In Transportation Analysis And Planning
GIS Applications in TransportationAnalysis and Planning(Final Term Paper)ByMaen A. Abu OlbaID # 240426ForCRP 514: Introduction to GISTerm 051 – 12th OfferCourse Instructor:Dr. Baqer Al-RamadanDate: January 21, 2006
AbstractOver the years, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology has beenimplemented for a variety of purposes within the transportation industry. With thishave come many new uses, benefits, and challenges. This paper tried to show thecapacity of GIS to support transportation analysis and planning. Section oneintroduces the deployment of GIS since its development and its major impact ontransportation analysis. Section two is stating the main objectives of this research.Section three describes the methodology carried out to conduct this research. Sectionfour provides a literature review of basic concepts of GIS and some publicationsabout GIS applications in transportation and new GIS technologies used in theseapplications. Section five provides examples of how GIS is being used in practice intransportation analysis and planning through summarizing two published case studies.Finally, section six suggests some recommendations for future studies.Understanding the basic concepts of GIS is a good start of the literature to allow thepeople who do not have an idea about GIS to know what GIS is. Internet is a very richsource of published papers, journals and technical reports to explore some publishedworks about GIS applications in transportation analysis and planning (GIS-T). Also,the technologies used in this area such as using internet GIS in transportation is alsoreviewed. The contribution and the practical application of GIS in transportation fieldis reviewed through two case studies. One of those case studies is local to show towhich extent GIS application is used in transportation sector in K.S.A, particularly inRiyadh. Each case study is followed by a discussion of the main findings of eachstudy. Recommendations are suggested to improve the GIS applications intransportation analysis and planning. As a result, there is a broad application of GIS intransportation. On the other hand, there is a lot of value to GIS that is not yet beingfully explored in transportation analysis and planning.2
Table of ------------------------------------------ -------Table of Contents1. Introduction2. Objectives3. --- -------64. Review of Literature and -4.1 Definition of Geographic Information System --------------------------------------------84.3 Uses and Urban Applications 84.4 Levels of GIS94.2 Benefits of -----------------------4.5 Objectives of ------------------104.6 Essential Elements of A GIS -104.6.1 Data ----------------------104.6.2 Preprocessing ---------------114.6.3 Data ---------------------4.6.4 Manipulation and ------124.6.5 Product Generation -------134.7 Putting Data into the ----------------------------------144.8 Spatial Data Models4.9 Geographic Data4.10 Coordinates and Map ---144.11 GIS in Transportation --154.11.1 Role of GIS in Transportation ----194.11.4 GIS Applications in Transportation System Engineering -----------214.12 Internet GIS and its Applications in Transportation --------------------234.11.2 Related Database4.11.3 GIS-T Functionality4.12.1 Features of Internet --------254.12.3 Internet GIS Applications in Transportation ------------------------274.12.4 Interactive Road ------284.12.5 Real-time information on Road Conditions and Road Construction294.12.2 Kinds of Internet GIS3
4.12.6 Real-time Travel Information Systems4.12.7 Data ----324.12.8 Public Involvement of Transportation Planning --------------------- 334.12.9 Implications5. Case 5.1 Case Study1:Transportation System Management for Madurai CityUsing -------------------------------5.1.1 -----------------------------34355.1.2 The Study -----------------355.1.3 GIS Base ----------------365.1.3.1 Forecasting the Traffic 65.1.3.2 Conversion of one-way Streets ----------------------------------------375.1.3.3 Other TSM --------395.1.3.4 Overall --------------------------------415.1.4 Discussion5.2 Case Study2: Application of GIS in Transportation Planning: The caseof Riyadh, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia5.2.1 ------------------5.2.2 Travel Demand --------5.2.3 Network Maintenance and Updating-----------------------------------5.2.4 Dynamic Segmentation and Networking5.2.5 Buffer --------------------- -----------------486. Recommendations7. ------------------------ 435.2.6 Deficiency Analysis5.2.7 x A: Source of case study Appendix B: Source of case study 4
