World War Looms Section 1 Dictators Threaten World Peace

Name Class DateSection 2, continuedhundreds of German planes. This air warwas called the Battle of Britain. The newprime minister, Winston Churchill, ralliedthe spirits of the British people anddeclared that Britain would neversurrender. Hitler gave up the idea ofinvading Britain.3. What happened to Hitler’s plans forconquering France and Britain?Original content Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.228Guided Reading Workbook

Name Class DateWorld War LoomsSection 3The HolocaustTerms and NamesHolocaust Systematic murder of 11 million Jews and other people in Europe by theNazisKristallnacht Name given the night of November 9, 1938, when Nazis in Germanyattacked Jews, their businesses, and their synagoguesgenocide Deliberate and systematic killing of an entire peopleghetto A segregated neighborhoodconcentration camp Prison camps operated by the Nazis where Jews and others werestarved while doing slave labor, or murderedBefore You ReadIn the last section, you saw how Hitler began World War II. In thissection, you will see how Hitler put his plan of Aryan domination intoplace by killing Jews and other groups he considered inferior.As You ReadUse a chart to take notes on the events that led to the Holocaust.THE PERSECUTION BEGINSblamed Jews for Germany’s defeat inWorld War I, many Germans agreed.When Hitler blamed the Jews forGermany’s economic problems, manyGermans supported him.Persecution of Jews increased underHitler. In 1935, new laws took away Jews’civil rights and their property. Jews wereforced to wear yellow stars of David ontheir clothing.On November 9, 1938, organized,violent persecution began withKristallnacht. (Kristallnacht is a Germanword meaning “crystal night,” or night ofbroken glass.) Gangs of Nazi stormtroopers attacked Jewish homes,businesses, and synagogues acrossGermany. The streets were littered withbroken glass. Then the Nazis blamed Jewsfor the destruction. Many Jews werearrested; others were fined.(Pages 542–544)How did the persecution of the Jewsbegin in Germany?Part of Hitler’s plan for Germany wasto make the country racially pure. In 1933,just three months after taking power,Hitler ordered all non-Aryans out ofgovernment jobs. Then Hitler began anorganized persecution of non-Aryans,particularly of Jews. This resulted in theHolocaust—the systematic murder ofover 11 million people across Europe.Over half of the murdered peoplewere Jews.Anti-Semitism, or hatred of Jews, had along history in Germany and in other partsof Europe. For a long time, Germans hadused Jews as a scapegoat, someone toblame for their own failures andfrustrations. Therefore, when HitlerOriginal content Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.230Guided Reading Workbook

Name Class DateSection 3, continuedcondemning these people to slavery anddeath. In addition to Jews, the Nazisrounded up political opponents—Communists, Socialists, liberals— andother groups including Gypsies,Freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses,homosexuals, the disabled, and theterminally ill.Some Jews were forced into ghettos—segregated Jewish areas where they weremade to work in factories or left to starve.Despite brutal conditions, Jews hung on,resisting the Germans and setting upschools and underground newspapers.Many Jews started to flee Germany.Nazis were in favor of this, but othernations did not want to accept the Jewishrefugees. Some refugees, including AlbertEinstein and Thomas Mann, were allowedinto the United States. But the UnitedStates would not change its immigrationquotas. This was partly American antiSemitism. It was also because manyAmericans feared competition for the fewjobs during the Depression.Once war broke out in Europe,Americans said they feared that refugeeswould be “enemy agents.” The CoastGuard even turned away a ship carryingrefugees who had emigration papers forthe United States. Three-quarters of thosepassengers were killed by the Nazis afterthe ship was forced to return to Europe.2. Who were the targets of the “finalsolution”?1. How did the world react to Germany’spersecution of the Jews?THE FINAL STAGE (Pages 547–549)How did the Nazis kill so manypeople?Most Jews were sent to concentrationcamps, where they suffered hunger,illness, overwork, torture, and death. Theearly concentration camps did not killJews fast enough for the Nazis. In 1941,six death camps were built in Poland.These camps had gas chambers that couldkill 12,000 people a day. Prisoners wereseparated upon arrival at death camps bySS doctors. Those who were too old or tooweak to work were led to the gaschambers and killed. At first bodies wereburied or burned in huge pits. Then theNazis built huge ovens calledcrematoriums that destroyed the bodiesand all evidence of the mass murder thathad taken place. Other prisoners were shotor hanged or subjected to horrible medicalexperiments by camp doctors.Six million Jews died in death campsand Nazi massacres. Some Jews, however,HITLER’S “FINAL SOLUTION”(Pages 544–546)How did the Nazis try to kill off theJews and others?In 1939, there were only about a quarterof a million Jews left in Germany. Butother countries that Hitler occupied hadmillions more Jews. Hitler’s ultimate goalwas to get rid of all of Europe’s Jews. Hebegan implementing the “final solution.”This plan amounted to genocide, thedeliberate and systematic killing of anentire population.The “final solution” was based on theNazi belief that “Aryans” were a superiorpeople and that their strength and racialpurity must be preserved. To accomplishthis, the Nazis arrested people theyidentified as “enemies of the state,”Original content Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.231Guided Reading Workbook

