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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) Volume V, Issue VIII, August 2021 ISSN 2454-6186Mass media, Political propaganda and politicalcampaign messages in Nigerian societies: assessmentof Political Stakeholders Perceptions in SelectedLocal Government Areas of Oyo State, SouthwestZone, NigeriaDr. Titiloye Oyeyinka Ojo1, Dr. Yetunde. O. Ayoboluis2, Onaopepo, Bamidele Ibrahim MSc31Department of Mass Communication, Kola Daisi University, Ibadan, Oyo State, NigeriaDepartment of Mass Communication, Kola Daisi University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria3Public Relations and Advertising practitioner residing in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria2Abstract: The study examined the Nigerian Mass media use ofpolitical propaganda messages and the assessment ofstakeholders’ perceptions concerning the messages in selectedLocal Government Areas of Oyo State. The study employedsurvey and structured interview methods with the use ofquestionnaire and interview guide as instruments. 250questionnaires were distributed while 210 copies were returnedand validated for final analysis Simple random samplingtechnique was adopted for the drawing of the sample size fromthe universe population. Descriptive Statistics was adopted forthe data analysis. Responses obtained from the interviewees weretranscribed and qualitative analysis carried out in line with theresearch questions. Pearson Moment Products Correlation wasutilized for the test of hypothesis formulated in the study. Thestudy found out that Nigerian Mass media are always used astool for promoting political propaganda messages(46.5%) andthat filtering of propaganda messages have overshadowed theirmedia responsible activities (55.3%).It revealed that theconsequence of the propaganda messages are negative whichresult to maladministration, socio-economic problems, and moraldecadence. The study concluded that Nigerian mass mediacompromised corrupt practices that negate media ethicalconducts and professionalism. In addition, Nigerian media hasoften been hijacked by political office holders to manipulateelections. The study recommended that mass media should desistfrom propaganda messages and try to set agendas for politiciansand political parties. Moreover, they should avert contents ofdeceit capable of heating up polity. Also, voters should be firm intheir choice of office seekers and finally, government should stepup actions on media regulations.Keywords: Mass media, Political propaganda, Stakeholders’perceptions, Assessment, ElectoratesI.INTRODUCTIONPropaganda became more popular in political arenasespecially messages that have to do with publicinformation campaigns by government and politicians in a bidto produce an emotional rather than rational response to theinformation that is presented. In the twentieth century, thewww.rsisinternational.orgterm propaganda has been associated with a manipulativeapproach, but propaganda was an ancient neutral descriptiveterm (Diggs-Brown, 201?). Mass media are used forconveying propaganda messages using loaded languages tochange people‟s emotions, attitudes and behaviours towardselections and government policies. Studies revealed thatpolitical campaigns have moved from within the politicians tothe media while the campaigners are no longer in a face-toface contact with the potential voters. Political campaigns inthe media rely mostly on propaganda as tool for making theirmessage to their target persuasive. Ajala (1991), notes that themass media encourage and ginger people to achieve the goalsof the society. They stimulate and foster the aspirations andactivities of individuals and communities to achieve suchgoals.This means that the media constitute the brain box ofdemocracy and also help in the supply of the required politicalinformation that electorates would base their decision. Theyare the watchdog for uncovering errors and wrong doings bythose in powers (Fog, 2004). Today, there is a growingconcern about the mass media that they are not fulfilling somefunctions properly to enhance democratic ideals. The criticshave claimed that the mass media have sold themselves out topoliticians by propagating their political propaganda agenda,even if they disseminate news, the news is more of parties,politician or government interest rather than the peopleoriented demands. Therefore, it is against this backdrop thatthis study attempts to examine the relationship between themass media and the political propaganda as entrenched by thepolitical class with a focus to seek the opinion of selectedpolitical stakeholders such as the politicians, voters, mediapractitioners, political analysts and members of the selectionumpire in the five selected local government areas of OyoState.Page 509
