Supported By The - 5G-PPP
Supported by the5G empoweringvertical industries5G VERTICALSECTORSWith 5G, networks will be transformedinto intelligent orchestration platforms.By cementing strong relationships between vendors, operatorsand verticals, 5G will open the field to new business value propositions.Use-cases originating from verticals should be considered as drivers of 5G requirementsfrom the onset with high priority and covered in the early phases of the standardisation process.
EXECUTIVESUMMARYEEXECUTIVE SUMMARY45G - A DRIVER FOR INDUSTRIALAND SOCIETAL CHANGES7FOR EUROPE, 5G IS BUSINESS DRIVEN10TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS125G ARCHITECTURE FOR DISTRIBUTEDAND FLEXIBLE ALLOCATION OFVERTICAL-SPECIFIC NETWORK FUNCTIONS152NEXT STEPS IN STANDARDISATIONAND SPECTRUM CONSIDERATIONSAs a result of these transformations, verticalindustries will have enhanced technical capacityavailable to trigger the development of newproducts and services. Identifying key verticalsectors’ requirements, anticipating relevant trendsearly and mapping them into the 5G designis a fundamental element for the 5G success.Therefore a close collaboration of verticalindustries and 5G infrastructure providerswill be mutually beneficial. Shutterstock3urope is faced with economic andsocietal challenges such as ageing ofpopulations, societal cohesion, sustainabledevelopment. The introduction of digitaltechnologies in economic and societalprocesses is key to address thesechallenges. 5G network infrastructures will be akey asset to support this societal transformation,leading to the fourth industrial revolution impactingmultiple sectors. In the next decade, it is expectedthat the manufacturing industry will evolvetowards a distributed organisation of production,with connected goods, low energy processes,collaborative robots, integrated manufacturing andlogistics. These concepts are notably embodiedunder the Industry 4.0 paradigm. The automotiveand transportation sector will bring to marketautonomous and cooperative vehicles by 2020 withsignificantly improved safety and security standards,as well as new multimodal transportation solutions.Due to the ongoing development of renewables,the traditional power grid will evolve into a smartgrid, supporting a much more distributed generationand storage of power with real time dynamic routingof electricity flows using smart meters in houses.Entertainment and digital media sectors are workingon the integration of broadcast TV and digitalmedia, including an ever increasing amount of usergenerated content, high quality media and innovativereal time interfaces such as haptics. E-health andM-health will optimise new, revolutionary conceptssuch as European “Personalised or IndividualisedHealthcare” and the transition from hospital andspecialist centred care models towards distributedpatient centred models.This paper presents innovative digital use cases frommost important vertical sectors in Europe, namely:Factories of The Future, Automotive, Health,Energy and Media & Entertainment, and howtheir requirements impact 5G design. An inclusiveanalysis of the corresponding requirements showsthat latency (below 5ms), reliability and density (upto 100 devices/m2), along with tight constraintson territory and/or population coverage, are themost important performance targets 5G needs toachieve for supporting all possible services of thefive investigated sectors.Moreover, with universal availability of instantaneous communications, high level of guaranteedQoS, and cost levels appropriate for meeting customers’ expectations, 5G will pave the way fornew business opportunities. With 5G, networkswill be transformed into intelligent orchestration platforms. By cementing strong relationshipsbetween vendors, operators and verticals, 5G willopen the field to new business value propositions.Cross vertical collaboration fostered by 5G willbenefit Small and Medium Enterprises’ (SMEs)engagement and entrepreneurs. However, theseopportunities depend on our ability to leverage5G over previous investments and on a regulatoryframework that incentivizes the deployment of 5Gfor Europe and will enable innovative services. Suchservices will be enabled by 5G networks which willensure quality, security and safety. Deploying 5Gfor vertical sectors in Europe by the earliest datecurrently contemplated by the industry (2020)should thus be a common framing objective.5G architecture is expected to accommodate a widerange of use cases with advanced requirements,especially in terms of latency, resilience, coverage,and bandwidth. Thus, another major challenge is toprovide end-to-end network and cloud infrastructure slices over the same physical infrastructure inorder to fulfil vertical-specific requirements as wellas mobile broadband services in parallel.The 5G standardisation framework will be definedin 2016. Use-cases originating from verticalsshould be considered as drivers of 5G requirementsfrom the onset with high priority and covered in theearly phases of the standardisation process. 5Gwill also integrate different enabling technologies(e.g. mobile, fixed, satellite and optical), spectrumregulatory frameworks (e.g. licensed andunlicensed) and enabling capabilities (e.g. Internetof Things – IoT). The corresponding standardisationbodies need to work closely together, includingwith key vertical sectors, with an aligned roadmap.In the context of radio standards development,vertical use cases should be duly considered whenidentifying spectrum priorities. 3