Name Class DateSection 3, continued3. Why were certain people separatedfrom the others and led to the gaschambers?were saved. Ordinary people sometimesrisked their own lives to hide Jews or tohelp them escape.Some Jews even survived theconcentration camps. Elie Wiesel, whowon the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986, is asurvivor of Auschwitz. He has writtenmemorably about his concentration campexperiences and the need to prevent suchgenocide from ever happening again.Original content Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.232Guided Reading Workbook

Name Class DateWorld War LoomsSection 4America MovesToward WarTerms and NamesAxis powers Germany, Italy, and JapanLend-Lease Act Law that allowed lending or leasing arms to any nation “whosedefense was vital to the United States”Atlantic Charter British and American statement of goals for fighting World War IIAllies Group of nations, including the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union, whoopposed the Axis powersHideki Tojo Prime minister of Japan during World War IIBefore You ReadIn the last section, you saw how Hitler’s plan to make Germany raciallypure killed millions of people. In this section, you will see how theUnited States moved closer to entering the war against the Nazis.As You ReadUse a time line to take notes on the events that led to the entry of theUnited States into World War II.THE UNITED STATES MUSTERSITS FORCES (Pages 550–551)How did the United States try to stayout of war but be prepared?According to the Neutrality Acts, theUnited States could not enter the warin Europe. However, PresidentRoosevelt asked for a change in theActs. He suggested a cash-and-carryprovision. Such a provision wouldallow Britain and France to buy andtransport American arms. Congresspassed this new Neutrality Act inNovember 1939.In 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japansigned a mutual defense treaty. Theybecame the Axis powers. The treatymeant that if the United States went to waragainst any one of them, all three wouldfight. That would put America at war ontwo fronts: in Europe and in Asia.Nevertheless, Roosevelt gave the British“all aid short of war” to help them fightHitler.Roosevelt assured the nation that theUnited States would stay out of war. Buthe prepared for war. Congress increasedspending for national defense. It passedthe nation’s first peacetime draft inSeptember 1940.FDR broke the tradition of a two-termpresidency and ran for re-election in1940. His opponent, Wendell Willkie,shared Roosevelt’s beliefs that the UnitedStates should help Britain, but that itshould not get involved in war. Voterschose the candidate they knew. FDR wona third term.Original content Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.234Guided Reading Workbook

Name Class DateSection 4, continuedFDR PLANS FOR WAR (Page 554)How did the United States movetoward war?In August 1941, Roosevelt met secretlywith British Prime Minister WinstonChurchill. Roosevelt did not actuallycommit the United States to war. But heand Churchill did sign the AtlanticCharter. That was a statement of thegoals for fighting World War II. Thesegoals included protecting peoples’ rightsto choose their own form of governmentand building a secure peace.Later, 26 nations signed a similaragreement. These nations, called theAllies, were united in fighting Germany,Italy, and Japan.On September 4, 1941, a GermanU-boat fired on an American merchantship. President Roosevelt ordered the U.S.Navy to fire on German ships on sight.U-boats responded by sinking severalAmerican ships, and American seamenwere killed. The Senate finally allowed thearming of merchant ships. Full scale warseemed inevitable.1. How did the United States slowlymove toward war?“THE GREAT ARSENAL OFDEMOCRACY” (Pages 552–553)Why did the United States change itspolicy of neutrality?After the election, Roosevelt spoke tothe American people. He said that theUnited States could not stand by and letHitler conquer the world. Americawould become “the great arsenal ofdemocracy.” At that time, Britain couldno longer pay for arms and supplies.Roosevelt suggested lending or leasingarms to any nation “whose defense wasvital to the United States.” Isolationistsbitterly opposed his policy. ButCongress passed the Lend-Lease Act inMarch 1941.Meanwhile, Germany invaded itsformer ally, the Soviet Union. The UnitedStates gave lend-lease support to theSoviets as well as to Britain.Nazi submarines called U-boatsattacked and sank ships carrying armsacross the Atlantic to Germany’senemies. In June 1941, Rooseveltordered the U.S. Navy to protect lendlease ships. He also gave Americanwarships permission to attack GermanU-boats in self-defense.3. What events moved the United Statescloser to war?JAPAN ATTACKS THE UNITEDSTATES (Pages 554–557)What brought the United States intoconflict with Japan?In Japan, expansionists had longdreamed of creating a huge empire. Japanwas now acting on this dream. It beganseizing Asian territory held as colonies byEuropean nations. The United States alsoowned islands in the Pacific.2. Name two ways in which the UnitedStates became the “arsenal ofdemocracy.”Original content Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.235Guided Reading Workbook

