Selecting Plants For Pollinators - Wa
SelectingPlantsforPollinatorsA Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In thePacificLowlandMixed ForestProvinceIncluding the states of:OregonandandNAPPCWashington
Table of CONTE NTSThis is one of several guides fordifferent regions in the UnitedStates. We welcome your feedbackto assist us in making the futureguides useful. Please contact us atWh y Suppor t Polli nator s?4Ge tti ng Star te d5Paci fi c Lowl and Mi x e d For e st Pr ovi nce6Me e t th e Polli nator s8Pl ant Tr ai ts10De ve lopi ng Pl anti ngs12Far ms13Public L ands14Home L andscape s15Bloom Pe r iods16Pl ants Th at Attr act Polli nator s18H abi tat H i nts20Ch e ck li st22R e sour ce s and Fe e dback23feedback@pollinator.orgCover bee photo by Julie Baker2S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s
Se le cti ng Pl ants for Polli nator sA Regional Guide forFarmers, Land Managers,and GardenersIn theEcological Region of thePacific LowlandMixed Forest ProvinceIncluding the states of:OregonandWashingtona nappc and Pollinator Partnership PublicationThis guide was funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the C.S. Fund, the Plant Conservation Alliance,the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management with oversight by the Pollinator Partnership (www.pollinator.org), in support of the North American Pollinator Protection Campaign (NAPPC–www.nappc.org).Pacifi c Lowl and Mix ed For est Province3
W h y s u p p or t p ol l i n at or s ?In their 1996 book, The Forgotten Pollinators, Buchmann andNabhan estimated that animal pollinators are needed for the reproductionof 90% of flowering plants and one third of human food crops. Each of usdepends on these industrious pollinators in a practical way to provide uswith the wide range of foods we eat. In addition, pollinators are part of theintricate web that supports the biological diversity in natural ecosystemsthat helps sustain our quality of life.Abundant and healthy populations of pollinators can improve fruit setand quality, and increase fruit size. In farming situations this increasesproduction per acre. In the wild, biodiversity increases and wildlife foodsources increase.Pumpkins, broccoli, squash, and cabbage are some of the crops raised inthe Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province that rely on honey bees andnative bees for pollination. Domestic honey bees pollinate approximately 10 billion worth of crops in the U.S. each year.Unfortunately, the numbers of both native pollinators and domesticatedbee populations are declining. They are threatened by habitat loss,disease, and the excessive and inappropriate use of pesticides. The loss ofcommercial bees to Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) has highlighted howsevere the issues of proper hive management are to reduce stresses causedby disease, pesticide use, insufficient nutrition, and transportation practices.Currently, the pollination services that the commercial beekeeping industryprovides are receiving much needed research and conservation resources.The efforts to understand the threats to commercial bees should help usunderstand other pollinators and their roles in the environment as well.“ Far mi ng f e e dsth e wor ld, andwe must r e me mbe rth at polli nator sar e a cr i ticalli nk i n our foodsy ste ms.”-- Paul Growald,Co-Founder,Pollinator partnershipIt is imperative that we take immediate steps to help pollinator populationsthrive. The beauty of the situation is that by supporting pollinators’ needfor habitat, we support our own needs for food and support diversity in thenatural world.Thank you for taking time to consult this guide. By adding plants to yourlandscape that provide food and shelter for pollinators throughout theiractive seasons and by adopting pollinator friendly landscape practices, youcan make a difference to both the pollinators and the people that rely on them.Laurie Davies AdamsExecutive DirectorPollinator Partnership4S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s