1. IntroductionThe GIS is one of the most innovative advances in the study of geography.Since its development in the 1970s, GIS has had a major impact on geographicanalysis and on business practice in government and the private sector. Mosttransportation agencies now use GIS and Geospatial Information Systems forTransportation (GIS-T) is one of the largest users of GIS technology. The significantinnovation that GIS provides is the ability to manage data spatially in layers and thenoverlay these layers to perform spatial analyses. Therefore, a roads layer can beintegrated with a land use layer enabling a buffer analysis of the land uses within agiven distance of the road. The capabilities of GIS have improved over the past threedecades, and GIS now provide a wide range of tools for data management andanalysis. In the early 1990s, GIS added specific tools for linear data management oftransportation data that has proved to be extremely successful among transportationorganizations. These capabilities enable transit agencies to georeference their busroutes, stops, time points, and other features to a digital street centerline file, and keepall these data in synch (Sutton et al. 2004).The deployment of GIS has attracted the interest of transportation softwarevendors who provide scheduling, vehicle tracking, and trip itinerary planningprograms. In some cases, these vendors have developed their own mapping interfaceswith GIS-type functionality. In other cases, they provide import and export programsto convert data into compatible GIS formats. These developments reflect in part thedemands from the customers for mapping inter-faces.Another interesting trend has been the convergence between geospatialtechnologies comprising GIS, GPS (global positioning system), and remote sensingtechnologies such as satellite images, LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), andproducts that orthorectify remote sensed data. This convergence is occurring in partbecause of IT compatibility and the overlap and complementarities between thetechnologies. Many users prefer the term “geo-spatial” to “geographic” informationsystems for these reasons (Sutton et al. 2004).5
2. ObjectivesThe main objectives of this paper are: To give an idea about the elementary concepts of GIS such as definition of GIS,Benefits of GIS, Urban applications of GIS, levels of GIS, and so on. To review GIS applications in transportation analysis and planning and to reviewthe technologies used in this area such as using internet GIS in transportation. To show the contribution and the practical application of GIS in transportationfield through some case studies and discuss the main findings from each study. To suggest some recommendations to improve GIS application in transportationanalysis and planning.3. MethodologyThe steps are as follows:a. To understand the basic concepts of GIS. It will be wise to go for elementarybooks and papers like those covered in our classes. This is a good start of theliterature to allow the people who do not have an idea about to GIS to know whatGIS is.b. To explore some published works about GIS applications in transportationanalysis and planning. In other words, to review literature and terminology.Internet is a very rich source of published papers, journals and technical reports.Through proper searching in the internet many researches and papers can beobtained to allow for a review of the works and researches done in the field ofapplying GIS in transpiration and planning.c. As an extension of the previous step, the technologies used in this area such asusing internet GIS in transportation is also reviewed.d. Then show the contribution and the practical application of GIS in transportationfield. To do this work, a search for case studies is required. Again internet is agood source to find good case studies carried out in the practical life andpublished through journals and technical reports. So, in this step, two case studiesare summarized and included in this paper.e. Each case study is followed by a discussion includes the findings from the study.f. This is the final step in this research. In this step, Recommendations are suggestedto improve the GIS applications in transportation analysis and planning.6
4. Review of Literature and Terminology4.1 Definition of Geographic Information System (GIS)Geographical Information System (GIS) - System of computer hardware,software, and procedures designed to support the capture, management, manipulation,analysis, modeling, and display of spatially referenced data for solving complexplanning and management problems. GIS is a computer-based system used to capture,store, edit, analyze, display, and plot geographically referenced data. GIS waspioneered in the 1960s by the Canadian forestry mapping initiative and continued todevelop as Canadian, U.S., and other government and university researchers sought torepresent the earth’s geography using a computer database, display it on a computerterminal, and plot it on paper. They also developed computer programs to quicklysearch and analyze this data. The typical GIS is founded on several basic concepts.First, the real-world features on the earth’s surface are related to a map gridcoordinate system and recorded in the computer. The computer stores the gridcoordinates of these features to show where they are, and the attributes of these mapfeatures to show what they are. Second, map features can be displayed or plotted inany combination and at virtually any map scale, making computerized mapping datafar more flexible to use than traditional paper maps. Third, the GIS can analyze the“spatial” (locational) relationships among map features.The capability of GIS technology to process both spatial and attribute data offersthe opportunity of using GIS in locational analysis. GIS facilitates effective decisionmaking by planners in planning. GIS goes beyond the limits of paper maps inmanipulating and analyzing spatial data. The advantages of GIS in datadocumentation and processing include (Al-Ramadan & Aina 2004): Quick updating of information Automated cartography Integration of information by linking spatial and attribute data Spatial analysis Production of maps at different scales and Visualization.7
