Plastics – The Facts 2017
Plastics – the Facts 2017An analysis of European plasticsproduction, demand and waste data
Plastics – the Facts is an analysisof the data related to theproduction, demand and wastemanagement of plastic materials.It provides the latest businessinformation on production anddemand, trade, recovery as wellas employment and turnover inthe plastics industry. In short,this report gives an insight intothe industry’s contribution toEuropean economic growth andprosperity throughout the lifecycle of the material.
The data presented in this report was collected by PlasticsEurope(the Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe) and EPRO(the European Association of Plastics Recycling and RecoveryOrganisations). PlasticsEurope’s Market Research and StatisticsGroup (PEMRG) on the production and the demand of plasticraw materials. Conversio Market & Strategy GmbH helpedassess waste collection and recovery data. Official statisticsfrom European or national authorities and waste managementorganisations have been used for recovery and trade data,where available. Research or expertise from consultantscompleted gaps.Figures cannot always be directly compared with those ofprevious years due to changes in estimates. Some estimatesfrom previous years have been revised in order to trackprogress, e.g. for use and recovery of plastics across Europeover the past decade.All figures and graphs in this report show data for EU-28 plusNorway and Switzerland, which is referred to as Europe for thepurposes of abbreviation – other country groups are explicitlylisted.3
Contribution to Circular EconomyIn a world facing global challenges such as fast-growing population,food security and climate change, our societies need to choose andrely on the most efficient solutions in order to guarantee a sustainabledevelopment.Europe has initiated a transition from a linear towards a circular andresource efficient society and the unique characteristics of plasticsallow them to make a great contribution towards this societaltransformation.Thanks to their versatility and their high resource efficiency, plasticshave become key materials in strategic sectors such as packaging,building & construction, transportation, renewable energy, medicaldevices or even sports, to mention but a few.Moreover, plastics have enabled innovation in many other sectorsallowing the development of products and solutions that could notexist today without these materials.4
Plastics materials and plastic products are extremely resourceefficient along their service life, helping us to avoid food waste, tosave energy and to decrease CO2 emissions.At the end of their use life they can be repaired or re-used, butultimately, they will become waste, and this waste is actually a newresource that needs to be placed back in the life cycle of plastics,closing thus the loop of Circular Economy.However, to benefit from the full potential of plastics at the end oftheir first life, we need to push for the most sustainable option ofwaste management, fostering recycling, using energy recovery asa complementary option and restricting the landfill deposit of anyrecoverable plastic waste.Improving Europe’s competitiveness and resource efficiency shouldbe what we are striving for.Plastics materials and the plastics industrycan definitively make a significant contributionin this overarching goal.5
Plastics save resources at each single stepPlastic materials are key for the transition towards a more resourceefficient and circular economy as they can help us to preserveresources in every single step of a product.For every product, solutions need to have a general overview ofthe different stages over the life cycle of that specific product andinnovations need to be tailor-made based on that general overview.That is where “Full Life Cycle Thinking” turns out to be “SmartThinking”.In the production phase, resources are saved through thediversification of feedstocks and process optimisations. During theuse phase, plastics offer the biggest resource savings. For example,plastic insulation saves 250 times the energy used for it production;thanks to plastic parts, cars have 4 times lower environmentalimpact and plastic packaging extend significantly the shelve life offood reducing spoilage and waste.6
