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Foreword of the Executive DirectorThe fact that slavery - in the form of humantrafficking - still exists in the 21st century shames usall.thoroughness of such reports in future will dependon how much Member States want to help us tohelp them. Third, to make readers painfully awarethat we are all affected by the human traffickingtragedy. This report - having placed a few flags onthe map - lets readers, and Member States, journeyfrom one painful spot on the globe to the next.Governments, international organizations and civilsociety are devoting considerable efforts to counterit, but there is still an information deficit about theextent of this tragedy. Only by understanding itsdepth, breadth and scope can we design policies tofight it. This understanding still eludes us: effortsto counter trafficking have so far beenuncoordinated and inefficient.The Report also includes recommendations, basedon the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and PunishTrafficking in Persons. The Protocol is aboutprevention, prosecution and protection. I believe wecould do better in all three areas:This Report by the United Nations Office on Drugsand Crime is our first attempt to close theknowledge gap. It uses information from opensources, both private and public, to map animpressionistic journey into global patterns oftrafficking in persons. Complaining that accuratestatistics are difficult to come by may sound like anexcuse. But it is a fact, which is due only in part tothe hidden nature of the crime. The lack ofsystematic reporting by authorities is the realproblem. Information is available on certaincountries, but worldwide comparative analysis -- thekind of assessment the United Nations excels in -has so far not been possible.This Report was designed to accomplish severalthings, all relevant in the general effort to overcomethe information gap. First, to compile and makesense of existing disparate sources, so as to highlighttrends concerning countries of origin, transit anddestination. Second, to lay down a challenge to UNMember States to improve the quality of theirreporting. UNODC should be able to presentauthoritative global data on human trafficking as wedo for the illegal drugs trade. We therefore invitegovernments to try harder: the accuracy and10-A main challenge is to reduce demand,whether for cheap goods manufactured insweatshops, or for under-priced commoditiesproduced by bonded people in farms and mines,or for services provided by sex slaves.Prevention should involve informationcampaigns to reduce the vulnerability of peopleto trafficking. If people are aware of the dangersof human trafficking, the chances of avoiding itsconsequences should be improved.-Another big challenge is to target the criminalswho profit from the vulnerability of people tryingto escape from poverty, unemployment, hungerand oppression. Traffickers are evil brokers ofoppressed people whom they deliver into thehands of exploiters. They capitalize on weak lawenforcement and poor international cooperation.I am disappointed by the low rates of convictionsfor the perpetrators of human trafficking.-Member States need to protect the traffickingvictims, taking particular care to address thespecial needs of women and children. Suchassistance is often lacking. Even worse, rescued

victims are often re-trafficked becauselegislators and enforcement officials, despitetheir best intentions, sometimes produce andhave to implement flawed laws that can put thesesame victims back into the clutches of theirexploiters.A global problem like this requires a globalresponse. The UN Trafficking Protocol offers aframework for tackling the problem, and UNODC through technical and legal assistance - can helpStates build capacity to counter it.What is missing is a reliable global overview.Human trafficking is a global problem. This Report,with all its limitations, highlights the plight ofpeople who originate from more than one hundredcountries, who are handled as commodities andexploited in an ever larger number of destinationcountries. The traffickers' web spans the wholeplanet: people are moved from poor communities inthe southern hemisphere to richer countries in theNorth. There is also a lot of South-Southtrafficking and a sprinkling of South-bound trade.This Report is a first, modest step. Some readerswill object to seeing their countries listed as veryproblematic in trafficking just because their data arehonest and plentiful. That is a fair point. Othercountries will be pleased not to be included amongthe major offenders, but this may be because patchystatistics mask the severity of the problem. I hope allUnited Nations Member States will respond in theright spirit to ensure that we can present more andbetter information in future.Antonio Maria CostaExecutive DirectorUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime11

