Brochure Solutions For Cement Industry
CEMENTSOLUTIONS FOR THE CEMENTINDUSTRYCEMENT ADDITIVES AND ASSOCIATED SOLUTIONS
SIKA SOLUTIONS FORTHE CEMENT INDUSTRYCement production has constantly increased in recent decades. New cement plants have beenadded and others expanded, and today they need more effective, efficient and sustainableprocesses than ever.Sika is known worldwide for developing cement grinding aids and additives for the optimizationof cement production, product quality and performance, as well as minimizing the energy andresources required.However, did you also know that Sika has far more capabilities, and a complete range ofproducts and systems for the construction, refurbishment and maintenance of cement plants?Sika supports the cement industry all along your value chain.
CONTENTS04Cement Industry06Solutions for Cement Plants08Small but with Huge Impact10Efficient Grinding Processes14Cement Additives16Additives as Enablers of Sustainable Cements18Solutions for Conveyor Belts20New Build, Repair and R efurbishment of Cement Plants22Reliable ServiceWATERPROOFINGCEMENTBASEMENT WATERPROOFINGSOLUTIONSWITH Sikaplan FOR THESHEETCEMENTMEMBRANESINDUSTRY3
CEMENT INDUSTRYMarket, Trends and ChallengesCEMENT IS ESSENTIAL FOR CONSTRUCTION. Cement use has increased more thanthirty-fold since 1950, and almost four-fold since 1990. Optimized production forconsistent quality and cost reduction to meet customer demands and standards, as wellas increasing sustainability, are challenges for every cement plant today and in the future.In 2021,Aroundtons of cement wereproduced worldwide.of the world’s CO2emissions are due tocement production.4 BILLION7%The amount of net CO2per ton of cement hasbeen reduced from800 kg to650 KGbetween 1990 and 20214CEMENTSOLUTIONS FOR THE CEMENT INDUSTRY
ADDRESS MARKET TRENDS AND CHALLENGES WITH SIKA SOLUTIONSSika provides innovative solutions topositively influence production processes and cement quality.SikaGrind technology gives commercialbenefits with less environmental impactwhile improving cement application.Sika’s expertise in cement productionallows expanding the capacity of cementplants. At constant cement productionthe use of the whole range of availableclinker replacements helps meeting theperformance criteria.The reduced energy and resource demands, plus a lower carbon footprint,contributes to the profitability of yourbusiness.GLOBALIZATIONEFFICIENCYSika is the world leader in constructionchemicals with production facilities anda local presence in over 100 countries.SikaGrind additives reduce clinker requirements and maximize the volume oflower cost supplementary cementitiousmaterials (SCM) that can be added.SUSTAINABILITYCOST –PERFORMANCE RATIOSika is fully committed and focuseson sustainable development, creatinglasting value for people and the environment, whilst minimizing energy andnatural resource usage.Sika’s cement additives allow for asubstantial increase in productivity ofthe cement milling operations, whichreduces energy consumption and overallproduction costs.WATERPROOFINGCEMENTBASEMENT WATERPROOFINGSOLUTIONSWITH Sikaplan FOR THESHEETCEMENTMEMBRANESINDUSTRY5
SOLUTIONS FOR CEMENT PLANTSFrom additives to other construction materials for building &operating cement plants4Waterproofing2CC Additives1aCement Additives1bCEMENT MANUFACTURE IS A HIGHLY technical process in which everycomponent has a decisive impact on the product quality as well as oneconomic and ecological production parameters.During the construction and maintenance of cement plants, as well asthroughout the manufacturing operations, a high degree of technicalexpertise and experience is required.Sika’s professional team provide reliable and innovative system solutions.6CEMENTSOLUTIONS FOR THE CEMENT INDUSTRYVertical roller mill/ball mill
4Waterproofing1c3Raw mill additivesBelt repairINTEGRATED, FULLY COMPATIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR RELIABLEAND HIGHLY EFFICIENT CEMENT MANUFACTURING1a) Cement Additivesb) Vertical roller mill/bal millc) Raw mill additives2CC / LC Additives33Belt repair4Waterproofing, sealing,protection and concreterepairWATERPROOFINGCEMENTBASEMENT WATERPROOFINGSOLUTIONSWITH Sikaplan FOR THESHEETCEMENTMEMBRANESINDUSTRY7
SMALL BUT WITH HUGE IMPACTFor better quality cementsTHE CEMENT GRINDING PROCESS is the final chance to adjust the cement qualityand to meet the demands set by relevant standards and cement customers. Itcombines influences from different areas like the mechanical grinding process, thechemical and physical raw material properties and the cement formulation itself.Production quantities as well as cement quality are strongly affected by the grindingprocess and the separating efficiency.WHY GRINDING AIDS ARE NECESSARY IN CEMENT PRODUCTIONFinely ground particles are attracted together forming agglomerates and release energy (agglomeration energy). Theseattraction forces are also the reason ground particles stick onthe insides of the mill (coating effect), which softens