The Impact Of Sedimentation In Reservoirs On Performance .
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 Impact Factor (2013): 4.438The Impact of Sedimentation in Reservoirs onPerformance Operation of Hydropower: A CaseStudy Sutami Hydropower IndonesiaDaniel Rohi1, 2, M. Bisri3, Seoemarno4 A. Lomi51Environmental Science and Technology Graduate Program, Brawijaya University, Indonesia2Electrical Engineering Departments, Petra Christian University, Indonesia3Water Engineering Departments, Brawijaya University, Indonesia4Environmental Science and Technology Graduate Program, Brawijaya University, Indonesia5Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, IndonesiaJl. MT Haryono 169, Malang 65145 Indonesia Phone 62341-571260Email: rohi@petra.ac.idAbstract: This paper describes the sedimentation rate and the productivity of hydropower. Sedimentation of reservoirs has become aserious threat to the operation of the reservoir and hydroelectric power in Indonesia. Sedimentation rate in Indonesia resulted in areduction in storage capacity of reservoirs; hydropower operations are disrupted, and abrade the hydropower turbines. Reservoirsedimentation in Indonesia has reduced catchment reservoirs reached 1.28% per year. Reservoirs with small capacities (less than 200million m3) suffered a loss of storage capacity which is about 2.05%. Reservoir with a capacity of over 300 million experience loss ofstorage capacity which is 0.62%. Expected loss due to sedimentation in 284 large dams in Indonesia shrink water volume reached about12.4 billion cubic meters. Economically it is converted to 84 million dollars per year. Based on the observation and analysis of historicaldata to reservoirs and Sutami hydropower it was found that the rate of sedimentation in the Sutami reservoir is 4.76 million m3 / year sothat the reservoir capacity remain 54% in 2011. Nevertheless, the production capacity of Sutami hydropower is still very good, indicatedby the capacity factor 34% -76% range, and the average 50.5%. High rate of sedimentation in the Sutami reservoir is not providesignificant impact on the productivity of hydropower, this is caused by sediment distribution pattern of horizontal and evenly on allelevations.Keywords: sedimentation, hydropower, renewable, energy1. Introductionrenewable energy, efficient and environmentally friendly.Sedimentation rate of reservoir in entire worlds is quite highand become a common enemy for worldwide reservoirmanagers. Sedimentation has reduced the storage capacity ofreservoirs in the entire world reaches 20% of storage capacityor between 0.5% and 1% per annum. [1][2]. It is become oneof the obstacles in the development and operation ofhydroelectric power plant [3][4][5].The rate of sedimentationin the reservoir which occurs in excess of the estimatedplanning. Age of the reservoir operations is reduceddrastically compared to the estimation. Sedimentation effectis decreased by the capacity of the reservoir so that itinterferes the operation of hydropower, because the operationof hydropower depends on the availability of sufficient waterfor hydroelectric power to operate.Reservoir sedimentation in Indonesia, represented by severalreservoirs showed quite high that ranges between 1-13 millionm3/year with sediment catchment efficiency ranged between23.02%-99.22%.[6].Reservoir sedimentation in Indonesia hasreduced catchment reservoirs reached 1.28% per year.Reservoir with a capacity of experiencing losing pitcherapproximately 2.05%. Reservoir with a large capacity loss peryear is lower, which is about 0.62%.[7]. Reservoirsedimentation affects operating performance of hydropower,especially for the dam that operates as a reservoir daily.Expected loss due to sedimentation in 284 large dams inIndonesia shrink water volume reached about 12.4 billioncubic meters. Economically when converted to 84 milliondollars per year.[8]The results of a study of several hydropower dams inIndonesia particularly on the island of Java, Sulawesi andKalimantan showed no significant impact on the rate ofsedimentation in the reservoir to the operating performance ofhydropower, which is associated with the pattern of operationand equipment damage due to sedimentation has particles ofwhich can make the erosion of the turbine. That kind ofdamage makes hydropower ceased operations and causesignificant financial losses. Necessary efforts to ensure thesustainability of sediment handling the operation ofhydropower. Operation of hydropower in Indonesia needs tobe guaranteed continuously, because hydropower is aHydropower installed capacity in Indonesia reaches 10:29%of total generation in Indonesia, but in producing energy itonly contributes 6.02% or 13009.55 Gwh. This situationshows that hydropower is only capable of producing 60% ofthe available capacity, meaning there are 4 % Hydroelectricpower is not plugged into energy or hydropower productioncapacity which only reaches 60%.[9]Paper ID: SUB15852Handling of sediment in the reservoir operation aims toensure the sustainability of hydropower, because the existenceof hydropower should be developed to increase the number ofhydropower, as well as maintaining existing ones in order tocontinue to operate optimally. For this purpose, it is necessaryVolume 4 Issue 1, January 2015www.ijsr.netLicensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY2784