5G - A DRIVERFOR INDUSTRIALAND SOCIETALCHANGES1FACTORY OF THE FUTUREThe digitization of factories will be a key stakefor the 2020s. New scenarios are emerging,that aim at increasing the efficiency ofproduction lines inside the factory, based on thecollaborative functions of a new generationof robots. Manufacturers are evolving to data-driven ecosystems by exploiting product lifecycle data from connected goods.4 ShutterstockWhile many technical activities around 5G arescaling up globally, requirements analysis ofkey vertical sectors is rapidly progressing. Theemergence and deployment of 5G technologyis likely to trigger innovation in this industry, thus leveragingsustainable societal change. There is a vision for 5G tobecome a stakeholder driven, holistic ecosystemfor technical and business innovation integratingnetworking, computing and storage resourcesinto one programmable and unified infrastructure.In addition, thanks to real time and larger trafficvolume capabilities, 5G is expected to enable thetransport of software to the data1 rather than theother way round, i.e. executing software on thedevice where the data is produced instead of sending alldata to a centralised data centre; therefore paving the wayfor new opportunities in the cloud computing market, whereEuropean companies may gain significant market share2.In the long run, it will not be sufficient to explore therequirements of the vertical industries but also conducta proper analysis of market trends in order to sense new,upcoming technology especially through companies outsidethe industrial mainstream. Potentially disruptive technologiestypically grow widely undetected by the established industrybut certainly have a large potential to become driversfor significant technical change and innovation3.Unanticipated 5G features are likely to emergefrom future technological, legal, societal andsocio-economic considerations.Energy efficient communication schemes as well as scalable dataanalytics will support these diverse data collection scenarios.With augmented reality, new remote services are arisingthat facilitate effective knowledge sharing in the factory.More generally, future communication solutions areexpected to ensure connectivity between differentglobally distributed production sites and new actorsin the value chain (e.g. suppliers, logistics)seamlessly, in real time and in a secure way.As a conclusion, innovative strategies suchas Industry 4.0 and their design principles4are gaining more and more acceptanceand will influence present and future 5Grequirements. The main use cases identifiedon the Factory of the Future5 are: Timecritical process control, Non time-criticalfactory automation, Remote control, Intra/Inter-enterprise communication andconnected goods.AUTOMOTIVE AND MOBILITYThe vision of advanced driver assistancesystems and, in an even longer perspective,complete autonomous driving cars promise notonly less fatal accidents, less traffic congestionsand less congested cities, but also a wide rangeof new business opportunities for a broad rangeof industries and benefits for the environment.5G will realise this vision by improving thecooperative automatic driving in such a waythat sensor information will be exchanged inreal time between thousands of cars connectedin the same area. As an example, cooperative collision avoidancesets the pre-requisite that communications be operationaleverywhere, with reliability and performance levels with higherorders of magnitude compared to today. This connectivity should bepossible even in areas without network coverage, e.g., due toshadowing or other obstructions, for examplethanks to relaying signals between vehicles.Most foreseen applications cannot beimplemented with today’s communicationtechnologies. This is why there are highexpectations on 5G. With the introduction oftechnologies allowing improved performancesthere can be a myriad of new applications. Forexample, one can envision tele-operateddriving - where a disabled individual could bedriven with the help of a remote driver inareas where highly automatic driving is notpossible. This would generate a new mobilitydimension for disabled people and would enhance safety for frail andelderly people during complex traffic situations.The main use cases identified on automotive industry5 are: Automateddriving, Share My View, Bird’s Eye View, Digitalization of Transportand Logistics, and Information Society on the road.5