the impact of grinding media. Agglomerates of sufficiently groundparticles are detected by the separator as coarse particles andconsequently return as reject to the mill.Grinding aids are added at low dosages, typically in the rangeof 0.02 – 0.05%, to the mill feed or directly into the mill itself.Grinding aids reduce or even neutralize the surface energy byshielding the polarity to different degrees. Therefore, the particles do not attract each other anymore and the productionprocess is optimized.SURFACE ENERGY ANDSURFACE TENSIONAtoms, molecules and ions always interact with one another. Within homogeneous solids and liquids, the internalforces of opposite direction with equalmagnitude cancel each other out. Theformal energy is zero in the bulk.At the interface, there is a resultantforce directed inwards due to cohesion(air-liquid interface). The energy of thetop layer of surface atoms is above zerodue to less binding sites. Solid materialspossess surface energy and liquids alsohave surface tension. Nominally, thesetwo are identical due to same value anddimension. Surface tension is a commonphenomenon. Therefore, small dropletsare round and water striders as well asother small water-shedding objects donot become wet but “float” on the topof water.8CEMENTSOLUTIONS FOR THE CEMENT INDUSTRYSikaGrind ALLOWS PRODUCERSTO ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVE THE DESIRED FINENESS AND QUALITYOF CEMENT.
APPLICATION OF THE SikaGrind TECHNOLOGY CAN HELP YOUTO FURTHER IMPROVE YOUR PROCESS AND PROFITABILITY.THE EFFECT OF GRINDING AIDSTHE VALUE OF SIKA GRINDING AIDŚ́ They ensure that the particles stay separated. This enablesfine ground particles to leave the mill, creating space formore coarse particles to be refined.́́ Using grinding aids reduces the particle coating effect andleads to cleaner internal surfaces in the mill. This intensifiesthe crushing impact and friction for coarse material betweenthe steel balls, what finally reflects a higher grinding efficiency.́́ Particles treated with grinding aids are better dispersedwhen they enter the separator. The higher the powderdispersion, the greater the probability that the particles aredetected faster.Grinding aids enhance grinding and separating efficiencywhich leads to an increased production rate. Additionally, theresulting lower content of over ground particles meets thecharacteristics of a more favorable particle size distributionwith better cement quality.Fine particles tend to stick together.Grinding aids reduce the attraction of the fine particles and keep surfaces cleaner.Traditional grinding aids are based on amino alcohols andglycols used in formulated products, and also as the pure rawmaterials.Sika has also developed polycarboxylate polymer poweredgrinding aid technology which is able to improve on the performance of the traditional technologies. The major advantage ofthis technology can be measured in production increase whicharises because of even higher particle dispersion.WATERPROOFINGCEMENTBASEMENT WATERPROOFINGSOLUTIONSWITH Sikaplan FOR THESHEETCEMENTMEMBRANESINDUSTRY9
EFFICIENT GRINDING PROCESSESProduction optimization for energy savingsCEMENT GRINDING CONSUMES A MAJOR PART OF THE TOTAL ENERGY USED INCEMENT MANUFACTURING. Higher cement production rate leads to lower specificenergy consumption per ton of cement. SikaGrind products increase production ratesand therefore reduce energy consumption.As not all cement plants and systems are the same, the besttype and amount of grinding aid needs to be assessed foreach one to correctly optimize costs and output. The typeof mill needs to be considered as some equipment are moreenergy efficient than others. Also, the analysis of the fullproduction processes is a key in the selection of the most appropriate grinding aid.BALL MILLSIn a ball mill, the particles are ground by repeated impactforces. The material usually takes more than 20 minutes frommill entrance to outlet – unlimited impacts take place duringthis journey. Depending on the efficiency of the separator andthe grinding aid, any remaining coarse grains or agglomeratesof fine particles are rejected and fed back into the ball mill.The repeated impact and attrition of the ball mill process,creates a proportion of very fine particles and a broad particlesize distribution.Ball mill.10CEMENTSOLUTIONS FOR THE CEMENT INDUSTRYVERTICAL ROLLER MILLSIn a vertical roller mill (VRM), the grinding process is by pressure and shear forces. The clinker passes very rapidly betweenrollers and a table. The energy input to the material duringits passage between these is relatively low. The thicknessof the material bed between roller and table is important todefine for the particle size. Thanks to the integral separator,the material is separated and graded after each passage, unlike in a ball mill. The separation and particle size distributionis sharper and narrower in VRMs, which usually also have afaster and larger production than ball mills.Vertical roller mill.