Full life cycle thinking is smart thinkingAt the end of theirlife, plastics arestill very valuableresources that canbe transformed intonew feedstock orinto REPAIRChemicalrecyclingPost - Use7
What are plastics, where do they come fromPlastics aren’t just one material. Plastics are afamily of hundreds of different materials with awide variety of properties. They are designed tomeet the needs of each single application in themost efficient manner.Plastics materials are organic materials that can beeither fossil fuel based or bio based. Both types ofplastic materials are recyclable and it is possible toproduce bio-degradable plastics with both types offeedstocks.Currently, most plastics materials are derived fromfossil feedstocks such as natural gas, oil or coal.However, it is important to stress that only 4 to 6%of all the oil and gas used in Europe is employed inthe production of plastic materials.84-6PlasticsOthersElectricityand heatingTransport
Discovering the wide family of plasticsThe plastics’ family is composed of a great variety of materials designed to meet the very different needs of thousandsof end products.Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)Polypropylene (PP)Polyurethane (PUR)Polystyrene (PS)Epoxy resinsUnsaturated polyesterPolyethylene (PE) Expanded polystyrene (PS-E)ABSPolyvinyl-chloride (PVC)Thermoplastics:are a family of plastics that can be melted whenheated and hardened when cooled. Thesecharacteristics, which lend the material itsname, are reversible. That is, it can be reheated,reshaped and frozen repeatedly.Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA)Polycarbonate (PC)POMSANPEEKThe two categoriesof plasticsThermoplasticsPBTPolyamides (PA)Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE)ThermosetsVinyl esterThermosets:Are a family of plastics that undergo a chemicalchange when heated, creating a threedimensional network. After they are heatedand formed these plastics cannot be re-meltedand reformed.Urea - formaldeyhdeVinyl esterPhenol - formaldeyhdeSiliconeFluoropolymersPolyarylsulfone (PSU)Acrylic resinsEtc.Phenolic resinsMelamine resinEtc.9
PLAS
TICSPLASTICSA key contributorto European society
Key figures of the European plastics industryThe European plastics industry includes plastics raw materials producers, plastics converters, plastics recyclersand plastics machinery manufacturers in the EU28 Member States.JOBSCOMPANIESTURNOVEROver 1.5Close to 60,000companiesbillion eurosbillion eurosThe plastics industry givesdirect employmentto over 1.5 million peoplein EuropeAn industry in which close to60,000 companies operate,most of them SME’sThe European plasticsindustry had a turnoverclose to 350 billioneuros in 2016The European plasticsindustry had a trade balanceof close 15 billion eurosin 2016*millionClose to 350TRADEBALANCEClose to 15* Data including only plasticsraw materials producers andplastics converters12
PUBLICFINANCESMULTIPLIEREFFECTClose to 30billion eurosThe European plasticsindustry contributed closeto 30 billion eurosto public finances andwelfare in 2016x2.4 in GDPand almost x3 in jobsThe European plasticsindustry has a multipliereffect of 2.4 in GDP andalmost 3 in jobs** The European HouseAmbrosetti study, data for Italy,2013 and plastics convertersINDUSTRIALVALUE ADDED7 in EuropethThe European plasticsindustry ranks 7th in Europein industrial value addedcontribution. At the samelevel as the pharmaceuticalindustry* and very close to thechemical industryRECYCLINGOver 8.4million tonnesIn 2016, more than 8.4million tonnes of plasticwaste were collected inorder to be recycled insideand outside the EU* Measured by gross valueadded at factor prices, 201213
PLAS
TICSPLASTICSMarket data