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 Impact Factor (2013): 4.438to map and analysis the potential and existing hydropowerconditions. The analysis is based on field observations andhistorical data.2. Energy Status in IndonesiaManagement of electric energy in Indonesia is nowconsidering the balance between supply, needs and equitybetween regions in Indonesia. Production capacity anddemand for electricity as the annual report of PT PLN (StateElectrical Company) [9] at the end of 2013 show the totalinstalled capacity and the number of units PLN (Holding andSubsidiary) reached 34 206 MW and 4,925 units, with 26 768MW (78.26 %) are in Java. The total installed capacityincreased by 3.96% compared to the end of December 2012.The percentage of installed capacity per plant types asfollows: 15 554 MW power plant (45.47%), 8814 MWCombined Cycle Power Plant (25.77%), 2,848 MW dieselpower plant (8.33 %), 3,520 MW hydropower (10:29%),2,894 MW power plant (8.46%), 568 MW geothermal powerplant (1.67%), solar and wind 8.37 MW (0.02%). From theaspect of electricity production technology, it is stilldominated by fossil-based generation which amounted to78.33% and futile is 10:29% of water and geothermal at1.67%.[10]The use of renewable energy, especially water energyincreased as illustrated in the graph (Figure 1).[8] The pictureshows that there is a significant increase in the use of waterenergy. In 1973 only amounted to 278.8 MW increased to3519.5 MW in 2013. The increase which almost thirteentimes. This condition is possible because of the need for areservoir for irrigation for agricultural purposes as well beused for hydropower. However, as the percentage of unstablegrowth rate (figure 1), the growth tends to stagnate that in2013 only 1.2%, the highest growth in 1988, reaching29.71%. This trend indicates that the growth of hydropower isvery slow. It happens due to the possibility of largeinvestment costs for hydroelectric power and a long time tobuild, it reaches about 8 years, so it takes a long time to seethe benefit.3. Evaluation of Sutami HydropowerThis section will present the results of an evaluation of theoperating performance of Sutami hydropower. Theseevaluations, in terms of several aspects namely; electricalenergy production capability, suitability between reservoiroperation pattern with the actual conditions, and theperformance of equipment and plant operating performance.Evaluation of the production is done by taking the datamonthly and yearly. Monthly data were taken in June 2011,while annual data for 10 years taken from 2003 to 2012.Figure 2: Sutami hydropower plantSutami reservoirs located in Malang, East Java, Indonesia,(Figure 2) is a multipurpose reservoir. The main function ofthe reservoir is as a flood control with the equivalent 50-yearreturn period of 1,650 m3/sec, power plant 3 x 35,000 kWh(488 million kWh/year), the provision of irrigation water 24m³/sec in the dry season (of 34,000 ha), tourism andaquaculture.Figure 3: Sutami reservoir capacity reduction due tosedimentationFigure 1: Hydroelectric Growth in IndonesiaPaper ID: SUB15852The rate of sedimentation in reservoirs Sutami increasedsignificantly. It is based on the historical data observed sincethe operation in 1972-2011. Increased sedimentation occurredin all catchment area. From the data collected measurementresults since 1972-2011 as shown in Figure3. The graphshows that there is a tendency volume loss and volumeincreased of sediment as an impact on water volumeshrinkage as shown in Figure 3. In 1973, the volume of thereservoir was at a maximum elevation of 272.5m 343 millionVolume 4 Issue 1, January 2015www.ijsr.netLicensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY2785
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 Impact Factor (2013): 4.438m3. Reservoir water volume decreased by 4.76 millionm3/year. Greatest reduction period occurred in the first yearout from 1972 to 1982 as much as 121.71 million m3 or anaverage of 12.17 million m3/year. In the period 1982-1992showed smaller reduction of 3.13 million m3/year. Lowestreduction occurred in the period 1992 - 2002, amounted to1.18 million m3/ year, a reduction happened to increase againin the period 2002 -2011, amounted 2.34 million m3 / year.Table 1: Technical specification of generatorCharacteristic1. Capacity2. Voltage3. Frequency4. Rotation5. Quantity6. Phase7. Power factor8. Augient Tempt9. Armatur Tempt rise10. Filo Ampere11. Filo Tempt Rise12. Excitation