RecommendationsThe starting point in the fight against humantrafficking is the implementation of the Protocol toPrevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking inPersons, especially Women and Children, whichsupplements the United Nations Convention againstTransnational Organized Crime.countries to work on producing greater informationon trafficking in persons. This is needed, worldwide,to enable all actors combating human trafficking todesign and implement more effective responses.More extensive and accurate data can also help tomeasure progress in national and internationalefforts to combat trafficking.As one part of that commitment, UNODC urges allWhen implementing the Trafficking Protocol, Member States should consider the followingrecommendations:Preventiontraffickers profiles and victims identification.1. To establish, together with NGOs and civilsociety, comprehensive regional and nationalpolicies and programmes to prevent andcombat human trafficking and to protect thevictims.7. To undertake measures to prevent meansof transport operated by commercial carriersto be used in the commission of humantrafficking offences.8. To strengthen cooperation among bordercontrol agencies by, inter alia, establishingand maintaining direct channels ofcommunication.2. To implement, together with NGOs and civilsociety, research, information and mediacampaigns and social and economicinitiatives to prevent and combat trafficking inpersons.Prosecution3. To undertake measures to alleviate thevulnerability of people (women and children inparticular) to human trafficking, such aspoverty, underdevelopment and lack of equalopportunity.9. To undertake measures to ensure thattravel and identity documents cannot easilybe misused, falsified, unlawfully altered,replicated or issued; and to ensure theintegrity and security of travel and identitydocuments and to prevent their unlawfulcreation, issuance and use.4. To undertake measures to discouragedemand that fosters exploitation that leads totrafficking in persons.5. To provide training to relevant officials in theprevention, prosecution of trafficking inpersons and protection of the rights of thevictims.10. To enact domestic laws making humantrafficking a criminal offence. Such lawsshould also establish as criminal offencesattempting to commit, participating as anaccomplice, and organizing or directing otherpersons to commit human trafficking.6. To exchange information on humantraffickingroutes,modusoperandi,11. To ensure such legislation applies to victimsof all ages and both sexes; and clearly12

13. To protect the privacy and identity of victimsin appropriate cases.physical, psychological and social recovery ofvictims. This should include housing andcounselling in a language the victims canunderstand, medical, psychological andmaterial assistance as well as employment,educational and training opportunities. Thespecial needs of victims, in particular children,are to be taken into account.14. To establish measures to protect victimsfrom revictimization.18. To provide for the physical safety of victimsfollowing rescue.15. To implement measures providing tovictimsinformationonproceedings,assistance to enable their views andconcerns to be presented and considered atappropriate stages of criminal proceedings.19. To adopt measures that permit victims toremain in the territory, temporarily orpermanently, in appropriate cases, givingconsiderationtohumanitarianandcompassionate factors.16. To implement measures that offer victimsthe possibility of obtaining compensation.20. To facilitate preferably voluntary return ofthe victim without undue or unreasonabledelay, with due regard for the safety of thevictim.distinguish between trafficking in persons andother forms of irregular migration.12. To ensure that the system of penalties isadequate, given the severity of the crime.Protection17. To implement measures to provide for theTo fully implement the Trafficking Protocol and to enable effective oversight of that implementation,Member States are encouraged to also consider the following recommendations:Informationorganized crime groups; and internaltrafficking.21.To devote resources to create theinfrastructure necessary to collectinformation about all aspects of humantrafficking.25. To collect information regarding victimidentification, referral, assistance andrepatriation.22. To develop methods at the national levelto organize data collection througha comprehensive system of dataclassification.26. To collect qualitativequantitative information.aswellas27. To engage in greater multilateralcollaboration to ensure more intensivegathering and analysis of primary data.23. To assign responsibility for informationcollection to a centralized agency orsome equivalent co-ordinated statisticssystem.28. To report such information to theConference of the State Parties to theUnited Nations Convention AgainstTransnational Crime.24. To gather more information in particularon: victims of trafficking; offenders;13