World and EU plastics production dataIncludes plastic materials (thermoplastics and polyurethanes) and other plastics (thermosets, adhesives,coatings and sealants). Does not include: PET fibers, PA fibers, PP fibers and polyacryls-fibers.Source: PlasticsEurope (PEMRG) / Conversio Market & Strategy GmbHEUROPEWORLD32216(EU28 NO/CH)335million tonnesmillion tonnes201520165860million tonnesmillion tonnes20152016
Distribution of global plastic materials productionChina is the largest producer of plastic materials*, followed by Europe and NAFTA.World production of plastic materials in 2016: 280 million tonnes.Source: PlasticsEurope Market Research Group (PEMRG) / Conversio Market & Strategy GmbH19%Europe18%NAFTA2%CIS7%4%Latin AmericaMiddle East,Africa29% China4% Japan17% Rest of Asia50%Asia* Plastic materials: only thermoplastics and polyurethanes17
Trade balanceA positive trade balance of around 15 billion euros in 2016.Source: EurostatPlastics processing extra EU28Plastics manufacturing extra EU28Extra-EU trade balanceExtra-EU exportsExtra-EU trade balanceExtra-EU exportsExtra-EU importsExtra-EU importsbn bn 2016020122013201420152016
Top extra EU trade partners in valueThe European plastics industry has good and long-standing trading relationship with many countries.Source: Eurostat2016 Extra EU Exports2016 Extra EU ImportsPlastics manufacturingChina 17.6 %Russia5.8 %USA5.8 %Hong Kong5.8 %Switzerland5.5 %Plastics manufacturing18.1 % Saudi Arabia15.8 % South Korea13.1 % USA4.3 % NorwayPlastics processingSwitzerland 12.1 %Russia 9.4 %USA8.7 %Turkey 6.6 %China 6 %4 % QatarPlastics processing17.6 % Turkey17.4 % China9.6 % Switzerland7.9 % USA6 % Saudi Arabia19
20
Plastics EU converter demand per countryEuropean plastic converter demand includes plastic materials (thermoplastics and polyurethanes) and other plastics(thermosets, adhesives, coatings and sealants). Does not include: PET fibers, PA fibers, PP fibers and polyacryls-fibers.Source: PlasticsEurope Market Research Group (PEMRG) and Conversio Market & Strategy GmbH (Consultic GmbH for 2015 data)24.5%14.2%Italy9.6%France7.7%7.5%SpainUnited Kingdom6.3%PolandBelgium & Lux.GreeceNetherlandsFinlandCzech oatia49.9mtles than 500 mtmore than 3,000 mtGermanyLithuaniaLatviaEstoniaCyprus & MaltaThe six larger European countries and the Beneluxcover almost 80% of the European demand in 20162016201521
Totalconverter demandPlastics converter demand main market sectors49.9 m t224.2%%3.3%16.7%OTHERSBUILDING& CONSTRUCTION6.2AGRICULTURE%%HOUSEHOLD,LEISURE& SPORTS%10ELECTRICAL& ELECTRONIC19.7AUTOMOTIVE39.9PACKAGINGSource: PlasticsEurope Market Research Group (PEMRG) and Conversio Market & Strategy GmbHIncludes appliances,mechanical engineering,furniture, medical etc.Distribution of European (EU28 NO/CH) plastics converter demand by segment in 2016.
Plastics converter demand by resin typeDistribution of European (EU28 NO/CH) plastics converter demand by resin type in 2016.Source: PlasticsEurope Market Research Group (PEMRG) and Conversio Market & Strategy GmbH (Consultic GmbH for 2015 data)mt109PPPE-LDPE-LLD87654Totalconverter demand49.9 m tPE-HDPE-MDPVCPUROtherOther 015201623
European plastics converter demand by polymer types in 2016Data for EU28 NO/CHSource: PlasticsEurope Market Research Group (PEMRG) and Conversio Market & Strategy GmbH6.7%PS, PS-EEyeglassesframes, plasticcups, egg trays(PS); packaging,building insulation(PS-E), etc.247.4%PETBottles for water,soft drinks,juices,cleaners, etc.7.5%PURBuildinginsulation,pillows andmattresses,insulating foamsfor fridges, etc.10%12.3%PVCPE-HD,PE-MDWindow frames,profiles, floorand wall covering,pipes, cableinsulation, gardenhoses, inflatablepools, etc.Toys, (PE-HD, PEMD), milk bottles,shampoo bottles,pipes, houseware(PE-HD), etc.17.5%19.3%19.3%PE-LDPE-LLDPPOTHERSFood packaging,sweet and snackwrappers, hingedcaps, microwave proof containers,pipes, automotiveparts, bank notes,etc.Hub caps (ABS);optical fibres (PBT);eyeglasses lenses,roofing sheets(PC); Touchscreens (PMMA);cable coating intelecommunications(PTFE); and manyothers in aerospace,medical implants,surgical devices,membranes, valves& seals, protectivecoatings, etc.Reusable bags,trays andcontainers,agricultural film(PE-LD), foodpackaging film(PE-LLD), etc.