G e t t i n g S ta r t e dThis regional guide is just onein a series of plant selection toolsdesigned to provide informationon how individuals can influencepollinator populations throughchoices they make when they farma plot of ground, manage largetracts of public land, or plant agarden. Each of us can have apositive impact by providing theessential habitat requirements forpollinators including food, water,shelter, and enough space to allowpollinators to raise their young.Pollinators travel through thelandscape without regard toproperty ownership or stateboundaries. We’ve chosen to useR.G. Bailey’s classification systemto identify the geographic focusof this guide and to underscorethe connections between climateand vegetation types that affectthe diversity of pollinators in theenvironment.Bailey’s Ecoregions of the UnitedStates, developed by the UnitedPacifi c Lowl and Mix ed For est ProvinceStates Forest Service, is a systemcreated as a management tooland is used to predict responsesto land management practicesthroughout large areas. This guideaddresses pollinator-friendly landmanagement practices in what isknown as the Pacific LowlandMixed Forest Province.Portions of Oregon and Washingtonmake up the 14,9000 square milesof this province with elevationsranging from sea level to 1,500feet. The topography includes twovalleys: the Willamette Valley, withgently sloping floodplains borderedby dissected high terraces andhills, and the Puget Sound Valley,a moderately dissected tablelandcovered by glacial till. Averageannual temperatures range from 48 to 55 F.This province receives moderateprecipitation (15-60 inchesannually), which peaks in winter.Fog makes up for some of the lackof rain during the summer months.This province is characterizedprimarily by dense coniferousforests including western red cedar,western hemlock, Douglas fir.Interior valleys are often comprisedof conifers and deciduous trees suchas big-leaf maple, Oregon ash, andblack cottonwood.Long before there were homesand farms in this area, the original,natural vegetation providedcontinuous cover and adjacentfeeding opportunities for wildlife,including pollinators. In choosingplants, aim to create habitat forpollinators that allow adequate food,shelter, and water sources. Mostpollinators have very small homeranges. You can make a differenceby understanding the vegetationpatterns on the farm, forest, orneighbor’s yard adjacent to yoursand by making planting choicesthat support the pollinators’ needfor food and shelter as they movethrough the landscape.5
U n d e r s ta n d i n gt h e Pa c i f i c L ow l a n d Mi x e d F or e s t P r ov i n c en This region is designated number 242 in the Baileys’Ecosystem Provinces. To see a map of the provinces go to:www.fs.fed.us/colorimagemap/ecoreg1 provinces.htmln Not sure about which bioregion you live or work in? Go towww.pollinator.org and click on Ecoregion Locator for help.n 14,900 square miles within 2 states.n Nearly flat to sloping floodplains bordered by hills anddissected high terraces, often covered by glacial till.n Elevations ranging from sea level to 1,500 feet.n Average annual temperature range from 48 to 55 F.n Average year-round precipitation between 30-45 inches.n USDA Hardiness Zones 7-8b (1990 version).Ch ar acte r i sticsn Dominated by dense coniferous forests including western redcedar, western hemlock, Douglas fir.n Interior valleys are often comprised of conifers and deciduoustrees such as big-leaf maple, Oregon ash, and blackcottonwood.n Areas of prairies punctuated by groves of oaks, Douglas firs,andother trees.n Swamps and bogs also commonly occur in poorlydrained sites.6S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s
The Pacific Lowland MixedForest Province includes:WashingtonOregon“ Addi ng nati ve pl anti ngs i n r i par i an ar e asto i mpr ove polli nator h abi tat mak e sse nse i n advanci ng our fa mi ly far m’sconse rvation and e conomic obje cti ve s,e nh anci ng be ne fi ci al wi ldli fe andi mpr ovi ng polli nation i n our or ch ar dand gar de n.”--Lee McDaniel, Farmer and President,National Association of Conservation DistrictsPacifi c Lowl and Mix ed For est Province7
Me e t t h e P ol l i n at or sWho ar e thep ol l i n at or s ?BeesBees are well documentedpollinators in the natural andagricultural systems of the PacificLowland Mixed Forest Province.A wide range of crops includingpumpkins, squash, broccoli, andcabbage are just a few plants thatbenefit from bee pollinators.Most of us are familiar with thecolonies of honey bees that havebeen the workhorses of agriculturalpollination for years in the UnitedStates. They were imported fromEurope almost 400 years ago.Flower flies, also known as hoverflies,mimic the appearance of bees or waspsand feed on nectar and pollen like bees,but are classified as flies.Western Tiger Swallowtail feeding onnectar in