Executive Summary

Global PatternsHuman trafficking is widespread - data taken fromthe United Nations Office on Drugs and CrimeDatabase on Human Trafficking Trends documentthe trafficking of human beings from 127 countriesto be exploited in 137 countries.Figure 1: Reported human trafficking: main origin, transit and destination countriesMost frequently reported originand destination countriesaccording to the UNODC citation indexmain reporteddestinationsmain reportedoriginsEven though all human trafficking cases have theirindividual characteristics, most follow the samepattern: people are abducted or recruited in thecountry of origin, transferred through transit regionsand then exploited in the destination country. If, atsome stage, the exploitation of the victim isinterrupted or ended, they can be rescued as victimsboth origin-destinationof trafficking in persons and it is possible they mightreceive support in the country of destination. Eitherimmediately or at some later point, victims might berepatriated to their origin country; in some cases,relocated in a third country; or, as unfortunately toooften still happens, are deported from destination ortransit countries as illegal migrants.17

Incidence of Reporting of Origin Countries1Very HighHighMediumLowVery blic ofMoldovaRomaniaRussian zilCambodiaColombiaCzech alaHungaryIndiaKazakhstanLao Viet NamAfghanistanAlgeriaAngolaAzerbaijanBosnia andHerzegovinaBurkina FasoCameroonCongo, Republic ofCote d'IvoireCroatiaCubaDemocraticPeople'sRepublic ofKoreaEcuadorEl SalvadorEthiopiaHaitiHondurasHong Kong, ChinaSARIndonesiaKenyaKosovo(Serbia ozambiqueNigerPeruSenegalSerbia andMontenegroSierra LeoneSingaporeSloveniaSouth AfricaSri LankaThe formerYugoslavRepublic ofMacedoniaTaiwan Province d Republic rundiCanadaCape VerdeCongo DemocraticRepublic ofDjiboutiEquatorial GuineaEritreaGabonGambiaGuineaIran(IslamicRepublic aguaPanamaRwandaRepublic of KoreaSomaliaSudanSwazilandTunisiaUnited States ofAmericaZimbabweBrunei DarussalamChadChileCosta RicaEgyptFijiJamaicaMacao, China SARNetherlandsParaguaySyrian ArabRepublicUruguayYemen18

Incidence of Reporting of Transit Countries1.2.2Very HighHighMediumLowVery mBosnia andHerzegovinaCzech RepublicFranceGermanyGreeceKosovo(Serbia andMontenegro)MyanmarRomaniaSerbia andMontenegroSlovakiaThe formerYugoslavRepublic ofMacedoniaTurkeyUkraineBelarusBeninBurkina FasoCanadaCote d'IvoireCroatiaCyprusEgyptGabonGeorgiaHong Kong, ssian FederationSingaporeSouth AfricaTogoUnited KingdomAlgeriaAustriaAzerbaijanBotswanaBrunei DarussalamCameroonCosta RicaGhanaIndonesiaLao w ZealandNigeriaRepublic BelizeCambodiaChadChinaColombiaDominicaEl SalvadorEquatorial palNigerNorwayPakistanPanamaPhilippinesSaudi ArabiaRepublic of KoreaSenegalSwedenUnited Republic ofTanzaniaUruguayViet NamZambiaZimbabweCountries have been listed in alphabetical order according to the category under the citation index. There are severalreasons why the reporting of human trafficking may vary between countries, regardless of the actual severity of traffickingin persons. Levels of reporting of trafficking in persons may vary due to: geographical bias; political emphasis; thecomprehensiveness of various national legal definitions of human trafficking and child trafficking; the non-recognition ofdifferent forms of exploitation; the availability and quality of official statistics and reporting; the availability and quality ofnational structures for victim identification, referral, assistance and repatriation; the extent of bi- and multi-lateralcooperation; and confusion between trafficking in persons and other forms of irregular migration.See footnote 1.19