4.2 Benefits of GISThe following are some of the GIS's benefits (Al-Ramadan 2002): Integrating Geographic Information for display and analysis within theframework of a single consistent system; Allowing manipulation and display of geographic knowledge in new andexciting ways. Automating Geographic Information and transferring them from paper todigital format; Linking location and attributes of feature(s) within the framework of onesystem; Providing the ability to manipulate and analyze Geographic Information inways that are not possible manually; Automation of map making, production and updating; Providing a unified database that can be accessed by more than onedepartment or agency; Storing Geographic Information in coincident and continuous layers.4.3 Uses and Urban Applications of GISGeographic information systems can be used for many purposes. They may beused to determine optimum locations for roads, railroads, airports, utilities,subdivisions, retail market outlets, and hazardous waste facilities. They help bothgovernment and industry to efficiently manage their infrastructure such as water,gas, electric, telephone, and sewer lines.They can be used to make maps, to establish the most efficient routes foremergency vehicles and school buses, to locate fire hydrants, to plan snow removal,and to appraise real estate. Several dozen' federal agencies are presently making useof these systems in one way or another.Business geographies is the latest trend in GIS. It is probable that at least 80%of business information is tied to geography. (Think of the costs involved for a company that chooses a poor site for their business.) Today over 98% of the Fortune 500companies in the United States use GIS for, the following (McCormac 2004):1. Market analysis2. Customer analysis8
3. Competitor analysis4. Site selection5. Studies for moving goods from warehouses to various customersGIS supports a variety of urban applications such as (Al-Ramadan 2002):1. Permit issuing and tracking2. Municipal Facilities Management3. Zoning and Subdivision Plan Review4. Urban Land Use Planning5. Land Records Management6. Emergency Vehicle Routing and Dispatching7. Inventory of Utilities8. Inventory of vacant Land parcels9. Urban Growth Management10. Transportation Analysis and Planning11. Optimum Site Selection for schools, hospitals, and commercial centers.4.4 Levels of Use of GISThe three levels that a geographic information system might be used are asfollows:1. Data Management: The GIS is used to input and store data, to retrieve thatdata through spatial and conditional queries, and to display the results. Forthe data management type of application, the GIS is merely used as aninventory system with the purpose of storing and displaying informationabout spatial features. These features are things like the width, number oflanes, and traffic count for a particular highway.2. Analysis: The second level of GIS application is the analysis. Examplesinclude determining the shortest path between two locations, grouping ofareas of land into larger ones depending on certain criteria, and so on.3. Prediction. It is the highest application level of GIS. It falls into the predictionof "What if?" category. At this level the data management and analysiscapabilities of a GIS are combined into a modeling operation such aspredicting the effect on traffic on a certain highway when certain land areas9
are developed in a certain way, predicting the effect of a hurricane, orpredicting the effect of a certain disaster on air quality.4.5 Objectives of GISThe primary objectives of GIS are: Reduce the time – and – money consuming activities of handling, recording andresearching data. Takes row data and transform it by overlap and by various analytical calculationsinto new information that can help the analyst to make decisions.4.6 Essential Elements of A GISThere are five essential elements in developing and using a geographicinformation system (GIS). These are: data acquisition, preprocessing, datamanagement, manipulation and analysis, and product generation. For any givenapplication of a geographic information system it is important to view theseelements as a continuing process. Each of these dements is briefly discussed in thesections that follow (McCormac 2004).4.6.1 Data AcquisitionThe data used in a GIS is of two types-spatial or attribute. Spatial