Olympia, Washington.B u t te r fl i e sGardeners have been attractingbutterflies to their gardens forsome time. These insects tend tobe eye-catching, as are the flowersthat attract them. Position floweringplants where they have full sun andare protected from the wind. Also,There are nearly 4000 species ofyouwill need to provide open areasnative ground and twig nesting bees(e.g. bare earth, large stones) wherein the U.S. Some form colonieswhile others live and work a solitary butterflies may bask, and moist soillife. Native bees currently pollinate from which they may get neededminerals. By providing a safe placemany crops and can be encouragedto eat and nest, gardeners can alsoto do more to support agriculturalsupport the pollination role thatendeavors if their needs for nestingbutterflies play in the landscape. Ithabitat are met and if suitablemight mean accepting slight damagesources of nectar, pollen, and waterto the plants, known as host plants,are provided. Bees have tongues ofthat provide food for the larval stagevarying lengths that help determinewhich flowers they can obtain nectar of the butterfly.and pollen from.A diverse group of butterfliesThe bumble bee (Bombus spp.) formssmall colonies, usually underground.They are generalists, feeding on awide range of plant material fromFebruary to November and areimportant pollinators of tomatoes.The sweat bee (family Halictidae)nests underground. Various speciesare solitary while others form loosecolonies.8Solitary bees include carpenter bees(Xylocopa spp.), which nest in wood;digger, or polyester bees (Colletesspp.), which nest underground;leafcutter bees (Megachile spp.),which prefer dead trees or branchesfor their nest sites; and mason bees(Osmia spp.), which utilize cavitiesthat they find in stems and deadwood. Cactus bees (Diadasia spp.)are also solitary ground nesters.are present in garden areas andwoodland edges that provide brightflowers, water sources, and specifichost plants. Numerous trees, shrubs,and herbaceous plants supportbutterfly populations.Butterflies are in the OrderLepidoptera. Some of the species inthe Pacific Lowland Mixed Forestare Brush-footed, Gossamer-winged,S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s
Swallowtail, Parnassian, Skipper,White, Sulphur and Milkweedbutterflies. They usually look forflowers that provide a good landingplatform.Wet mud areas provide butterflieswith both the moisture andminerals they need to stay healthy.Butterflies eat rotten fruit and evendung, so don’t clean up all themesses in your garden!Moth sMoths are most easily distinguishedfrom butterflies by their antennae.Butterfly antennae are simple with aswelling at the end. Moth antennaediffer from simple to featherlike,but never have a swelling at thetip. In addition, butterflies typicallyare active during the day; moths atnight. Butterfly bodies are not veryhairy, while moth bodies are quitehairy and more stout.Moths, generally less colorfulthan butterflies, also play a rolein pollination. They are attractedto flowers that are strongly sweetsmelling, open in late afternoon ornight, and are typically white orpale colored.B e e tl e sOver 30,000 species of beetlesare found in the United Statesand many of them can be foundon flower heads. Gardeners haveyet to intentionally draw beetlesto their gardens, possibly becausebeetle watching isn’t as inspiringas butterfly or bird watching. YetPacifi c Lowl and Mix ed For est Provincebeetles do play a role in pollination.Some have a bad reputationbecause they can leave a messbehind, damaging plant parts thatthey eat. Beetles are not as efficientas some pollinators. They wanderbetween different species, oftendropping pollen as they go.Beetle pollinated plants tend to belarge, strong scented flowers withtheir sexual organs exposed. Theyare known to pollinate Magnolia,sweetshrub (Calycanthus), pawpaws, and yellow pond lilies.FliesIt may be hard to imagine why onewould want to attract flies to thegarden. However, like beetles, thenumber of fly species and the factthat flies are generalist pollinators(visit many species of plants),should encourage us all to leavethose flies alone and let them dotheir job as pollinators.Recent research indicates that fliesprimarily pollinate small flowersthat bloom under shade and inseasonally moist habitats. TheNational Research Council’s Statusof Pollinators in North America studystates that flies are economicallyimportant as pollinators for a rangeof annual