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) Volume V, Issue VIII, August 2021 ISSN 2454-6186II. RESEARCH QUESTIONSReview of Literatures and conceptualization of terms Massmedia and the Nigerian societyThere is a symbiotic link between the mass media and thesociety. The society established institutions that usually inturn provides the information network for the growth andsustenance of the society. Originally, the mass media outfitprovides information daily to enhance free flow ofinformation for rapid development of the society vis-à-vissocio-economic and political development. Such an aspect ofinformation network that is majorly committed to thesustenance of societal development is tagged ascommunication for development. Therefore, developmentcommunication is the application of the processes ofcommunication for development (Moeemeka,1989). This kindof communication should always form an intellectual lens thatNigerian mass media should have at the gourd of their mindswhile reporting national issues of public interests.According to Odey(2007), the basic goal of the media is toserve society by informing the public, scrutizing the waypower, stimulating democratic debates, and in these waysaiding political, economic, social and cultural development ofthe society. However, the mass media are expected toconstantly educate and re-educate the society of the need toconsciously evolve and sustain a people –oriented democracythat is r in the principles of the rule of law.Egbon (1995),posits that the media are like double edged sword that can beused to facilitate development and also use to demotedevelopment. The scholar also explained that the mass mediasystems can oil and ease the economic wheels of a country orcompletely bring a society to a halt in terms of development.In essence, mass media can be used to maintain socialequilibrium, facilitate change and solicit for radicalalternatives. Section 22 of the constitution of the FederalRepublic of Nigeria states that the press, radio, television andother agencies of the mass media shall at all times be free touphold the fundamental objectives contained in this chapterand uphold the responsibility and accountability of thegovernment to the people (Nigerian Constitution, 1999). Thecontributions of the mass media to national integrationremained an age-long acceptance of the pivotal position of themass media as the fourth Estate of the realm. Historically,three classes of the state- Nobility, Clergy and Citymerchants- were vested with political powers and alsorepresented the first, second and third estates of the realm butwith the inception of democracy today, new names such asExecutive, Legislature and Judiciary were attached to thelatter, while the critical role of the mass media as the FourthEstate remained unchanged.In other words, the mass media continue to promotegovernment policy and ensuring that those in government areaccountable to governed. The mass media is the only sourcethrough which the people could exercise their rights(Idemudia, 2008). Sovereignty belongs to the people ofwww.rsisinternational.orgNigeria from whom government, through this constitutionderives all its powers and authority (Nigerian Constitution,1999). Mass media must not permit sensationalism in newscoverage particularly when such reports has the propensity todeter the nation‟s national interest. Meanwhile, developmentconcept describes systems in which government and mediawork together to ensure that the mass media promote theplanned beneficial development of a given nation. Media inthis form must not be part of the pull-down syndrome norshould they abstain from constructive criticisms ofgovernment programmes (Baran et al, 2003).Generally speaking, the attitudes of many practicingjournalists suggest that they are not yet show sufficientunderstanding of complexities of the environment which theycover, this account for while the members of the media are sogood at pointing out failures and poor at suggesting viableoptions. It is glaring today that most of the avoidable crisesthat we had suffered in Nigeria were not necessarily premisedupon the nature of the events but the manner in which most ofthe events were reported (sobowale, 1995). In other words, themass media are better understood as a public sphere whichprovides a space that mediates between civil society and therealm of power. Mass media do not ordinarily serve as asignificant cause of audience effects but rather functionthrough a nexus of mediating into conflicts.Propaganda: Origin, Definition and its synergy to politicalcampaignsThe historical background of the term propaganda may betraced to the 17th century when people were vacating churchesespecially during the reign of Pope Gregory XV in 1622. Itwas during this time that a critic and writer, Galileo wasconvicted of heresy because of his thesis that the earth wasround. Based on this scholar‟s research work, church then wastrying to standardize its teachings and beliefs in light of theemerging reformation periods. Within a century, the conceptwas used to condemn clandestine organization that attemptedto undermine foreign affairs. The concept was not used in thecommunication media until 20th century (Robert, 2002). Italways behoved on someone personal political, social andeconomic beliefs as to whether a given propaganda campaignis acceptable or not.The term came to Africa rather too late as compared to otherindustrialized nations. It emanated from Europe where rulerswere engaging in what appeared to be constant warpropaganda which was utilized to recruit large militarypersonnel for fighting in World War I. After this war,communication researchers such as Harold Laswell pioneeredthe study of propaganda techniques. The scholar, howeversuggested manipulation as tool for propaganda in managingindividuals in democratic societies. Charry (2004), notes thatpropaganda is a phenomenon of media discourse guidancethat is not usually see as pernicious. The year 1937 witnessedthe creation of the institute for propaganda, this was headedby Edward Fillence and designated to educate AmericansPage 510