Healthcare is accountingfor 9-10% of nationalGross Domestic Products inEurope, a share that is likelyto grow further over the nextdecades. The containmentof this budget is one of thebiggest socio-economic challenges of our times and there are highhopes that technologies such as 5G will be instrumental to mobiliseefficiency reserves such as assisted self-management capabilitiesand empower less qualified personnel to conduct routine tasks onthe behalf of higher qualified professionals6. Although the spread ofe-health and m-health applications could be instrumental in reducingthe societal burden, the results of a recent EU public consultation andstudy showed that their market uptake has been sluggish and laggedfar behind expectations7. The most recent “European green paper onm-health” revealed that although m-health is expected to potentiallycut costs of healthcare by 15% and increase the effectiveness andefficiency of the delivery of care, a central obstacle to its deploymentis the fact that only one third of Europeans have internet accessthrough their mobile phones8. Beyond extending coverage, 5G willenable the introduction of additional services such as “PersonalisedMedicine” analogue to the American “Precision Medicine” initiativefollowing a distributed, patient centric approach benefitting from the5G modular and more distributed architecture including Softwaredefined Networking and Network Virtualization capability, MobileEdge Cloud Computing and Security by design. Key topics in thehealth domain at this point in time are the real time integration ofa massive number of “things” (IoT), processing of large amount ofdata (Big Data), the integration of data on the fly from differentsources and across different networks, and aggregation of servicesacross different domains to support integrated care models includingbilling and future universal care accounts, where patients are able totake control of their care and allocate resources in accordance withtheir perceived needs. Progress in the area of “Personalised Care”in connection with Smart Pharmaceuticals which will be deployedby the industry over the next 5 years will support the transition ofpharmaceutical companies from manufacturers to service providers,reduce pharmaceutical side effects and drug consumption thusincreasing the efficiency of pharmaceutical therapies significantly.5G has huge potential to enhance the quality of experience ofsurgeons using operating robots by cutting latencies and allowing theremote use of these robots from everywhere. Ultra-low latencies canalso allow for real time artificial perceptions (audio, vision, haptics) andaugmented reality. The main use cases identified on healthcare5 are:Assets and interventions management in Hospital, Robotics, Remotemonitoring and Smarter medication.ENERGYThe energy industry has developedover a prolonged period (in excessof 100 years) and has evolved inmany different “silos”: primary fuelsfor power generation, transport grids, heating systems etc. Dueto this legacy, the demand side has been largely separated fromthe supply side. With the rising cost of energy to end users and the1 Thuemmler C, Müller J, Covaci S, Magedanz T, DePanfilisS, Jell T, Gavras A (2013) Applying the Software to DataParadigm in Next Generation e-Health Hybrid Clouds,Conference proceedings ITNG 2013, Proceedings of the 10thInternational Conference on Information Technology, IEEEComputing Society, ISBN 978-0-7695-4967-52 Neidecker-Lutz B, Jeffery K (2010), The Future of CloudComputing, Opportunities for European Cloud Computing Beyond2010, European Commission, Information, Society and Media.3 Christensen CM (1997), The Innovators Dilemma, HarvardBusiness Review Press6need for secured energy supply to national economies, combinedwith environmental concerns, a major change in the energy system isunderway. Nowhere is this more evident than in the electricity supplyindustry. Where historically predictable end user profiles would allowscheduling of appropriate levels of generation to meet demand vialarge central thermal and hydro generation stations, we are now facedwith unpredictable small generation stations (solar, wind, etc. in theirthousands) combining with changing end-user energy use patterns(such as mobile large demand/storage units such as Electric Vehicles).The traditional stakeholders involved in the production, delivery andcoordination of these functions are also changing. From state-ownedmonopolies we have moved to market driven (although regulated)independent companies.The physical infrastructure will need to support a two-way energyflow originating from the distributed energy resources, which in turnimplies new needs for communication technologies, intelligence,business models and market structure. In order to manage theseneeds, new “Smart Grids” are required and 5G will play a fundamentalrole to achieve this goal.The main use cases identified for the energy sector5 are: Grid access,Grid backhaul and Grid backbone.AUTOMOTIVEENERGYMEDIA &ENTERTAINEMENTeHEALTHMANUFACTURINGCars asa nomadicradio nodeSharedtowersbetweenbroadcastersand telcosBlood pressuresensor for e-healthEnergy smart metersFactory OVIDERSOFTWAREPROVIDERHARDWAREMANUFACTURER / VENDORMEDIA ANDENTERTAINMENTUser habits and expectationswhen