The grinding of the finished cement consumesapproximately one third of the total electrical energyof a cement plant. Some newer types of equipmentsuch as vertical roller mills (VRM), have a higher energyefficiency than traditional ball mills.
Sika is a global company and fully committed to sustainabledevelopment, enhancing customer value, reducingenvironmental impact and assuming social responsibility.We provide sustainable solutions for energy-efficient, highlyproductive and low-carbon-footprint cement industry.12CEMENTSOLUTIONS FOR THE CEMENT INDUSTRY
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CEMENT ADDITIVESThe SikaGrind product rangeTHE SikaGrind RANGE OFFERS products and tailor-made solutions for the specificchallenges of individual plants, with opportunities to optimize the production, quality ofcement and its profitability.The production and supply of blended cements is related to challenging conditions and thepotential impact on the final concrete. Additives which positively influence cementhandling as well as properties during concrete production can become a decisive factor.Cement additives are classified into different product groups which can be adjusted to tailor made solutions.With the SikaGrind technologies, Sika meets specific requirements of local plants.Sika provides the full range, including products of the following types:BASIC GRINDING AIDS TO:́́ Achieve a consistent higher level ofcement production [tons/hour]́́ Reduce the specific energy consumption [kWh/ton of cement]QUALITY ENHANCING ADDITIVESWHICH:́́ Enhance early and/or final strengthś́ Allow clinker replacement loweringCO2 emissionś́ Accurately entrain air in masonrycementsADDITIONAL SPECIAL ADDITIVES TÓ́ Adjust cement powder flowabilitý́ Suppress carbon bleedinǵ́ Improve concrete workabilitySikaGrind HELPS OPTIMIZE ENERGY USE IN CEMENT PRODUCTION-10%of kWh per ton cement produced14CEMENTSOLUTIONS FOR THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 15%increase in cement production
GRINDING AIDSDepending on the components and production conditions for each cement differenttypes and quantities of grinding aid may berequired. The grinding process costs and outputs can be optimized accordingly.QUALITY IMPROVERSCO2Market trends and global expectationsrequire a strong reduction of clinker duringcement production. In addition, increasingenvironmental standards demand significantreductions of CO2 in the cement industry.Sika solutions can be adapted to fulfill specific requirements.Power pack systems (with or without influence on grindingproperties) can be used to influence the cement strength,as well as the setting and hardening performance.SikaGrind Optimizer / Stabilizer:Products specially designed for production processes with:́́ Ball mills – to optimize energy consumption and productivity.́́ Vertical roller mills – to stabilize the cement bed andreduce vibrations in the mill.́́ Roller press systems – to balance the operations andequalize flux.SikaGrind ActivatorThis range of products is recommended to grind and activate traditional range of blended cements.Some of these products may be used to boost and reduce clinker and lower the CO2 emissions during cement production.Other products may improve the robustness and thestrength, as well as the setting performances of the cement.SPECIALITIES AND ESSENTIALSThis rage of products has been developed tofulfill specific local requirements from thecement producers, trying to influence theperformance of cement in different applications.“A la carte” performance by design with multiple solutionsfor the cement production process.ENVIRONMENTGrowing environmental restrictions andsustainability requirements for the cementindustry, such as reduction of emissions orthe amount of specific components (e.g.chromium VI), have driven the developmentof special products.The need to recycle and enter circular economy systemsremains one of the goals with this type of products.SikaGrind AirThese special additives increase the air-entrainment capabilities of masonry and plastering cements.SikaGrind DustProduct range to inhibit dust emissions during the production process.SikaGrind ControlAdditives to modify the setting times of cements.SikaGrind RecarbThis range of cement additives has been specifically developed trying to recycle specific and discarded materials.SikaGrind FluidSpecially formulated products to modify the cement rheology.SikaGrind ReducerAdditives formulated to reduce the level of chromium ionspresent in cement.WATERPROOFINGCEMENTBASEMENT WATERPROOFINGSOLUTIONSWITH Sikaplan FOR THESHEETCEMENTMEMBRANESINDUSTRY15
