Fundamentals Of Momentum, Heat, And Mass
Fundamentals of Momentum,Heat, and Mass Transfer5 th EditionJames R. WeltyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringCharles E. WicksDepartment of Chemical EngineeringRobert E. WilsonDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringGregory L. RorrerDepartment of Chemical EngineeringOregon State UniversityB I C E N T E N N I A LB I C E N T E N N I A LJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Contents1. Introduction to Momentum Transfer1.11.21.31.41.51.62.3.5.29Fundamental Physical Laws29Fluid-Flow Fields: Lagrangian and Eulerian RepresentationsSteady and Unsteady Flows30Streamlines31Systems and Control Volumes32Integral Relation34Specific Forms of the Integral ExpressionClosure393543Integral Relation for Linear Momentum43Applications of the Integral Expression for Linear MomentumIntegral Relation for Moment of Momentum52Applications to Pumps and Turbines53Closure57Conservation of Energy: Control-Volume Approach6.16.22934Newton's Second Law of Motion: Control-Volume Approach5.15.25.35.45.56.Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid16Uniform Rectilinear Acceleration19Forces on Submerged Surfaces20Buoyancy23Closure25Conservation of Mass: Control-Volume Approach4.14.24.3516Description of a Fluid in Motion3.13.23.33.43.54.Fluids and the Continuum1Properties at a Point2Point-to-Point Variation of Properties in a FluidUnits8Compressibility9Surface Tension11Fluid Statics2.12.22.32.42.51Integral Relation for the Conservation of EnergyApplications of the Integral Expression69466363vii
6.36.47.Shear Stress in Laminar Flow7.17.27.37.47.58.The Bernoulli EquationClosure767281Newton's Viscosity Relation81Non-Newtonian Fluids82Viscosity83Shear Stress in Multidimensional Laminar Flows of a Newtonian FluidClosure90Analysis of a Differential Fluid Element in Laminar Flow8.18.28.39.19.29.39.410.11.12.Fluid Rotation at a Point113The Stream Function114Inviscid, Irrotational Flow about an Infinite CylinderIrrotational Flow, fhe Velocity Potential117Total Head in Irrotational Flow119Utilization of Potential Flow119Potential Flow Analysis—Simple Plane Flow CasesPotential Flow nsions125Dimensional Analysis of Governing Differential EquationsThe Buckingham Method128Geometrie, Kinematic, and Dynamic Similarity131Model Theory132Closure134Viscous Flow12.112.299113Dimensional Analysis and Similitude11.111.211.311.411.511.699The Differential Continuity EquationNavier-Stokes Equations101Bernoulli's Equation110Closure111Inviscid Fluid Flow10.110.210.310.410.510.610.710.810.992Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Circular Conduit of ConstantCross Section92Laminar Flow of a Newtonian Fluid Down an Inclined-Plane SurfaceClosure979. Differential Equations of Fluid Flow137Reynolds's ExperimentDrag1381378812695
212.1312.1412.1512.1613.Flow in Closed al Pumps186Scaling Laws for Pumps and Fans194Axial and Mixed Flow Pump n201Thermal Conductivity202Convection207Radiation209Combined Mechanisms of Heat TransferClosure213Differential Fquations of Heat Transfer16.116.216.316.4165168Fundamentals of Heat Transfer15.115.215.315.415.515.6146Dimensional Analysis of Conduit Flow168Friction Factors for Fully Developed Laminar, Turbulent,and Transition Flow in Circular Conduits170Friction Factor and Head-Loss Determination for Pipe Flow173Pipe-Flow Analysis176Friction Factors for Flow in the Entrance to a Circular Conduit179Closure182Fluid Machinery14.114.214.314.414.515.The Boundary-Layer Concept144The Boundary-Layer Equations145Blasius's Solution for the Laminar Boundary Layer on a Fiat PlateFlow with a Pressure Gradient150von Kärmän Momentum Integral Analysis152Description of Turbulence155Turbulent Shearing Stresses157The Mixing-Length Hypothesis158Velocity Distribution from the Mixing-Length Theory160The Universal Velocity Distribution161Further Empirical Relations for Turbulent Flow162The Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Fiat Plate163Factors Affecting the Transition From Laminar to Turbulent FlowClosure165209217The General Differential Equation for Energy Transfer217Special Forms of the Differential Energy Equation220Commonly Encountered Boundary Conditions221Closure222ix