it comes to mediaconsumption and production are profoundlychanging. While linear TVon a stationary display (TV set), possibly supported by local caching fornon-real time viewing, will continue to be a very important element, theoverall Media and Entertainment (M&E) user experience is broadeningand deepening rapidly. This applies to types of services (linear media,on-demand content, user and semi-professional generated content,games etc.), conditions of consumption (on the move, at home, etc.)as well as user devices (TV sets, smartphones, tablets, wearables,watches, and virtual reality devices). M&E services have to face theincreasing demand in terms of data rates, number of simultaneoususers connected and/or more stringent QoS requirements. Highquality and high-resolution audio-visual services are the most important drivers for increased downlink data rates, whereas user generatedcontent, including sharing of social media, is the driver for increaseduplink data rates9.5G will seamlessly integrate different network technologies - includingunicast, multicast and broadcast – and capabilities (e.g. caching) whichmay be needed to cover all M&E use cases. Scalability of 5G networks,with management of rapidly varying traffic conditions in dense use casescenarios, will be of critical importance for sustainable business modelsfor network operators as well as for applications, device and serviceproviders and hence for continued device and service innovation. 5Gshall also foster the media and entertainment innovation ecosystem byopening simple Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) / toolkits /environments to adapt the network capabilities to content applicationneeds in real time.5G shall enable at least six main families of M&E use cases5 in the 2020swith an overall user experience that well exceeds that of 4G and otherlegacy networks: Ultra High Fidelity Media, On-site Live Event Experience, User/Machine Generated Content, Immersive and IntegratedMedia, Cooperative Media Production and Collaborative Gaming. 4 Hermann M, Pantek T, Otto B (2015), Working Paper01/2015 Design Principles for Industry 4.0 Scenarios: ALiterature Review, Audi Stiftungslehrstuhl Supply Net OrderManagement, Technische Universität Dortmund, www.snom.mb.tu-dortmund.de5 These use cases are described in details in the whitepaperson vertical industries available on 5G PPP website here:https://5g-ppp.eu/white-papers/.6 National Information Board (2014) Personalised Healthand Care 2020 – Using Data and Technology to TransformOutcomes for Patients and Citizens, HM GovernmentOTT CONTENT &SERVICE PROVIDERSNETWORK & SERVICEOPERATORSFACILITY &EQUIPEMENTMANAGER ShutterstockHEALTHCAREFIGURE 1. AN EVOLVING VALUE CHAINFOR EUROPE, 5G IS BUSINESS DRIVENAs discussed in the previous chapter, the world is changing:everything becomes digital, smart, connected. Thesechanges require new value propositions, new partnershipsand business models and improved cost structures forthe benefit of the whole European society and economy.7 European Commission (2012), Communication fromthe commission to the European Parliament, the Council, theEuropean Economic and Social Committee and the Committeeof Regions – e-Health Action Plan 2012-2020 – Innovativehealthcare for the 21st Century8 European Commission (2014) Green Paper on mobileHealth (MHealth)9 Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology,2014 – 2019, White Paper, white paper c11-481360.htmlENDUSERSNETWORKS WILL BE TRANSFORMED INTO INTELLIGENTORCHESTRATION PLATFORMSEnhanced mobile broadband will be important for 5G development.5G should help to accommodate satisfactorily the huge increase ofmobile traffic (more than 15 additional ExaBytes (1018 bytes) peryear in Europe by 2020) at a reasonable cost. Moreover, 5G willimprove the mobile broadband experience in all situations:at cell borders, at stadiums, in shopping malls, on trains,airplanes, etc. Beyond that, the network should bring to theend user a seamless connectivity experience - meaning aseamless handover to the best access network - regardlessof the device used. This Any Time, Any Where, Any Deviceparadigm will pave the way for business growth.Key 5G opportunities however exist beyond the soleeMBB case. In 2020, Internet of Things will not be a nichemarket anymore. Ericsson10 and Machina11 estimate thatthere will be about 25 billion connected devices by 2020, much morethan smartphones. 5G will help to scale up this business preparingthe world for the next trillion connected objects by offering a globalstandard for low power and large coverage connectivity. Standardsbased solutions, like 5G, can bring economies of scale comparedto proprietary solutions.27