SIKA CEMENT ADDITIVES AS ENABLERS OF SUSTAINABLE CEMENTSCalcined clay cements – the innovative technology to reduce CO2 emissionCEMENT IS ONE OF THE LARGESTmanufactured product on earth, by mass, withover 4.0 billion tons of cement produced yearlyworldwide. As cement production accounts forup to 7% of global CO2 emissions, it needs to playits part in achieving a carbon neutral industry.CC stands for Calcined Clay in cement, and together with thewell-known Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC 3), are twoof the promising new technologies that will help the cementindustry reduce emissions and work towards a more sustainable environment. CC and LC 3 offer similar performances to100% Portland Cement, with a reduced CO2 footprint, and arecomposed of widely abundant materials.LC 3 is typically made up of 50% clinker, 30% calcined clay,15% limestone and 5% gypsum, e.g. CEM II/B (Q-LL); Q CC.It substantially reduces the amount of clinker and lowers theCO2 emissions during production. It uses alternative materials during cement production which may be cheap and moreaccessible than traditional components, reducing also theproduction costs.LOW CARBONCO216READY TO BE IMPLEMENTEDCC and LC3 can save 30 – 40% of CO2 compared to O rdinary Portland Cement (OPC).CC and LC3 are used similar to ordinary ortland cement (OPC), yet they are betterPin performance.RESOURCE SAVINGCOST EFFECTIVECC and LC3 use abundantly available materials and can save scarce resources.CC and LC3 technologies reduce cementproduction costs.GLOBAL SCALABLEDURABILITYSuitable clays for CC and LC3 are sufficientlyavailable all over the world.Performance can be adapted to specificrequirements.CEMENTSOLUTIONS FOR THE CEMENT INDUSTRY
Around 7% of theworld’s CO2 emissionsare caused by cementmanufacturing.Clinker productioncontributes to high CO2emission during cementmanufacturing.Scientists developedthe calcined claytechnology to reduceup to 50% of clinker incement and up to 40%CO2 emissions duringcement manufacturing.The calcination of the new added clay requires lower burning temperature than the traditional process to produce clinker.Additionally, the limestone is not calcined and there is a considerablereduction of CO2 emissions for this type of cements.Compared to existing cements, CC and LC³ show some challenges in cement and concrete: namely it has a higher water demand and sometimesresults in a reduced early strength development.SikaGrind CC range helps improving specific characteristics of the newtypes of cements compared to traditional formulations.Sika’s innovativeSikaGrind CCadditives enablecement producers tomanufacturelimestone calcined claycement, reducing CO2.Sika’s success in this field is reflected by fulfilling the requirements ofthe cement industry being able to supply calcined clay cements which arean alternative for the construction industry.WATERPROOFINGCEMENTBASEMENT WATERPROOFINGSOLUTIONSWITH Sikaplan FOR THESHEETCEMENTMEMBRANESINDUSTRY17
SOLUTIONS FOR CONVEYOR BELTSRUBBER CONVEYOR BELT SYSTEMS ARE USED EXTENSIVELY FOR RAW MATERIALSTRANSPORT IN CEMENT PLANTS. These belts are subject to heavy impact and wear,causing downtime and extra costs during repairs and replacement. Sika’s expertise can providesuperior cost-performance options for bonding and repair of rubber belts and components.REPAIR OF CONVEYOR BELTSSikaBond R&B-100 is ideal for fast conveyor belt repairs,with minimal downtime and a rapid return to service. This isa 2-component, high-performance, elastomeric, syntheticresin-based system, specially designed for the repair of bothtextile and steel reinforced rubber conveyor belts. The material is primarily used to repair commonly occurring, non-structural damage, such as holes, cuts and ripped edges caused bythe rocks.Its use significantly extends the service-life of the conveyorbelts. When applied, it cures fasts and develops outstandingmechanical properties on a well-prepared substrate.18CEMENTSOLUTIONS FOR THE CEMENT INDUSTRYBONDING OF CONVEYOR BELTSThe vulcanization of rubber is time-consuming and can bean expensive business with a lot of hardware and specialknow-how involved. Sika is one of the few companies withglobal reach and patented knowledge in this field, able tosupply rubber-conveyor belt bonding adhesives.The SikaBond technologies are fast curing, flexible adhesive systems, designed to replace mechanical fixings orfastenings, such as rivets, screws, welding or vulcanizing.SikaBond systems are also suitable for bonding to rubber, metals, hard plastics, glass and wood.