Name Class DateSection 4, continuedRoosevelt was grim. He did not want tofight a war on two fronts. He had expectedto enter the war in Europe, not to fight inAsia, too. On December 8, 1941,Roosevelt addressed Congress asking for adeclaration of war against Japan. He said:“Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a datewhich will live in infamy . . . [theJapanese launched] an unprovoked anddastardly attack.” Congress quickly agreedto declare war. Germany and Italy thendeclared war on the United States.When Japan invaded Indochina, theUnited States cut off trade with Japan.Japan needed American oil to run its warmachine. The new prime minister of Japanwas a militant general named Hideki Tojo.He started peace talks with the UnitedStates, but he also prepared for war.The United States broke Japan’s secretcommunications code. The Americansknew Japan was preparing for a militarystrike. But they did not know when orwhere the strike would be.On December 7, 1941—during thepeace talks—Japan attacked the main U.S.naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.The Japanese crippled the U.S. Pacificfleet in one blow. Planes and ships weredestroyed. Over 2,400 people were killed.4. What event caused the Americandeclaration of war against Japan?Original content Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.236Guided Reading Workbook

Name Class DateThe United States in World War IISection 1Mobilizing for DefenseTerms and NamesGeorge Marshall Army chief of staff during World War IIWomen's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) Women volunteers who served in non-combatpositionsA. Philip Randolph Important African-American labor leaderManhattan Project Secret research project that resulted in the Atomic BombOffice of Price Administration (OPA) Agency of the federal government that foughtinflationWar Production Board (WPB) Government agency that decided which companieswould make war materials and how to distribute raw materialsrationing Restricting the amount of food and other goods people may buy duringwartime to assure adequate supplies for the militaryBefore You ReadIn the last section, you learned the reasons why the United States enteredWorld War II. In this section, you will learn how Americans joined inthe war effort.As You ReadUse a web diagram to take notes on how the United States preparedfor war.To free more men for combat, ArmyChief of Staff General George Marshallsuggested using women for noncombatmilitary tasks. Congress created theWomen’s Auxiliary Army Corps(WAAC) in 1942. About 25,000 womenserved in the military. They did not receivethe same pay or benefits as men.Men and women from minority groupsalso served in World War II. Theyincluded Mexican Americans, AsianAmericans, and Native Americans. SomeAfrican Americans had mixed feelingsabout defending a country where theywere often segregated and denied the basicrights of citizenship. But they also knewthey would be worse off under any of theAMERICANS JOIN THE WAREFFORT (Pages 562–564)How did Americans react to Pearl Harbor?The Japanese had expected Americansto react with fear and despair to the attackon Pearl Harbor. Instead, Americansreacted with rage. “Remember PearlHarbor” became a rallying cry. Fivemillion men volunteered for militaryservice.But fighting a war on two fronts—in Europeand in the Pacific—required huge numbers ofsoldiers. Another ten million men were drafted.New soldiers received eight weeks of basictraining. Then they were officially “GIs,” anickname coming from the term “GovernmentIssue.”Original content Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.238Guided Reading Workbook

Name Class DateSection 1, continuedhunger for news of the war mademagazines and radio more popular.The government hired scientists todevelop new weapons and medicines.They made improvements in radar andsonar, and in “miracle drugs” likepenicillin. The government also set up theManhattan Project, which developed theatomic bomb.Axis powers. More than a million AfricanAmericans served, but in raciallysegregated units. These units were noteven allowed into combat until the lastyear of the war.1. How did women and minorities join inthe war effort?2. How did the war change life at home?A PRODUCTION MIRACLE(Pages 564-567)What changes took place inAmerican life?The nation’s factories quickly switched towar production. Automobile factories madeplanes and tanks. Pencil-makers turned outbomb parts. Shipyards and defense plantsexpanded. They produced warships withamazing speed.About 18 million workers kept thesewar industries going. Some 6 million newfactory workers were women. At first,industry did not want to hire women. Menfeared women would not be able to handlethe heavy work. Once women proved theycould do the work, factories hired them.But they paid women only 60 percent asmuch as men.Before the war, most defense contractorshad refused to hire African Americans. A.Philip Randolph, the president of theBrotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, was animportant African-American labor leader. Hethreatened to have African Americans marchon Washington to demand an end to thisdiscrimination. Roosevelt feared such amarch. He issued an executive order banningdiscrimination in defense industries.Even Hollywood contributed to the wareffort with patriotic films. They also madeescapist romances and comedies. PublicTHE FEDERAL GOVERNMENTTAKES CONTROL (Pages 567-568)How did the federal government getinvolved in the economy?The federal government was worried abouteconomic issues. Congress wanted to preventthe high inflation that had occurred duringWorld War I. Congress set up the Office ofPrice Administration (OPA). It successfullyfought inflation by “freezing,” or notincreasing, prices on most goods. Congressalso raised taxes. The War ProductionBoard (WPB) decided which companieswould make war materials and how todistribute raw materials.The OPA also set up a system ofrationing. Families were issued coupons tobe used for buying scarce items, such as meatand gasoline. Most Americans cooperatedwith the rationing system. They also boughtwar bonds and collected goods, such as tincans and paper, that could be recycled, orreused, for the war effort.3. How did the federal governmentreg

222 Guided Reading Workbook Dictators Threaten World Peace NATIONALISM GRIPS EUROPE AND ASIA (Pages 528–533) How did dictators take power in Europe and Asia? Woodrow Wilson had hoped that the Treaty of Versailles would provide a “just and lasting peace,” among the world’s most powe