WITH 5G, NETWORKSWILL BE TRANSFORMEDINTO INTELLIGENTORCHESTRATIONPLATFORMS.restructure themselves in a series of connected partnering companies.The availability of resources at the network edge and the new QoScapabilities of 5G will allow vertical industries to deploy their criticalapplications on this shared infrastructure with the required level ofsecurity and process/data isolation. Indeed, 5G will encompass criticalinfrastructure intelligence. For example, trains today have their ownnetwork for signalization, which may be provided by 5G as a missioncritical service.With the advent of 5G, new actors are expected to emerge too. Forexample, facility managers that provide “Small Cells as a Service” willappear; it could be transportation players that carry small cells onboard of vehicles.One of the main challenges for IoT operators is to customise productpropositions; “sending bits that customers actually value”13. 5G willenable new ways for charging and pricing: throughput, data volume,latency, device movement, processing, storage, functions or eventbased charging in real time. ShutterstockBY CEMENTING STRONGRELATIONSHIPS BETWEENVENDORS, OPERATORS ANDVERTICALS, 5G WILL OPENTHE FIELD TO NEW BUSINESSVALUE PROPOSITIONS.Whilst the per-bit value of IoT is rather low, the value generated byholistic orchestration and big data analytics is enormous. For exampleGeneral Motors (GM) estimates that they could generate 725 revenueper car from telematics information12. Multi sector data hubs nurturingcross sector cooperation can create even more opportunities. By2020, operators will have a worldwide IP infrastructure consolidatedthrough roaming and interconnection agreements for Voice over LongTerm Evolution networks. This infrastructure can be leveraged for 5Gto support a global IoT control engine with unified authentication,security, billing and Service Level Agreement engines, as an umbrellalayer on top of underlying heterogeneous access connectivity. In thisline, 5G would transform the network infrastructure from being amere pipe of bits to becoming a supervision and orchestration platformoverlooking connectivity and data exchange.By doing so, 5G will help to move from sensing to automating the worldthrough real time processing and control capabilities. Firstly, mobile edgecomputing will provide a fluid processing environment with associatedlow latency. Secondly, specialised connectivity services will be availablewith guaranteed Quality of Service, latency and reliability for criticalsectors’ needs. In addition, 5G networks will bring the required trust tosafely enable IoT industries for innovative services such as autonomousdriving thanks to security by design principles.Last but not least, beyond cloud computing, the “Anything orEverything as a Service” model (XaaS) will spread out in manydomains: infrastructure, platforms and even network. It will enableq Ericsson mobility report 11/2015; ort/ericsson-mobility-report-nov-2015.pdfw Theconnected life; oads/2013/03/JimMorrish GSMA-Connected-Life-20130624-v4.pdfe DataFloq. 2014. Three use cases of how GM applies big data to become profitable again.8completely new services and business models, such as for example“Data and Knowledge as a Service” thanks to on demand applicationsdeployment at the edge of the network or even in the end user devices.This will enhance privacy and security and will enable XaaS providersto extend their offerings using “critical infrastructures”.NEW VALUE CHAINS FOR NEW BUSINESS MODELSAll sectors are now transforming into multi-polar decentralised valuechains that are constantly reorganizing themselves around a multitudeof players. The mobile ecosystem itself has evolved from being anenvironment of bilateral relationship between cellular operators andtheir customers, to a universe of specialised companies providingservices at different positions of the value chain. The IoT offersclear illustrations that business relationships are no longer bilateral:consumers do not subscribe for a smart meter; it is rather their utilitycompany that will choose to implement a smart meter and contractthe related connectivity access on behalf of their clients. In addition,vendors play a key role in deployments of industrial IoT with longlasting contracts with specific verticals. This will be complemented bythe offerings of the operators building on their infrastructure as wellas their experience in providing connectivity on a broad scale.Virtualization will contribute to accelerate this trend. Some verticalindustries will offer services on top of telco infrastructure, which isdelivered in a Network as a Service (NaaS) mode. Some operators willr 3GPP RAN workshop in Phoenix, Chris Pudney from Vodafonet “Guideline Life-Cycle-Management”, ges/Guideline-Life-Cycle.aspx, ZVEIy See Communication COM(2015) 192 final available at ?uri CELEX:52015DC0192&qid 1438594190467&from EN .5G: CEMENTING STRONG RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TELECOMINDUSTRY AND VERTICAL INDUSTRIES5G will be instrumental for the digitalization of the traditional industryin its race for better productivity and competitiveness, especially if itcan create synergies across verticals, lowering individual costs thanksto cost-sharing on infrastructure deployment and service operations.As a matter of fact, while options to improve capacity - especially formedia and entertainment services in dense areas – can be found thanksto Ultra Densification of