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NEW BUILD, REPAIR AND REFURBISHMENT OF CEMENTPLANTSWATERPROOFING, SEALING AND REPAIR OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURES in thecement factories can be done with various complementary technologies from thediverse Sika product range.WATERPROOFING SYSTEMSWaterproofing protects structures against water infiltrationwhich can cause expensive and irreversible damage. Buildingstructures are exposed every day to intense fluctuations inmoisture levels and temperatures, all contributing to their deterioration. Count on Sika to provide long-lasting waterproofsystems to protect your cement plant structures.Sika's solutions are suitable for even the most challenging requirements to keep water in or out of long-lasting structures.They have also been developed for special site conditionsand requirements, including resistance to microbiological andchemical attack, plus products with high mechanical resistance, free of physically linked plasticizers and ecologicallysustainable products.CONCRETE REPAIRDeterioration of concrete may happen due to corrosion, structural damage, water infiltration, seismic activity or other reasons. Many decades of focussed research and development,as well as practical experience all around the world, have enabled Sika to develop fully comprehensive solutions to repairand refurbish concrete buildings and structures.Repair and renovation of concrete buildings and infrastructureis an important process – it helps us to provide a sustainableapproach to building – prolonging the life of a structure andpreventing demolition and reconstruction. The choice of theappropriate rehabilitation strategy, based on the root cause ofconcrete failure, can also significantly improve the overall performance of a structure. Sika has a wide portfolio of productsand systems to solve many concrete repair needs.CONCRETE PROTECTIONDepending on their location and use, concrete structuresare subjected to a wide range of exposure conditions – fromnormal atmospheric carbonation to the aggressive influencesin polluted urban and industrial environments, plus marineatmosphere and liquid or gaseous chemicals, along with influencers that can damage or attack the concrete and embeddedsteel reinforcement. With over 100 years of experience, Sikahas global expertise in concrete repair and protection.20CEMENTSOLUTIONS FOR THE CEMENT INDUSTRYJOINT SEALINGAt the joint, the different building elements, materialsand trades meet. A joint occurs where two componentsmeet and may occur within an element of construction oras part of an interface between two elements.Joint sealing facilitates the construction process as manycomponents made of different materials are used. Additionally, joints allow movement of the components butthe elements must remain water, air, heat, cold and vaportight.Sika can support you, avoid making mistakes where yourbuilding is most vulnerable to leakage – the joint.INJECTION SEALINGInjection is a procedure of pumping materials, which canbe based on cement, polyurethane, epoxy or acrylate,into damaged or cracked structures to securely seal leaks,repair compromised structures and make them watertightagain for the long term.With all the necessary products and systems, Sika delivers high performance solutions.
With over 100 years’ experience, Sika hasglobal leadership and expertise in concreterepair and protection.WATERPROOFINGCEMENTBASEMENT WATERPROOFINGSOLUTIONSWITH Sikaplan FOR THESHEETCEMENTMEMBRANESINDUSTRY21
RELIABLE SERVICESika support for your cement productionOUR AIM OF IMPROVING YOUR PROFITABILITY STARTS BEFORE WE FIRST MEET,as Sika’s R&D is constantly in progress to further enhance technologies, products, andperformance, for the best solutions to meet your needs.At Sika, we understand and support your cement business. tofulfill your requirements and to solve any specific problemsthat arise.The preparation and execution of trials is handled by Sikaspecialists in cooperation with your plant team. The results and the analysis are discussed to agree targets.As local conditions vary widely, and so do the demands theseimpose on the plant, it is necessary to handle every plant individually. Sika provides tailor made solutions, designed to meetthe individual challenges.After trials and only by reaching the desired targets, Sikaactively supports implementation of the agreed actions inthe production process and/or quality concept, includingall necessary logistical steps.After working together to identify feasible targets, includingdefined parameters, one or more Sika products / combinations are recommended for trials.Finally, Sika’s follow-up strategy ensures that we worktogether for constant improvement.If necessary, laboratory pre-trials can be arranged in one ofour regional laboratories.22CEMENTSOLUTIONS FOR THE CEMENT INDUSTRY
TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC KNOW-HOWWe bring together scientists and engineering experts from different areas, offering technical andpractical support to the cement producers.To rapidly analyze and develop new additives forthe cement industry, we use the X-Ray powderDiffraction (XRD) which is a powerful technique forcharacterizing materials.INNOVATION – VALUE FOR CUSTOMERSInnovation has a long-standing tradition withinSika, and “Courage for Innovation” is one of thecorporate values. Sika maintains exclusivity overits innovative and sustainable products for the cement industry.Sika has:́́ One corporate technology center in Switzerland,20 Regional Technology Centers and 55 LocalTechnology Centerś́ An international network of scientists, partners,suppliers and customerś́ A goal to combine performance and sustainability in providing optimized solutions to ourcustomersGLOBAL PRESENCE AND LOCAL SUPPORTSika is recognized as a complete solution providerfor cement producers throughout the cement production, the construction and the refurbishment ofthe facilities.Our services include:́́ Quality control processeś́ Development of specific productś́ Remote and on-field support during plant trialś́ Trainings and workshopsWATERPROOFINGCEMENTBASEMENT WATERPROOFINGSOLUTIONSWITH Sikaplan FOR THESHEETCEMENTMEMBRANESINDUSTRY23
GLOBAL BUT LOCAL PARTNERSHIPFOR MORE INFORMATION RELATEDTO THE CEMENT INDUSTRY:Our most current General Sales Conditions shall apply. Please consultthe most current local Product Data Sheet prior to any use.SIKA SERVICES AGTueffenwies 16CH-8048 ZurichSwitzerlandContactPhone 41 58 436 40 40www.sika.com SIKA SERVICES AG / CEMENTWE ARE SIKASika is a specialty chemicals company with a leading position in the development and production of systems and products for bonding,sealing, damping, reinforcing and protecting in the building sector andthe motor vehicle industry. Sika’s product lines feature concrete admixtures, mortars, sealants and adhesives, structural strengthening systems, industrial flooring as well as roofing and waterproofing systems.
CEMENT GRINDING CONSUMES A MAJOR PART OF THE TOTAL ENERGY USED IN CEMENT MANUFACTURING. Higher cement production rate leads to lower specific energy consumption per ton of cement. SikaGrind products increase production rates and therefore reduce energy consumption. As not all cement plants and systems are the same, the best type and amount of .
Mar 01, 2008 · MSDS: Lafarge Portland Cement Material Safety Data Sheet Section 1: PRODUCT AND COMPANY INFORMATION Product Name(s): Product Identifiers: Lafarge Portland Cement (cement) Cement, Portland Cement, Hydraulic Cement, Oil Well Cement, Trinity White Cement, Antique White Cement, Portland Cement Type I, lA, IE, II, 1/11, IIA, II
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3.2.3. Cement Industry Clinker Process and Electricity Use 3.2.4 Fuel Use and Total Energy Consumption in the Cement Industry 3.2.5 Cement Industry Pollutant Releases: CO2, NOX and Toxics 3.2.6 Cement Industry Waste Management 3.3 Regulatory Structure for Waste and Emissions Management 3.3.1 Emission Controls 3.3.2 Cement Kiln Dust Management
Effect of Fineness on Hydration of Cement: 1. When the fineness of cement is more i.e. the size of cement particles is very small; then the all the cement particles gets covered with water film easily. Hence the hydration of cement takes place very quickly with added water. 2. When the fineness of cement is less i.e. the size of cement
Energy Benchmarking for Cement Industry 3 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Indian Cement Industry Present Scenario India's cement industry plays a vital role in the growth and development of the nation. The cement industry has been expanding with increasing infrastructure activities and demand from residential buildings over the past many years .
10 tips och tricks för att lyckas med ert sap-projekt 20 SAPSANYTT 2/2015 De flesta projektledare känner säkert till Cobb’s paradox. Martin Cobb verkade som CIO för sekretariatet för Treasury Board of Canada 1995 då han ställde frågan
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outside and inside of the caisson (as used in undrained pile design) and Nc is an appropriate bearing capacity factor for a deep strip footing in clay (typically a value of about 9 might be adopted). For undrained analysis Nq 1. Suction-assisted penetration Once the self-weight penetration phase has been completed, so that a seal is formed around the edge of the caisson, it will be possible .