xContents17.Steady-State 322.Fundamental Considerations in Convective Heat Transfer274Significant Parameters in Convective Heat Transfer275Dimensional Analysis of Convective Energy Transfer276Exact Analysis of the Laminar Boundary Layer279Approximate Integral Analysis of the Thermal Boundary LayerEnergy- and Momentum-Transfer Analogies285Turbulent Flow Considerations287Closure293Natural Convection297Forced Convection for Internal FlowForced Convection for External FlowClosure318Boiling and .222.322.422.522.6297305311323328Heat-Transfer Equipment266274Convective Heat-Transfer Correlations20.120.220.320.4230252Analytical Solutions252Temperature-Time Charts for Simple Geometrie Shapes261Numerical Methods for Transient Conduction Analysis263An Integral Method for One-Dimensional Unsteady ConductionClosure270Convective Heat ensional Conduction224One-Dimensional Conduction with Internal Generation of EnergyHeat Transfer from Extended Surfaces233Two- and Three-Dimensional Systems240Closure246Unsteady-State Conduction18.118.218.318.418.5224336Types of Heat Exchangers336Single-Pass Heat-Exchanger Analysis: The Log-Mean TemperatureDifference339Crossflow and Shell-and-Tube Heat-Exchanger Analysis343The Number-of-Transfer-Units (NTU) Method of Heat-ExchangerAnalysis and Design347Additional Considerations in Heat-Exchanger Design354Closure356283
Contents23.Radiation Heat mensional Mass Transfer Independent of Chemical Reaction452One-Dimensional Systems Associated with Chemical Reaction463Two- and Three-Dimensional Systems474Simultaneous Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer479Closure488Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion27.127.227.3433The Differential Equation for Mass Transfer433Special Forms of the Differential Mass-Transfer EquationCommonly Encountered Boundary Conditions438Steps for Modeling Processes Involving MolecularDiffusion441Closure448Steady-State Molecular Diffusion26.126.226.326.426.527.Molecular Mass TransferThe Diffusion CoefficientConvective Mass TransferClosure429398Differential Equations of Mass Transfer25.125.225.325.426.Nature of Radiation359Thermal Radiation360The Intensity of Radiation361Planck's Law of Radiation363Stefan-Boltzmann Law365Emissivity and Absorptivity of Solid Surfaces367Radiant Heat Transfer Between Black Bodies370Radiant Exchange in Black Enclosures379Radiant Exchange in Reradiating Surfaces Present380Radiant Heat Transfer Between Gray Surfaces381Radiation from Gases388The Radiation Heat-Transfer Coefficient392Closure393Fundamentals of Mass Transfer24.124.224.324.425.359496Unsteady-State Diffusion and Fick's Second Law496Transient Diffusion in a Semi-Infmite Medium497Transient Diffusion in a Finite-Dimensional Medium Under Conditions ofNegligible Surface Resistance500Concentration-Time Charts for Simple Geometrie Shapes509Closure512xi
28.Convective Mass rium551Two-Resistance TheoryClosure563569Mass Transfer to Plates, Spheres, and Cylinders569Mass Transfer Involving Flow Through Pipes580Mass Transfer in Wetted-Wall Columns581Mass Transfer in Packed and Fluidized Beds584Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer in Stirred Tanks585Capacity Coefficients for Packed Towers587Steps for Modeling Mass-Transfer Processes Involving ConvectionClosure595Mass-Transfer ive Mass-Transfer damental Considerations in Convective Mass Transfer517Significant Parameters in Convective Mass Transfer519Dimensional Analysis of Convective Mass Transfer521Exact Analysis of the Laminar Concentration Boundary Layer524Approximate Analysis of the Concentration Boundary Layer531Mass, Energy, and Momentum-Transfer Analogies533Models for Convective Mass-Transfer Coefficients542Closure545Convective Mass Transfer Between Phases29.129.229.330.517588603Types