voltage13. Cooler14. RatingDimenion39.000 KVA11 KV50 Hz250 rpm3 units3 phasa0,9400 C750 C72 A750 C220 Vrecirculating aircoolercontinueSutami hydroelectric first operates on September 4, 1973 or41 years old in 2014. The first operation capacity was 70MW, consisted of two generating units with an installedcapacity of 35 MW/unit and the current total capacity is 105MW. The technical specification generator of SutamiHydropower as shown in Table 2. Volume of water storagecapacity in Sutami reservoirs has been reduced to 46%, butSutami hydropower still operates optimally, according to thecapacity designed and even exceeded the targets.Based on the historical data, it shows that the ratio betweenthe input water discharge (Qin) and water discharge output(Qout) has strived to be different not too big, even as far aspossible be made the same, so the availability of water in thereservoir becoming fixed as shown in figure 2. Figure 2shows that time reservoir operation starts from June 2011May 2012. The distribution of the operating time is a periodof 10 days or one month which is divided into 3 sections. Atthe time interval 0-3 shows a week in June and 33-36 show inMay 2012. In June - December represent the dry season andin January - May represent the rainy season. In the dry seasonperiod which ranges from a low water discharge of 40 m3 /sec - 80 m3 / sec.Regulating the use of water to drive turbines is to control thewater flow out. The use of certain water as needed, inaccordance with the provisions required by the turbinedischarge and the availability of water in the reservoir. Awater discharge arrangement to come out is based on apredetermined pattern.Paper ID: SUB15852Table 2: Technical specification of generatorQoutflow (m3/sec)YearQinflow 159.94182.34147.84145.33Application of reservoir operation pattern is appropriate forthe regulation of water, although there is a slight difference,but still within the acceptable limits. As shown in Figure 4, in2011 the use of water is generally not appropriate to theprediction. The use of water more than the expectationoccurred between October and November and other monthsunder pattern. Water use has been set to achieve a balancebetween the incoming water flow and water discharge out.Figure 4: Actual of Qout and prediction of QoutIn addition to take into account the flow of water into and outof water discharge, Sutami reservoir operate to drive a turbinehydropower purposes, also considering the elevation of thereservoir. Elevation reservoirs for hydropower operation areat the lowest elevation of 260 m to the elevation above 272.5m, in July - November elevation of the reservoir ismaintained at an elevation of 260 m - 265 m. In November –May water level is maintained at an elevation of 260 m - 265m and in April - June the water level is maintained at anelevation of 265 m - 270.5 m. The condition is illustrated inFigure 5.Volume 4 Issue 1, January 2015www.ijsr.netLicensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY2786
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 Impact Factor (2013): 4.438Figure 5: Actual of Qout an QinFigure 7: Target and realization of energy production 2012The pattern of water management in 2011/2012 is shown tobe effective, it can be seen from the production of electricalenergy as in Figure 6 that the highest power productionoccurred at the height of the rainy season in March-April,production reached 60 million kWh of electrical energy andthe lowest production occurred in August -September whichis the peak of the dry season so the electric energy productionis only about 20 million kWh – 25 million kWhBased on data collected over 10 years, the period from 2003to 2012 in Figure 8 and Table 2 shows that the totalproduction of electricity annually fluctuate or unstable.Lowest production occurred in 2003 amounted to308,938,070.00 kWh and the highest occurred in 2010amounted to 698,046,400.00 kWh. The maximum productioncapacity of Sutami hydropower is 900,000,000.00 kWh peryear.Figure 8: Energy production 2003-2012Figure 6: Actual and pattern of reservoir elevationAchievement of production like this depends on the conditionof availability of water in the reservoir, where the dry seasonwater flow input is low, then the output is set to a lowdischarge, as the result, the production of electrical energy isnot maximal. However, it remains to meet the peak load for 5hours/day. Based on the existing data, it can be concludedthat the performance of the operation of Sutami hydropowerof electrical energy production indicator is still veryproductive. It is because the pattern of water in the reservoirsettings can be managed consistently. Performance of Sutamihydropower evaluated in the time period 2003-2012. Thepurpose of the evaluation is to look at the effect of the rate ofsedimentation of the amount of energy produced byhydropower. In general, the production of electrical energy bya