Incidence of Reporting of Destination Countries3.3Very HighHighMediumLowVery ThailandTurkeyUnited States ofAmericaAustraliaAustriaBosnia andHerzegovinaCambodiaCanadaChinaHong Kong, ChinaSARTaiwan Province ofChinaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkFranceIndiaKosovo,(Serbia andMontenegro)PakistanPolandSaudi ArabiaSpainSwitzerlandUnited ArabEmiratesUnited KingdomAlbaniaArgentinaBahrainBeninBulgariaBurkina FasoCameroonCote d'IvoireCroatiaCuracaoDominican RepublicEl SalvadorEquatorial andIran(IslamicRepublic o, China SARMalaysiaMexicoMyanmarNew Republic of KoreaRussian FederationSerbia andMontenegroSingaporeSouth AfricaSwedenSyrian ArabRepublicThe formerYugoslavRepublic ofMacedoniaTogoUkraineVenezuelaViet NamArubaBangladeshBelizeBrunei DarussalamCongo, Republic ofCosta nLao People'sDemocraticRepublicLibyan iaSloveniaSri LankaUgandaUnited Republic iChadChileCongo, DemocraticRepublic blic ofMoldovaSenegalSierra LeoneSlovakiaSudanTajikistanTrinidad andTobagoZambiaZimbabweSee footnote 1.20

Regional Flows4countries of origin, transit or destination.Analysis at the regional level shows that variationcan be found with respect to (sub-) regions and4.For more detailed discussion of the following points, please see Chapter 3 of the Report, 'Human Trafficking: RegionalFlows'.21

AfricaAfrica is predominantly an origin region for victimsof trafficking. Western Europe and Western Africaare reported to be the main destination (sub-)regionsfor African victims.Western Africa is also reported to be the main originsub-region for victims trafficked from Africa. Thispoints to intra-regional human trafficking in Africain general, and Western Africa in particular as anidentified trend.Figure 2: Percentage of sources reporting the African region as an origin, transit ordestination for trafficking victims 5TransitOriginDestination92%41%44%Ghana and Morocco rank high as origin countries.At a country level, Nigeria ranks very high as anorigin country in the citation index, while Benin,5.In total, 39 source institutions reported Africa as a region of origin, transit or destination for trafficking victims. Thepercentages in the figures above refer to the total amount of 39 source institutions.22

Figure 3: Reported trafficking in AfricaMost frequently reported originand destination countriesaccording to the UNODC citation indexmain reporteddestinationsmain reportedorigins23both origin-destination

AsiaAsia is mainly an origin region as well as adestination for trafficking in persons. Asian victimsare reported to be trafficked from Asia to Asiancountries, in particular to Thailand, Japan, India,Taiwan and Pakistan.Trafficking into countries in the region is reportedmainly from the Commonwealth of IndependentStates, followed by South-Eastern Asia, pointing tointra-regional trafficking.Figure 4: Percentage of sources reporting the Asian region as origin, transit ordestination for trafficking victims 6TransitOrigin80%Destination83%20%At a country level, China and Thailand are bothranked very high in the citation index as origincountries, with Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, LaoPDR, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines,and Viet Nam ranked high in the citation index ascountries of origin.sub-region, Western Asia and Turkey) rank veryhigh in the citation index. Cambodia, China, HongKong, Taiwan, Cyprus, India, Pakistan, SaudiArabia and United Arab Emirates are ranked high.South-Eastern Asia is reported to be a crucial pointof trafficking both out of and into the region.Thailand ranks very high in the citation index as anorigin, transit and destination country.As destination countries, Thailand, Japan, Israel andTurkey (the latter two are both part of the24

Figure 5: Reported trafficking in AsiaMost frequently reported originand destination countriesaccording to the UNODC citation index6.main reporteddestinationsmain reportedoriginsboth origin-destinationIn total, 80 source institutions reported Asia as a region of origin, transit or destination for traffi

Global Patterns April 2006. Disclaimer . This Report was prepared by the Anti-Human Trafficking Unit (AHTU) of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Global Programme against Trafficking in Human Beings (GPAT), under the . WEF The World Economic Forum. 10 Foreword of the Executive Director The fact that slavery - in the form .