and bulbous ornamentalflowers.Plants pollinated by the flyinclude the American pawpaw(Asimina triloba), dead horse arum(Helicodiceros muscivorus), skunkcabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus),goldenrod (Solidago spp.), andmembers of the carrot family likeQueen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota).BirdsHummingbirds are the primarybirds which play a role inpollination in North America. Theirlong beaks and tongues draw nectarfrom tubular flowers. Pollen iscarried on both the beaks andfeathers of different hummingbirds.The regions closer to the tropics,with warmer climates, boast thelargest number of hummingbirdspecies and the greatest number ofnative plants to support the bird’sneed for food. White-winged doves(Zenaida asiatica) are also pollinatorsof the saguaro cactus (Carnegeiagigantea) in the south central UnitedStates.Bright colored tubular flowersattract hummingbirds to gardensthroughout the United States.Hummingbirds can see the colorred; bees cannot. Many tropicalflowers, grown as annuals in thePacific Lowland, along with nativewoodland edge plants, attracthummingbirds.B atsThough bats in the Pacific LowlandMixed Forest are not pollinators,bats play an important role inpollination in the southwest wherethey feed on agave and cactus. Thelong-nosed bats’ head shape andlong tongue allows it to delve intoflower blossoms and extract bothpollen and nectar.9
Plant Tr aitsW h i c h F l ow e r sDo theP ol l i n at or spr efer ?PlantTraitBatsBeesBeetlesColorDull white, greenor purpleBright white,yellow,blue, or UVDull white orgreenNectarguidesAbsentPresentAbsentOdorStrong musty;emitted at nightFresh, mild,pleasantNone to stronglyfruity or fetidNectarAbundant;somewhathiddenUsually presentSometimespresent;not hiddenAmpleLimited; oftenstickyand scentedAmpleNot all pollinators are foundin each North American province,and some are more importantin different parts of the UnitedStates. Use this page as a resourceto understand the plants andpollinators where you live.Plants can be grouped togetherbased on the similar characteristicsof their flowers. These floralcharacteristics can be useful topredict the type of pollinationmethod or animal that is mosteffective for that group of plants.This association between floralcharacteristics and pollinationmethod is called a pollinationsyndrome.PollenThe interactions of animalpollinators and plants haveinfluenced the evolution of bothRegular; bowlShallow; havegroups of organisms. A mutualisticLarge bowl-like,relationship between the pollinatorshaped – closed landing platform;Magnoliaand the plant species helps theduring daytubularpollinator find necessary pollen andnectar sources and helps the plantreproduce by ensuring that pollen iscarried from one flower to another. This chart and more information on pollinator syndromes can be found at:FlowerShape10S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s
a n d t h e P ol l i n at or s t h e y At t r a c tPollinatorBirdsScarlet, orange,redor whiteButterfliesFliesMothsPale and dull toBright, including dark brown or purple;Pale and dull red,red and purple flecked with translucent purple, pink or whitepatchesWindDull green, brown, orcolorless;petals absentor reducedAbsentPresentAbsentAbsentAbsentNoneFaint but freshPutridStrong sweet;emitted at nightNoneAmple; deeplyhiddenAmple; deeplyhiddenUsually absentAmple; deeplyhiddenNoneModestLimitedModest in amountLimitedAbundant; small,smooth, and not stickyRegular; tubularwithout a lipRegular; small andstigmas exertedLarge funnellike; cups, strongperch supportNarrow tube withShallow; funnel like orspur; widecomplex and trap-likelanding ndromes.shtmlPacifi c Lowl and Mix ed For est Province11
D e v e l op i n g l a n d s c a p e p l a n t i n g st h at p r ov i d e p ol l i n at or h a b i tatWhether you are a farmernot native, are very good forby butterflies during their larvalpollinators. Mint, oregano, garlic,development.of many acres, land manager of achives, parsley and lavender arelarge tract of land, or a gardenerjust a few herbs that can be planted. Wate r :with a small lot, you can increaseOldfashioned zinnias, cosmos, andthe number of pollinators in yourA clean, reliable source of water isarea by making conscious choices to single sunflowers support bees andessential to pollinators.include plants that provide essential butterflies. Natural and human-made waterhabitat for bees, butterflies, moths, Recognize weeds that