Networks scenarios (an architecture whichis envisioned for 5G), there are still several cost challenges like siteacquisition and maintenance, energy provisioning as well as backhaul/fronthaul connectivity of antenna sites: for such issues, infrastructuresharing is a good approach to reduce infrastructure costs and redirectfinancial investments toward improved geographical coverage, as wellas product and service innovation. This is why building a high capillaritynetwork through third parties (e.g. diverse infrastructure owners suchas city council services, broadcasting towers owners, subscribers )in a win-win relationship could be a game changer in this field.Compared to the traditional ecosystem, 5G can create new groundsfor cost sharing with innovative partnership models built on synergiesbetween network operators and vertical industries, e.g. use of nomadicnodes carried by cars, of fibre optics deployed for connecting trains, orenergy grid cabinets. Another positive side effect is that investors willbe able to hedge investments into smaller opportunities and thereforediversify the telecoms investment portfolio.5G: DESIGNED TO LEVERAGE PAST INVESTMENTSInvestment cycles of vertical industries are different compared to thetelecom investment cycles: media and entertainment is typically shorter(2-3 years), automotive is somewhat equivalent (car: 7 - 8 years,Heavy Goods Vehicle: 15 - 20 years), and energy and manufacturingare longer (non-nuclear power plant: 25 years, universal machinetool: 25 years, oil & gas chemicals: 10 to 25 years)14. This is why,in the Netherlands, UtilityConnect has deployed its own dedicatednetwork for smart energy grid applications rather than relying on 3Gor 4G networks which were seen as too short lived. Vertical industriesrequire the assurance that there will be a continuity of service, withoutunjustified price increases, for their equipment over its full life span.5G stands as an enabler of this need because it will be designedto integrate multiple access technologies under a unified serviceenablement layer, ensuring backward and forward compatibility.Moreover, 5G will also endeavour to make radio access operationsmore flexible thanks to Cloud Radio Access Networks (C-RAN) andSoftware Defined communication modules in devices.This compatibility with past infrastructure investments is very importantfor telecom operators – in Europe as well as in other world regions – it isessential that 5G deployment follows an evolutionary approach. Such anapproach will allow for a gradual shift of infrastructure from 4G to 5G,thus allowing appropriate returns of investment from 4G deploymentsand upgrades but also to address operational considerations: deployingequipment over a large territory takes time and starting from a zerofootprint might decrease the appeal of 5G, especially for some verticalindustries that need a wider coverage in rural areas or indoor.CROSS VERTICAL COOPERATION FOR SMES ENGAGEMENTAND ENTREPRENEURS BENEFITSSMEs – including start-ups – play a substantial role in the vertical valuechain as suppliers, service providers as well as original knowledgeproviders, but are often restricted by sector structures they operate in.Policies towards innovation friendly digital business ecosystems canhelp SMEs to break out of their traditional sector boundaries: thedevelopment of cross-sector industrial partnerships built within theframework of the 5G infrastructure may bring SMEs new opportunitiesfor original products and services or for business development intoother sectors. Combinations of 5G infrastructure capabilities, Big Dataassets and the IoT development, may help them create more value,more sector knowledge, and ultimately more ground for new sectorapplications and services.SMEs should benefit fully from the digitalization of the economy bypromoting horizontal mobile business models. High quality standardsare the best insurance for SMEs to access to the latest technology atan affordable price (avoid lock-in of dedicated solutions).A FRAMEWORK THAT INCENTIVISES THE DEPLOYMENT OF 5GThe creation of a Digital Single Market has been identified as a keypriority for Europe15. The objective is to develop an inclusive digitaleconomy and society across Europe, to the benefit of citizens,consumers and businesses.Vertical sectors acknowledge
1 Thuemmler C, Müller J, Covaci S, Magedanz T, DePanfi lis S, Jell T, Gavras A (2013) Applying the Software to Data Paradigm in Next Generation e-Health Hybrid Clouds, Conference proceedings ITNG 2013, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Information Technology, IEEE Computing Society, ISBN 978--7695-4967-5 2
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Definizione e procedure di PPP 140 4.1.1. Definizioni: Partenariato Pubblico Privato e Finanza di Progetto 140 4.1.2. Classificazione delle opere da realizzare in PPP 141 4.1.3. Iter da seguire per l’individuazione della forma di PPP più idonea: lo studio di fattibilità ed il PPP test 142 4.1.4. Procedure di PPP per la pubblica .
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