of Mass-Transfer Equipment603Gas-Liquid Mass-Transfer Operations in Well-Mixed Tanks605Mass Balances for Continuous Contact Towers: Operating-Line EquationsEnthalpy Balances for Continuous-Contact Towers620Mass-Transfer Capacity Coefficients621Continuous-Contact Equipment . Transformations of the Operators V and V2 to Cylindrical CoordinatesB.Summary of Differential Vector Operations in Various Coordinate SystemsC.Symmetry of the Stress TensorD.The Viscous Contribution to the Normal StressE.The Navier-Stokes Equations for Constant p and fi in Cartesian,Cylindrical, and Spherical Coordinates657F.Charts for Solution of Unsteady Transport Problems654655659648651
G.Properties of the Standard AtmosphereH.Physical Properties of Solids672675I.Physical Properties of Gases and LiquidsJ.Mass-Transfer Diffusion Coefficients in Binary SystemsK.Lennard-Jones ConstantsL.The Error Function697M. Standard Pipe Sizes698N.Standard Tubing GagesAuthor Index703Subject Index705694700678691
23.10 Radiant Heat Transfer Between Gray Surfaces 381 23.11 Radiation from Gases 388 23.12 The Radiation Heat-Transfer Coefficient 392 23.13 Closure 393 24. Fundamentals of Mass Transfer 398 24.1 Molecular Mass Transfer 399 24.2 The Diffusion Coefficient 407 24.3 Convective Mass Transfer 428 24.4 Closure 429 25.
CHAPTER 3 MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE prepared by Yew Sze Ling@Fiona, KML 2 3.1 Momentum and Impulse Momentum The linear momentum (or "momentum" for short) of an object is defined as the product of its mass and its velocity. p mv & & SI unit of momentum: kgms-1 or Ns Momentum is vector quantity that has the same direction as the velocity.
1. Impulse and Momentum: You should understand impulse and linear momentum so you can: a. Relate mass, velocity, and linear momentum for a moving body, and calculate the total linear momentum of a system of bodies. Just use the good old momentum equation. b. Relate impulse to the change in linear momentum and the average force acting on a body.
momentum is kg·m/s. Linear Momentum Linear momentum is defined as the product of a system's mass multiplied by its velocity: p mv. (8.2) Example 8.1Calculating Momentum: A Football Player and a Football (a) Calculate the momentum of a 110-kg football player running at 8.00 m/s. (b) Compare the player's momentum with the
Momentum (p mv)is a vector, so it always depends on direction. Sometimes momentum is if velocity is in the direction and sometimes momentum is if the velocity is in the direction. Two balls with the same mass and speed have the same kinetic energy but opposite momentum. Momentum vs. Kinetic Energy A B Kinetic Energy Momentum
Momentum ANSWER KEY AP Review 1/29/2018 Momentum-1 Bertrand Momentum How hard it is to stop a moving object. Related to both mass and velocity. For one particle p mv For a system of multiple particles P p i m i v Units: N s or kg m/s Momentum is a vector! Problem: Momentum (1998) 43. The magnitude of the momentum of the
momentum), it is optimal for investors to hold less or may short the momentum asset and hence sufier less or even beneflt from momentum crashes. Key words: Portfolio selection, momentum crashes, dynamic optimal momentum strategy. JEL Classiflcation: C32, G11 Date: March 11, 2016. 1
Momentum: Unit 1 Notes Level 1: Introduction to Momentum The Definition Momentum is a word we sometime use in everyday language. When we say someone has a lot of momentum, it means they are on a roll, difficult to stop, really moving forward. In physics, momentum means "mass in motion". The more mass an object has, the more momentum it has.
Section Review 9.1 Impulse and Momentum pages 229–235 page 235 6. Momentum Is the momentum of a car traveling south different from that of the same car when it travels north at the same speed? Draw the momentum vectors to sup-port your answer. Yes, momentum is a vector quantity, and the momenta of the two cars are in opposite directions. 7.8 .File Size: 806KBPage Count: 31