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) Volume V, Issue VIII, August 2021 ISSN 2454-6186about propaganda techniques especially on the danger andpersuasiveness of political propaganda. The Institute laterreleased a series of books titled “The Fine Art of Propaganda”edited by Alfred McClong Lee and Elizabeth Briant Lee in1939.The term propaganda is defined in different perspectives bydifferent scholars which depends majorly on the variedcircumstances. According to Jefkins (2003), propaganda is anoriginal strategy for information, communication, educationand persuasion. The scholar explained that the beauty of theterm became polluted and bastardized when politicians andwar mongers such as Adolf Hitler started using the conceptwrongly in order to manipulate people‟s opinions. Ngoa(2011), observes that propaganda indicates communicationdesigned either to directly or indirectly influence the opinions,emotions, and behaviours of a target groups usually for theachievement of desired institutional objectives ororganizational goals. Onu (2010), argues that propaganda isthe rational use of argument as well as sound emotionalappeals to influence behaviours and thought either for good orbad.Laswell (1980), posts that propaganda is any technique be itwriting, speech, music, film, association, plan and activitiesfor the spread of principles and opinions to effect change,reforms or attempt to influence public opinions or encouragemass actions as in popular support of a policy or programmes.In other words, scholars‟ ideas of the term indicate atechnique for persuading and influencing people for negativeor public action plans.Kamalipour (2001), contends that theterm propaganda is not simple to define but the purpose of itis to persuade and convert by using intentionally selective andbiased information. In the same vein, Nelson (1996), defines itas a systematic form of purposeful persuasion that attempts toinfluence the emotions, attitudes, opinions and actions ofspecified target audience for ideological, political orcommercial purposes through the control transmission of onesided messages which may or may not be factual via mass ordirect media channels.To politicians, propaganda is a legitimate tool which may beemployed to advance the interest which he sees concise withthat of the ordinary people when this is not so (Nneji, BasseyDuke & Brown, 2014). Based on the above premise, it couldalso be summed up that thorough understanding of the term“Propaganda” hinges on the context in which it is applied butit uses the weapon of communication, it is sentimental, biased,appeals to emotions and it has desperate intents to changeaudience(s) decisions and attitudes.The interface between propaganda and politics developed towhat is termed as political propaganda. This term is referredto the utilization of essential mechanisms to change people‟sminds about the viability of an idea, policy, party, candidates,project or cause. Schulze (2000), avers that propaganda isonly meaningful and believable when it can show positiveresults. He further explains that it is the proclaimer of an idea,www.rsisinternational.orgit undermines the positions of the enemy with all the meansand forces at its disposal, it stands in the middle of life, in themiddle of events and draws the necessary consequences. Thetasks of propaganda are to explain to the people new ways andideas, to interest the masses in events and to win their cooperation (Briant, 2015). According to Balfour (1979),Propaganda may be known through false statement made inthe genuine belief that they true, deliberate lies, thesuppression of truth, the suggestion of falsehood and theslanting of news. From the foregoing, it is evident thatpropaganda can distort truth in a bid to convince and persuadeaudience. The success of the propagandist in getting his goalsachieved usually depends on the ability to exploit the rightthings and sentiment (Oputa, 2002).The purpose of political campaigns is to sensitize electoratesor voter about candidate, manifestoes, their political party andprogrammes. Politicians embark on all these actions in orderto appeal to election voters‟ emotions by persuading them tovote for their campaigners. Hence, political campaignersresort to propaganda with persuasive techniques such asintimidation, blackmail, distortion of facts and telling the truthwith dubious intents (Ugwu, 2007). Political propaganda maybe material in the form of stickers, flags, hair styles, dressing,music and others to achieve the target political objectives.Political propagandist deliberately presents a selection offacts, argument and displays of symbols in several ways thathe thinks he can be effective (Szanto, 1978).Politics and propaganda cannot be separated nor can they runparallel to each other, they are inextricably attached to eachother, that is, without politics, there is no propaganda becausecredible politics always call for good propaganda since bothhave same direction, goal and motive (Victoria & Jowett,2014). Political Propaganda refers essentially tocommunication activities employed by political actions withthe intention to further the interest of political office holdersor government. Of course, it is the means by which politicalgovernance is sustained (Hasan, 2010).Political leaders understand the efficacy and potency ofpolitical propaganda use the concept with impunity. It seemsto be a powerful tool in moulding the nature and behavior ofelectorates. Politics and leadership depend solely on intuitivepropaganda in order to drive towards achieving the desiredgoals (Nneji, Bassey – Duke & Brown, 2014).Mass media and the political propagandaPropaganda is an ancient and old forms of communicationtechnique employed for public opinion manipulations. It tendsto be in use for decades and affects information flow bothinternally and externally. Advances in informationtechnologies have made propaganda even more pervasivetoday. True democratic system involves active participationby its many members. Using communication media tomanipulate or marginalize public involvement goes againstthe keystone upon which a democratic system is constructed(Gabner, 2000). The mass media are known to promote andPage 511
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) Volume V, Issue VIII, August 2021 ISSN 2454-6186propagate political ideas often known as propaganda which isused as tool of political mobilization by different politicalparties.The media are usually alive to its prime position as the vitalsource of information about elections in democracies andtransition around the globe. Mass Media coverage of politicalevents seem to be the lifeblood that shapes the perceptionsthat form the reality on which political actions is based. Mediaare the source of information about political activities as speltout in section 22 of the 1999 Nigeria‟s constitution. Graber(2001), argues that the media and elections coverage are likesiemese twins because it is through the mass media that theelectorates get to know the minds of candidates. The mediaprovides avenue for letting the people know what trends interms of election periods, enlighten them to exercise theirfranchise, civil rights, to vote and also be voted for(Opena,2012).Hasan (2010) states that political propaganda has an inherentemotion which is often used to create effect for negativepurposes. It has ability to awaken passion by confusing theissues, it made the important issues seems trifling and keepthe channels of communication full of exciting which keepspeople bathing in the dark. However, government sometimesrealizes the need to organize or sustain systematic andcoherent morale of the people using sentimentality. Politicsdepends on intuitive propaganda of the political leadershipwhich manipulate human psychology and perception for theirselfish desired goals.It is significant to note that mass media political campaignmessages are instrumental in influencing the way a voterthinks, decides and makes choice in his quest to participate inelections in Nigeria (Abagen, 2009). Through coverage andpresentation of information,, figures , facts and otheranalytical pieces about major political issues, the media exertconsiderable influence on the creation of awareness andconsciousness in the process. Thus, it is clearly understoodthat voters rely on media with which they had contact to maketheir decisions (Oriavwote, 2000).III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKThis study was anchored on two relevant theories, these arethe value Change Theory and Agenda-setting Theory.Value Change TheoryValue Change Theory has same assumption with thePsychodynamic Model which jointly assumed that for apersuasive message to be effective and received by therecipients as intended by the information source, this messageaccording to te proponents must be able to alter psychologicalbalance of the target audience in such a way that the personwould respond to the direction of the message with the modelof behavior desired by the source. According to Folarin(2002), Value Change Theory is of the idea that one shouldnot over-estimate the worth of a message value system untilone is able to determine the comparative advantage that onewww.rsisinternational.orgvalue system has over other related values. The scholarobserved that a change in value will lead to correspondingchanges in attitudes and behaviours, hence, individual musthave clear information on the ranking of his present values.The theory is preaching against political lie, extortion,deception, dishonesty and lack of integrity as criteria forassessing the true worth of a person or nation. These kinds ofattitude cannot sustain development but doom since they arepremised on wrong sense of value. The theorist argued thatthe Nigerian mass media should stress on the need for attitudeand behavioural change for genuine development. If peoplecan change their orientation against corruption or misplacedpriority occasioned by wrong value systems, there would bepositive societal transformation.It is the opinion of the theorist that the Mass media shouldmove away from political propaganda news contents andpresentation but perfect at pointing out failures and suggestviable options (Sobowale, 1995). Finally, media should notsupport pull-down syndrome nor should they forbidconstructive criticisms of political programmes and campaignmessages, so long the reports have the capacity to advance thepolitical and socio-economic benefits.Agenda- Setting TheoryThis theory was originated by Maxwell McCombs andDonald. L. Shaw in 1993. The theory proposes that the factswhich people know about public issues tend to be those