hydroelectric power, influenced by the balance betweenincoming water discharge (Q in) and regulation of water flowout (Q out), so that the volume of the reservoir in optimalconditions to operate. Reservoir sedimentation rate in effecton the reduction of the volume of water in the reservoir. Thehigher the rate of sedimentation caused the higher the volumeof water reservoirs which experienced a reduction.Paper ID: SUB15852Discharge water that drives the turbine or debit lowest outputin 2003 the maximum 145, 44 m3/sec and at a minimum of92.10 m3/sec and average discharge of 125, 89 m3/sec. In2010 the flow of water that moves highest turbine namely;maximum and minimum 153.70 128.41 m3/sec and the meandischarge 144.76 m3/sec.The highest water level input for ten years was 320.38 m3 /secoccurred in 2010 and the lowest discharge was 205.48 m3/sec, occurred in 2003. The highest input Debit minimum was135.27 m3/ sec, occurred in 2010 and the lowest age was95.36 m3/sec, there happen to know debit 2007. The highestaverage output was 182.44 m3/sec occurred in 2004 or 2010more than the 182.34 m3/sec in 2010. Although debit thehighest rates in 2004, but the production of electrical energywas only 447.2 million kWh, compared to the 2010production reached 698.1 million kWh. Thus the averagedischarge high output is not similar to high energy output.The maximum output of the highest water level was 162.75m3/sec in 2004, the lowest 145.44 m3/sec in 2003. Debithighest minimum output was 128.41 m3 / sec in 2010 and thelowest was 92.01 m3/sec occurred in 2003. The highestaverage water flow output was 144.76 m3/sec occurred in2010 and the lowest mean water level was 122.15 m3 / sec inVolume 4 Issue 1, January 2015www.ijsr.netLicensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY2787
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 Impact Factor (2013): 4.4382007. These results indicate a peculiarity because waterdischarge lowest output, should produce a number of lowestproduction. The fact that the energy production in 2007amounted to 356.9 million kWh entering the second-lowestcategory, because the lowest was in 2003 that 308.9 millionkWh. This is possible because the operation hours in2007were longer than 2003 or in 2003 the operation hourswere shorter due to the repair and maintenance ofhydropower equipment.Performance of hydropower generating electricity may beindicated by fluctuations in reservoir elevation and theelevation of the tail race. As the table shows that the elevationof the reservoir average in ten years ranging from 266.64 m 269.46 m. The highest elevation is in 2010 which amountedto 269.46 m, it is in line with the highest amount of electricityproduction in 2010 and the lowest water elevation occurred in2009. This condition shows discrepancy between the resultsand the production of high water in the reservoir elevation.Indeed lowest elevation reservoirs produce low production,high effective as experienced reductions.Figure 8: Capacity factor of Sutami HydropowerOne indicator to determine the importance of a hydropowerplant operating performance is a factor of power generationcapacity. Capacity factor is the ability of plants produceenergy in one year based on the power capable owned [11].In other words, the annual capacity factor is the total energyproduction in one year divided by the power capablemultiplied by the number of hours (8670 hours) for one year.Based on this formula, the Sutami hydropower capacity factorhas been calculated and is listed in Figure 8. Based on thecalculations, the performance of Sutami hydropower in tenyears has been very well because of the capacity that rangesfrom 34% -76% and if the average reached 50.5%, thecondition is well above the standard of the hydropowercapacity factor of 30% [11]. When the average capacityfactor is 50.5%, the production of Sutami hydroelectric kWhper year may reach 464.5 million each year.2. The increase in the volume of sediment in the reservoir hasnot had a significant impact on the production of electricalenergy Sutami hydropower. Sutami HydropowerPerformance in ten years has been very well because of thecapacity that ranges from 34% -76% and if averagedreached 50.5%. Electric energy production in 2012exceeded the target. This achievement is because of thepattern of reservoir operation that has been established toregulate the use of water and sediment distribution patternhorizontallyReferences[1] Mahmood, K., 1987. Reservoir sedimentation: impact,extent, and mitigation. World Bank Technical PaperNumber 71. ISBN-0- 8
The results of a study of several hydropower dams in Indonesia particularly on the island of Java, Sulawesi and Kalimantan showed no significant impact on the rate of sedimentation in the reservoir to the operating performance of hydropower, which is associated with the pattern of operationAuthor: Daniel Rohi, M. BisriPu
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