might be afeatures such as running water,good source of food. For example,beetles, hummingbirds and otherpools, ponds, and small containersdandelions provide nectar in thepollinators.of water provide drinking andearly spring before other flowersbathing opportunities for pollinators.open. Plantain is alternate host for Ensure the water sources haveF ood :the Baltimore Checkerspot.a shallow or sloping side so theFlowers provide nectar (high in Learn and utilize Integrated Pestpollinatorscan easily approach thesugar and necessary amino acids)Management (IPM) practices towater without drowning.and pollen (high in protein) toaddress pest concerns. Minimize orpollinators.eliminate the use of pesticides.Your current landscape probablyFermenting fallen fruits also provideincludes many of these elements.food for bees, beetles and butterflies.Observe wildlife activity in your farmSpecific plants, known as hostfields, woodlands, and gardens toSh e lte r :plants, are eaten by the larvae ofdetermine what actions you can takePollinators need protection frompollinators such as butterflies.toencourage other pollinators to feedsevere weather and from predators Plant in groups to increaseand nest. Evaluate the placement ofpollination efficiency. If a pollinator as well as sites for nesting andindividual plants and water sourcesroosting.can visit the same type of flowerand use your knowledge of specific Incorporate different canopyover and over, it doesn’t have topollinatorneeds to guide your choicelayers in the landscape by plantingrelearn how to enter the flowerand placement of additional plantstrees, shrubs, and different-sizedand can transfer pollen to the sameand other habitat elements. Minorperennial plants.species, instead of squandering thechanges by many individuals can Leave dead snags for nesting sitespollen on unreceptive flowers.positivelyimpact the pollinatorof bees, and other dead plants and Plant with bloom season in mind,populations in your area. Watchleaf litter for shelter.providing food from early spring tofor - and enjoy - the changes in yourlate fall. (see Bloom Periods pp.16-17) Build bee boxes to encouragesolitary, non-aggressive bees to nest landscape! Plant a diversity of plants toon your property.support a variety of pollinators. Leave some areas of soil uncovered CAUTION: Remember thatFlowers of different color,pesticides are largely toxic toto provide ground nesting insectsfragrance, and season of bloomeasy access to underground tunnels. pollinators. Extreme caution ison plants of different heights will Group plantings so that pollinators warranted if you choose to useattract different pollinator speciesany pesticide. Strategically applycan move safely through theand provide pollen and nectarlandscape protected from predators. pesticides only for problematicthroughout the seasons.target species. Many herbs and annuals, although Include plants that are needed12S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s
Fa r msBroccoli, cabbage, pumpkins, andsquash are a few of the food cropsin the Pacific Lowland MixedForest Province that will benefitfrom strong native bee populationsthat boost pollination efficiency.Incorporate different plantsthroughout the farm that providefood for native populations whentargeted crops are not in flower.Farmers have many opportunitiesto incorporate pollinator-friendlyland management practices on theirland which will benefit the farmerin achieving his or her productiongoals: Manage the use of pesticidesto reduce the impact on nativepollinators. Spray when bees aren’tactive (just after dawn) and choosetargeted ingredients. Carefully consider the use ofherbicides. Perhaps the targetedweeds can provide needed food forpollinators. Minimize tillage to protect groundnesting pollinators. Ensure water sources are scatteredthroughout the landscape. Choose a variety of native plants toact as windbreaks, riparian buffers,and field borders throughout thefarm. Plant unused areas of the farmwith temporary cover crops thatcan provide food or with a varietyof trees, shrubs, and flowers thatprovide both food and shelter forpollinators. Check with your local NaturalRe sources Conservation Service(NRCS) office to see what technicaland financial support might beavailable to assist you in your effort toprovide nectar, pollen, and larval foodsources for pollinators on your farm.“ food suppli e s forbe e s ar e cr i ticalto mai ntai ni ngstr ong h i ve sfor almondpolli nationth e followi ngwi nte r .”-- Dan Cummings,Chico, CaliforniaIllustrations by Carolyn Vibbertalmond grower.Pacifi c Lowl and Mix ed For est Province13