data describesthe geographic location of various entities such as zip code areas, county boundaries,and roads in terms of latitude and longitude or other appropriate format. An attributeis a property or characteristic that may be ascribed to a certain thing or feature. Itmay be numeric (population counts, household units, and so on) or it may pertain tocharacter (the name of a zip code, household unit, etc.) There are various sources ofacquiring data: Buying or getting the data from various branches of government or agencies. Thisdata might be in form of maps or aerial photos along with much non-spatial data.Such data belongs to the public unless it is of importance to national security. In case of insufficient data be available from the sources, it will be necessary tocollect more data from the field.10
Another source of data is called imagery data. These are aerial photos but theycan include satellite images.4.6.2 PreprocessingPreprocessing involves manipulating data in several ways so that it is convertedinto a format that can be used by a GIS. Important preprocessing elements includedata format conversion and identifying locations of the objects in original data in asystematic way. Converting the format of original data often involves the extractionof information from maps, photographs and printed records (such as demographicreports) and the recording of that information in a computer database. Some of thepreprocessing items are:1. Matching edges of two different coverages.2. Eliminating unnecessary lines, polygons, or points.3. Establishing standards for maintaining spatial data in terms of projectionsystems, datums, etc .4. Converting data into a format that can be used by the GIS software.5. Establishing a consistent system for recording and specifying the location ofobjects in the data sets. When the task is completed, it is possible to determine the characteristics of any specified location in terms of the contents ofany data layer in the system.4.6.3 Data ManagementData management functions govern the creation of and access to the dat
Understanding the basic concepts of GIS is a good start of the literature to allow the people who do not have an idea about GIS to know what GIS is. Internet is a very rich source of published papers, journals and technical reports to explore some published works about GIS applications in transportation analysis and planning (GIS-T). Also, the technologies used in this area such as using .
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GIS? 1.1.1 Components of a GIS 1.1.2 A Brief History of GIS 1.1.3 GIS Software Products Box 1.1 A List of GIS Software Producers and Their Main Products 1.2 GIS Applications Box 1.2 Google Maps, Microsoft Virtual Earth, and
MIT 11.188/11.520 Web Service Notes 1 Internet GIS and Geospatial Web Services Introduction Section 1 -- What is Internet GIS? Section 2 -- Internet GIS: state of practice Section 3 -- Future development of Internet GIS Section 4 -- Function comparisons of current Internet GIS programs Section 5 -- Internet GIS applications Section 6 – I
Background –Chris Owen . 2004 - MACECOM 911 hires GIS to provide them road and addressing data 2005 / 2006 - new GIS Technicians and Analysts hired 2007 - GIS was moved from Public Works Road Fund and made an "Enterprise Fund" 2008 / 2009 - GIS Manager quits. GIS Manager position is not rehired.
tarikh tarikh . penghargaan . 2.4 kriteria penentuan lokasi rumah kos rendah bab 3.0 aplikasi gis dalam perancangan 3.1 pengenalan 3.2 gis dalam perancangan 3.3 gis untuk perumahan 3.4 peranan sistem maklumat gis 3.5 sejarah pembangunan gis 3.6 definisi gis 3.7 pangkalan data ii ill vi vi vi 1-1 1-1 1.2 1-3 1-4
2G1/3G4 GIS TUTORIAL General informaion. What is GIS? The acronym GIS stands for Geographic Information Systems. GIS refers to one of the several software platforms for the capturing, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of geographic spatial data. GIS assigns abstract statistical information to physical geographic elements.
What is a GIS? A GIS is a tool for making and using spatial information. Among the many defini-tions of GIS, we choose: A GIS is a computer-based system to aid in the collection, maintenance, storage, analysis, output, and distribution of spa-tial data and information. When used wisely, GIS can help us live healthier, wealthier, and safer lives.
desktop GIS, remote sensing software and 3D visualization tools). Only summarized descriptions for the rest of open source GIS software have been provided due to the white paper page limits. 2.1 Basic desktop GIS Basic desktop GIS software can provide basic GIS functions, such as data input, map display
Algae: Lectures -15 Unit 1: Classification of algae- comparative survey of important system : Fritsch- Smith-Round Ultrastructure of algal cells: cell wall, flagella, chloroplast, pyrenoid, eye-spot and their importance in classification. Structure and function of heterocysts, pigments in algae and Economic importance of algae. Unit 2: General account of thallus structure, reproduction .