European plastics converter demand by segmentsand polymer types in 2016Data for EU28 NO/CHSource: PlasticsEurope Market Research Group (PEMRG) and Conversio Market & Strategy GmbHPackaging39.9%Building &Construction19.7%Automotive10%pl Othas etic rsRPUOthET d,Leisure& -MDElectrical &Electronic25
PLASTICSFrom waste to resource
Understanding the life cycle of plastics productsIn order to understand the life cycle of plastics products it is important to understand that not all plastics productsare the same and not all have the same service life. Some plastic products have a shelf life of less than one year, someothers of more than 15 years and some have a lifespan of 50 years or even more.Exportsof plasticsmaterialsCONVERTERSDEMANDOF PLASTICSMATERIALSPRODUCTIONOF PLASTICSMATERIALSImportsof plasticsmaterials28Exportsof convertedplasticsExportsof plasticsproductsPRODUCTIONOF PLASTICSPRODUCTSImportsof convertedplasticsImportsof otherproductspackedin plasticsExportsof otherproductspackedin plasticsCONSUMPTIONOF PLASTICSPRODUCTSImportsof plasticsproducts
Thus, from production to waste, different plastic products have different life cycles and this is why the volume of collectedwaste cannot match, in a single year, the volume of production or consumption.COLLECTEDWASTEThe service life of plasticsproducts goes from less than1 year to 50 years or moreLIFE SERVICE OF PLASTICS ILLRECYCLINGENERGYRECOVERYPlastics become wasteat the end of their service lifeNONCOLLECTEDWASTE29
In 2016, for the first time, recycling overcame landfillIn 2016, 27.1 million tonnes of plastic waste were collected through official schemes in the EU28 NO/CH in orderto be treated. And for the first time, more plastic waste was recycled than landfilled.Plastics post-consumer wastetreatment in 2016 (EU28 NO/CH)31.1%63% Inside EU37% Outside EURecycling27.1 m tcollected plasticpost-consumer waste41.6%Energy recovery3027.3%Landfill
In ten years, plastic waste recycling has increased by almost 80%From 2006 to 2016 the volumes of plastic waste collected for recycling increased by 79%, energy recoveryincreased by 61% and landfill decreased by 43%.mt2006-2016 evolution of plasticswaste treatment (EU28 NO/CH)3027.12524.52015Total wastecollected 11%Energyrecovery 61%Recycling 79%Landfill-43%12.911.3108.47.07.454.702006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20122014201631
Plastic waste recovery is still very uneven in EuropeAlthough the total EU situation is improving, in many countries, landfill is still the first or second option of treatmentfor plastic post-consumer waste.Source: Conversio Market & Strategy GmbHPlastics post-consumer wastelandfill rate across Europe10% or lessup to 30%up to 50%more than 50%Countries with landfillrestrictions implementedPlastics waste goingto landfill in 201632
Landfill bans foster hygher recycling ratesCountries with landfill restrictions of recyclable and recoverable waste have, on average, higher recycling rates of plasticpost-consumer waste.Source: Conversio Market & Strategy usGreeceMaltaPlastic post-consumerwaste rates of recycling,energy recoveryand landfillper country in 2016RecyclingEnergy RecoveryLandfillCountries with landfillrestriction implemented0%20%40%60%80%100%33
Recycling is the first option for plastic PACKAGING wasteIn 2016, 16.7 million tonnes of plastic packaging waste were collected through official schemes in order to be treated.Source: Conversio Market & Strategy GmbHPlastic PACKAGING waste treatmentin 2016 (EU28 NO/CH)40.9%Recycling16.7 m tcollected plasticpost-consumerPACKAGING waste38.8%Energy recovery3420.3%Landfill