Public Lands“ F r omh ummi ngbi r dsto be e tle s, tobutte r fl i e s,natur e ’spolli nator s h e lpk e e p Mi de wi n’sTallgr ass pr ai r i ePublic lands are maintained forspecific reasons ranging from highr e stor ationsimpact recreation to conservation.In the Pacific Lowland Mixedfull of di ve r seForest, forests have been cut toallow for roads, buildings, openfl owe r i nglawn areas, boat ramps, and vistas.Less disturbed natural areas can bepl ants. I nse ctaugmented with plantings of nativeplant species. Existing plantingsaround buildings and parking areasmoni tor i ngshould be evaluated to determineif pollinator-friendly plants canpr ovi de s a k e ybe substituted or added to attractand support pollinators. Publicme asur e of ourland managers have a uniqueopportunity to use their plantingsas an education tool to help otherssucce ss.understand the importance of-- Logan Leepollinators in the environmentPrairie Supervisor, Midewin through signs, brochures, and publicNational Tallgrass Prairie programs.”14In an effort to increase populationsof pollinators the land manager can: Inventory and becomeknowledgeable of local pollinators. Provide connectivity betweenvegetation areas by creatingcorridors of perennials, shrubs, andtrees that provide pollinators shelterand food as they move through thelandscape. Maintain a minimum of lawn areasthat support recreational needs. Restrict the use of pesticides andherbicides. Provide water sources in largeopen areas. Maintain natural meadows andopenings that provide habitats forsun-loving wildflowers and grasses. Remove invasive species andencroaching shrubs and trees.S e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s
H ome L a n d s c a p e s“ A gar de n i sonly as r ich andbe auti ful as th ei nte gr al h e althof th e sy ste m;polli nator sar e e sse nti al toth e syste m - mak eyour home th e i rhome .”-- Derry MacBrideNational Affairs andlegislation Chairwoman,garden club of AmericaGardeners have a wide array ofplants to use in their gardens.Native plants, plants introducedfrom years of plant explorationfrom around the world, and plantsdeveloped by professional andamateur breeders can be found ingarden centers, in catalogs, andon web-sites. Use your knowledgeof pollinator needs to guide yourchoices. Choose a variety of plants thatwill provide nectar and pollenthroughout the growing season. Resist the urge to have a totallymanicured lawn and garden. Leavebare ground for ground nestingbees. Leave areas of dead wood andleaf litter for other insects. Strive to eliminate the use of allpesticides. Find local resources to help youin your efforts. Contact your localcounty extension agent or nativeplant society. Visit your regionalbotanic gardens and arboreta.The scale of your plantings will varybut it is important to rememberthat you are trying to provideconnectivity to the landscapeadjacent to your property. Don’tjust look within your propertyboundaries. If your neighbor’sproperty provides an essentialelement, such as water, which canbe utilized by pollinators visitingyour land, you may be able todevote more space to habitatelements that are missing nearby.It is best to use native plants whichhave evolved to support the needsof specific native pollinators. Somepollinators, however, are generalistsand visit many different plants, bothnative and non-native. Be sure thatany non-native plants you chooseto use are not invasive. Rememberthat specialized cultivars sometimesaren’t used by pollinators. Flowersthat have been drastically altered,such as those that are double ora completely different color thanthe wild species, often preventpollinators from finding and feedingon the flowers. In addition, somealtered plants don’t contain the samenectar and pollen resources thatattract pollinators to the wild types. CAUTION: Take time to evaluatethe source of your plant material.You want to ensure you get plantsthat are healthy and correctlyidentified. Your local native plantsociety can help you make informeddecisions when searching for plants.Pacifi c Lowl and Mix ed For est Province15