whichthe mass media presents to them. The significance ascribe tosuch issues seems to be proportionate to the degree ofattention given to the same issues in the media. The theoryassumed that the media sets the agenda for our generaldiscussion. Although, we have the liberty to think what wewant to think but we tend to think in line with the mediapronounce as important.Folarin (1998), argues that the mass media institution is seenas responsible for raising issues they considered as vital to theplatform of public discourse and draw public attention to it.The scholar established that the media do this via thefrequency of reporting by given prominence to importantitems of the news. Ugboajah (1987), observes that the relationbetween media coverage and public thinking influence whatpeople learn about their society. The theory, however,postulated that the media must serve the political systemobjectively by making information, discussion andconsideration of public affairs accessible.IV. METHODOLOGYThe area of study comprises four Local Government areas inOyo state- Ogbomoso North, Oyo West, Ibadan South –East,Iseyin and Ibarapa East- respectively. According to Ayozie(2011), opinion research is more relevant to politicalpropaganda. Example of opinion research is ad-Hoc survey,which is adopted for this study because it was found to bemost adequate for political research study. A total of twohundred and fifty(250) respondents were drawn from thePage 512
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) Volume V, Issue VIII, August 2021 ISSN 2454-6186selected five (5) local government areas using simple randomand quota sampling methods. Through the quota samplingtechnique, fifty (50) respondents were selected and allotted forfifty (50) questionnaires. The questionnaire questionsconsisted open-ended, close-ended, contingency questions andthe typical Likert Scale response style. A total of two hundredand ten (210) copies of the questionnaire were returned andvalidated for final analysis, making up 94 percent return rate.Data collection was carried out through administration of theresearch instruments (Questionnaire and Interview guide)designed for the study. Descriptive statistics was employedfor the data analysis using frequencies, percentages, tables andvalue counts. Descriptive statistics according to Tejumaiye(2003), provides the mathematical method for organizing,summarizing and analyzing data that have been collected andmeasured. In-depth Interview method was also used whileinterview guide was utilized as instrument for responsesobtained from the interviewees that spread across thepoliticians, voters, media practitioners, political analysts andmembers of the Nigerian election umpire, IndependentNational Electoral Commission (INEC).Informationcollected was transcribed from the recorded tape andqualitative analysis carried out in line with the researchquestions. Pearson Moment Methods Correlation wasemployed for the test of hypothesis formulated in the study.V. DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND RESULTSIntroductionThis section deals mainly with the presentation of data. Thesedata were gathered from the questionnaire and interview guideduly answered by respondents and interviewees. Detailedanalysis collected during the research is presented in a suitableand comprehensive form so as to aid understanding of dataand results arrived at. The researcher utilized descriptivestatistics with simple percentage, frequency, table value forthe analysis of the questionnaire data analysis and PearsonMoment Methods Correlation for the testing of the hypothesis.Presentation and analysis of dataThis data presented in this section are those related to thedemographic characteristics of the respondents involved in thesurvey and those that need to do with the research questionsand the test of hypothesis.Tabular Analysis of the Respondents Answers to theQuestionnaireTable1: Respondents distribution by sexThe table above indicates that 70 respondents with 54.0%were male while 60 respondents with 41.0% were female thatresponded to the study.Table 2: Mass media are used as tool for promoting political propaganda inNigeriaTable valueValueFrequencyPercentageStrongly isagree4108.0%210100%Source: Field survey, 2020The table above indicates that 60 respondents with 46.1%ticked strongly agreed that Nigerian media are used forpropaganda, 50 respondents with 38.4% agreed with thestatement, 10 respondents with 8.0% were strongly disagreedand disagreed respectively.Table 3: Filtering of propaganda has over shadowed other media responsibleactivitiesTable valueValueFrequencyPercentageStrongly sagree475.3%210100%Source: Field survey, 2020The table 3 indicates that 72 respondents with 55.3% stronglyagreed that filtering of propaganda has overshadowed otherresponsible activities of Nigerian media, 45 respondents with35.0% agreed, 6 respondents with 5.0% were strongly agreedwhile 7 respondents with 5.3% disagreed with the statement.Table 4: In what ways do the media political propaganda messages affectedNigerian societies?Table 4.3%23919.0%Table sMale17054.0%Unemployment34521.4%6046.1%Poor l decadenceSource: Field survey, 2020www.rsisinternational.orgPage 513