In ten years, plastic PACKAGING recycling has increased by almost 75%From 2006 to 2016, the volume of plastic packaging waste collected for recycling increased by 74%, energy recoveryincreased 71% and landfill decrease by 53%.Source: Conversio Market & Strategy GmbHmt2006-2016evolution of plastics PACKAGINGwaste treatment (EU28 NO/CH)2016.714.9Total wastecollected 12%Recycling 74%Energyrecovery 71%Landfill-53%15107.256.86.53.93.83.402006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20122014201 635
Most countries have plastic PACKAGING recycling rates above 35%In 2016, 19 countries had plastic packaging recycling rates higher than 35%. Only two countries achieved a recycling ratebetween 50 and 52% (Germany and Czechia).more than 45%from 40 to 45%from 30% to 40%less than 30%Plastic PACKAGING recyclingrates across Europe36
EU plastic PACKAGING recycling rate is close to 41%In 2016, the total EU recycling rate for plastic packaging waste was 40.8%, well above the requested 22.5% of the EUPackaging Waste GreeceFranceFinlandPlastic PACKAGINGrecycling rateper country in 2016Mechanical RecyclingFeedstock RecyclingPlastics recycling target acc.to the EU PPWD 22.5%EU 28 2 recycling rateof plastic packagingwaste: 40.8%0%20%40%60%37
PLAS
TICSPLASTICSSnapshotand outlooks
In 2017, all the sectors of the plastic value chain grew dynamicallyPlastics industry production in EU28 index (2010 100, trend cycle & seasonally adjusted data).Index140130All plastic sectorscould grow dynamicallyin 20171201101009080Manufacture of plastic and rubber machineryManufacture of plastics in primary forms70601992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 201740Manufacture of plastics productsyear
Forecast: in 2018, the production growth will slightlyslow down compared to the strong year 2017Production of primary plastics, EU28.Index 2010 100 on a quarterly basis; seasonally and working day adjusted; annual average.In 2018, the production growth will slightly slow downcompared to the strong year 2017140130120110100908070Production primary plastics60Average annual index 018However, a moderate upward trend is still expected for 2018.Estimate 2017: 2.5%Estimate 2018: 1.5%41
Glossary of termsABSAcrylonitrile butadiene styrene resinPE-LDPolyethylene, low densityASAAcrylonitrile styrene acrylate resinPE-LLDPolyethylene, linear low densitybnbillionPE-MDPolyethylene, medium densityCHSwitzerlandPEMRGPlasticsEurope Market Research GroupCISCommonwealth of Independent StatesPETPolyethylene terephthalateConversioConversio Market & Strategy GmbHPlastic materials Thermoplastics PolyurethanesEUEuropean UnionPMMAPolymethyl methacrylateEPROEuropean Association of PlasticsRecycling and Recovery Engineering ThermoplasticsPSPolystyreneGDPGross domestic productPS-EPolystyrene, expandablemtMillion tonnesPTFEPolytetrafluoroethyleneNAFTANorth American Free Trade AgreementPURPolyurethaneNONorwayPVCPolyvinyl chlorideSANStyrene-acrylonitrile copolymerThermoplasticsStandard plastics (PE, PP, PVC, PS, EPS,PET (bottle grade)) En
VALUE ADDED MULTIPLIER EFFECT RECYCLING 13. PLAS TICS. PLAS TICS Market data PLASTICS. 2015 2015 2016 2016 WORLD World and EU plastics production data 322 58 335 60 Includes plastic materials (thermoplastics and polyurethanes) and other plastics (thermosets, adhesives, coatings and sealants). Does not include: PET fibers, PA fibers, PP fibers .
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Mapping of global plastics value chain and plastics losses to the environment onment 2 Table of contents Table of contents List of Acronyms 4 Types of plastics 5 Executive summary 6 Technical summary 9 1 oduction Intr 17 1.1. Objective 19 1.2. General methodology 19 1.3. Report structure 21 2 Global plastics value chain 23