B L O OM P E R I OD SF OR T H EPa c i f i c L ow l a n d Mi x e d F or e s t P R OV I N C EThe following chart lists plants and the time they are in bloom throughout the growing seasons. Choose a variety of flower colors and make suresomething is blooming at all times! Note for all charts: When more than one species of the same genus is useful, the genus name is followed by “spp.”Botanical NameCommon NameJanFebMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugSeptTrees & ShrubsAcer circinatumvine mapleredredredredAcer macrophyllumbig-leaf shwhiteAmelanchier alnifoliaserviceberrywhitewhitewhiteArbutus menziesiimadronewhitewhiteBerberis aquifoliumtall Oregon grapeyellowyellowyellowBerberis nervosadwarf Oregon grapeyellowyellowyellowyellowCastanopsis chrysophyllachinquapinyellowyellowyellowCeanothus cuneatuscommon buckbrushwhitewhitewhiteCeanothus integerrimusdeerbrushwhite to bluewhite to blueCornus nuttalliiPacific dogwoodwhitewhiteCorylus cornuta var.californicaCalifornia hazelnutCrataegus douglasiiblack hawthornwhitewhiteGaultheria shallonsalalwhite to pinkwhite to pinkwhite topinkHolodiscus discolorocean-spraywhitewhiteOsmaronia cerasiformisIndian plumPhiladelphus lewisiimock orangewhitewhitewhiteQuercus garryanaOregon white oakyellowyellowyellowQuercus kelloggiiCalifornia black oakyellowyellowyellowRosa gymnocarpabaldhip roseRubus parviflorusthimbleberrySymporicarpos albasnowberryVaccinium parvifloliumred huckleberrywhiteyellowyellowwhitewhite le pinkpale pinkpinkpinkwhitewhitepinkpinkpale pinkPerennial FlowersAdenocaulon bicolorAmerican trailplantAnemone deltoideaColumbian windflowerBalsamorhiza deltoideadeltoid balsamrootBrodiaea elegansharvest llowyellowviolet-purplevioletpurplewhitewhiteS e l e c t i n g P l a n t s f or P ol l i n ator s
Botanical NameCommon NameCalochortus tolmieiJanFebMarchMayJuneTolmie star-tulipwhite topurple or rosewhite topurple sh-purpleDodecatheon hendersoniishooting starpinkpinkpinkErythronium oregonumgiant fawnlilywhite/yellowbasewhite/yellow basewhite/yellowbaseFragaria vesca ssp.brachteatawoodland strawberrywhite topink tingedwhite to pinktingedwhite to pinktingedIris tenaxOregon irispurplepurplepurpleLigusticum apiifoliumceleryleaf licorice-rootwhitewhiteLupinus albifronssilver lupinebluishbluishbluishRanunculus occidentatliswestern buttercupyellowyellowyellowSatureja douglasiiyerba buenaSynthyris reniformissnowqueenTellima grandiflorafringecupTrillium albidumtrilliumTrillium ovatumtrilliumTriteleia hendersoniiHenderson’s triteleiaTriteleia hyacinthinawhite brodiaeaViola sempervirensredwoods violetyellowZigadenus venenosusmeadow deathcamaswhite tocreamblueAprilJulyAugSeptwhitewhite to pinkwhite topinkgreenishwhite toreddishbluebluegreenishwhite toreddishgreenishwhite toreddishgreenishwhite toreddishwhite topurplewhite topurplewhite topurplewhite topurplewhite topurplewhite topurplewhite topurplewhite topurpleyellowishwith purpleveinyellowishwith purpleveinyellowishwith purpleveinwhitewhiteyellowyellowyellowwhite tocreamwhite tocreamwhite tocreamwhite llowishpinkwhitewhitewhitewhiteVinesLonicera hispidulahairy honeysuckleRubus ursinustrailing blackberrywhitewhitewhiteWhipplea modestawhi
A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In the Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province and NAPPC. 2 Selecting Plants for Pollinators . as butterfly or bird watching. Yet beetles do play a role in pollination. Some have a bad reputation because they can leave a mess States. Selecting Plants for Pollinators Plant
pollinators. Pollinators and other insects are crucial to the interdependent food web. We— and so many other species— literally cannot live without them. Beyond providing food for larger animals, pollinators are integral in agriculture. One out of every three bites you eat is thanks to the efforts of pollinators. However, our native pollinators
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Hotell För hotell anges de tre klasserna A/B, C och D. Det betyder att den "normala" standarden C är acceptabel men att motiven för en högre standard är starka. Ljudklass C motsvarar de tidigare normkraven för hotell, ljudklass A/B motsvarar kraven för moderna hotell med hög standard och ljudklass D kan användas vid
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Sarjana Akuntansi Syariah (S.Akun) Pada Program Studi Akuntansi Syariah Menyetujui Pembimbing I Pembimbing II Drs. Sugianto, MA Kamilah, SE, AK, M.Si NIP. 196706072000031003 NIP. 197910232008012014 Mengetahui Ketua Jurusan Akuntansi Syariah Hendra Harmain, SE., M. Pd NIP. 197305101998031003 . LEMBARAN PERSETUJUAN PENGUJI SEMINAR Proposal skripsi berjudul “PERLAKUAN AKUNTANSI TERHADAP .