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) Volume V, Issue VIII, August 2021 ISSN 2454-6186210100%Source: Field survey, 2020The table 4 above shows that 51 respondents with 24.3%picked Maladministration, 39 respondents with 19.0% agreedwith Socio-economic, 45 respondents with 21.0% selectedUnemployment, 56 respondents with 27.0% tickedPooreducation standards while19 respondents with 9.0% settled forMoral decadence respectively.Organizing relevantProgrammesApplication ofgovernment policiesDirect sensitization35024.0%4157.1%52010.0%210100%Source: Field survey, 3%The table above indicates that 70 respondents with 33.3%agreed that educating Nigerians on the negative effects ofpolitical propaganda, 55 respondents with 26.2% said publicorientation could be used to correct the influences, 50respondents with 24.0% adduced that organizing relevantprogrammes should be put in place to correct the anomalies,15 respondents with 7.1% suggested that government shouldimplement policies that can monitor media programmes‟contents, 20 respondents with 10.0% agreed with putting upconstants direct citizenry sensitization against this attitudes.It hinders development45325.2%Test of hypothesisOther [specify]53014.3%210100%This section deals with examination of the relationship thatexist between the variables identified in the study as stated inthe research objectives and test of the hypothesis. Thehypothesis was tested using Pearson Moment ProductsCorrelation. The chosen alpha (a) at 5% significant level is0.05.Table 5: What is your perception of the media political propaganda influencein your life?Table valueIt opens my eyes todeceitsin governmentIt changes my moral ideasabout my societyIts changes my perceptionabout leadershipSource: Field survey, 2020The above table 5 shows that 50 respondents with 24.0% saidit opens their eyes to „deceits‟ in government, 47 respondentswith 22.4% confirming that it changes their moral ideas aboutour society, 30 respondents with 14.3% concurred that itchanges their perception about leadership, 53 respondentswith 25.2% agreed that it hinders development while 30respondents with 14.3% were in others specified.Table 6: How do you assess the consequences of Mass media use of politicalpropaganda on Nigerians?Table ive215071.4%210100%Hypothesis 1H0: There is no significant relationship between the Massmedia and the effect of political propaganda.Table 1: Pearson„s Correlations for the significant Relationship between theMass media and the effects of political propaganda ffect of Politicalpropaganda messages10.48Sig. (2-tailed)N0.22210210Correlation0.481Sig (2-tailed)0.22N210PearsonSource: Field survey, 2020The table 6 above established that 150 res
political propaganda messages and the assessment of stakeholders' perceptions concerning the messages in selected Local Government Areas of Oyo State. The study employed . Nigerian mass media should have at the gourd of their minds while reporting national issues of public interests. According to Odey(2007), the basic goal of the media is .
iii 1 Mass Media Literacy 1 2 Media Technology 16 3 Media Economics 39 4 Cybermedia 59 5 Legacy Media 75 6 News 98 7 Entertainment 119 8 Public Relations 136 9 Advertising 152 10 Mass Audiences 172 11 Mass Media Effects 190 12 Governance and Mass Media 209 13 Global Mass Media 227 14 Mass Media Law 245 15 Mass Media Ethi
distinctiveness of the British propaganda campaign, this chapter seeks to show how modernism and propaganda were constituted within an information-propaganda matrix. Making Sense of Propaganda: From Orwell and Woolf to Bernays and Ellul . Understanding what “propaganda” meant to modernists requires us to
Propaganda dapat dilakukan melalui beberapa teknik manipulasi emosi, bahkan sering dilakukan dengan cara yang membahayaka. n. Melalui teknik propaganda (lihat subbab teknik propaganda), para propagandi. s “memanipulasi” kata, suara, si. mbol, pesan nonverbal agar dapat membangkitkan emosi audience. Sasaran Propaganda: 1.
While propaganda is not always accompanied by violence, it is associated with it. In a definitional article on propaganda, Beth Bennett and Sean O'Rourke place propaganda along a "spectrum of influence." Rhetoric--speech or writing which appeals to audiences to make a choice or take action which the speaker favors, is on one end of the spectrum.
Ellul, Jacques (1965). Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes. Vintage Books. NY. The Characteristics of Propaganda Propaganda is a technique rather than a science. It is a modern technique that is based on one or more branches of science. Modern propaganda is based on scientific analysis of psychology and sociology.
State of Deception: The Power of Nazi Propaganda 3.2 Station Worksheet Making a Leader Nazi propaganda experts carefully created propaganda that cast Hitler into multiple roles of milit
La visión de Jacques Ellul de la propaganda, y su enfoque de estudio de la propaganda son nuevos. La principal diferencia entre su estructura de pensamiento y la mayor parte de otra literatura sobre propaganda es que Ellul contempla la propaganda más como un fenómeno sociológico que como algo fabricado por algunas personas para ciertos .
‘Stars’ can allow a business to be a market leader ‘Problem Child’ products give businesses opportunity to invest ‘Dogs’ should be divested Increased profits can ari se f rom selling different products Newer products can replace thos e at the end of the life cycle A range of pro ducts increases brand awareness Easier to launch new products with larg e existing portfolio 5 Award 1 .
