Factors Affecting Green Entrepreneurship Intentions During The COVID-19 .
Trong Luan NGUYEN, Nguyen Anh Ngu PHAM, Thi Kim Nhung NGUYEN, Ngoc Khai Vy NGUYEN, Hoang Thang NGO,Tran Thien Ly PHAM / Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business Vol 9 No 2 (2022) 0383–0393383Print ISSN: 2288-4637 / Online ISSN ors Affecting Green Entrepreneurship Intentions Duringthe COVID-19 Pandemic: An Empirical Study in VietnamTrong Luan NGUYEN1, Nguyen Anh Ngu PHAM2, Thi Kim Nhung NGUYEN3,Ngoc Khai Vy NGUYEN4, Hoang Thang NGO5, Tran Thien Ly PHAM6Received: October 30, 2021Revised: January 06, 2022 Accepted: January 15, 2022AbstractAt present, environmental problems are gradually becoming quite serious because of the expansion of the business scale of companies,factories, and enterprises, and that is also the reason for the global pollution of the world. Green entrepreneurship is playing an increasinglycrucial role in influencing people’s intentions, behaviors, and attitudes toward environmental protection through sustainable development.The purpose of this research was to examine the factors affecting university students’ green entrepreneurship levels in Vietnam. To do this,we performed a scientific research survey with 773 students from reputable universities in Vietnam, 337 of whom are male and 436 of whomare female. To assess the reliability and correlation between observed and total variables, this study employs scale testing methods such asCronbach alpha, EFA, CFA, and SEM. After evaluating the influencing elements, the findings reveal that the Subjective norm factor andthe Risk-aversion component are two distinct aspects that influence university students’ green entrepreneurship intentions in Vietnam andof which, the greatest influence is Risk Aversion. Furthermore, the findings revealed that the level of interest in green entrepreneurship ismostly seen by students with university education between the ages of 18–25.Keywords: Green Entrepreneurial Intention, COVID-19 Pandemic, VietnamJEL Classification Code: A13, A20, L26, L311 1. Introduction Copyright: The Author(s)This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionNon-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permitsunrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided theoriginal work is properly cited.Today, the outstanding development of industrieshas contributed to opening a new era for the worldeconomy. However, some articles claim that the livingenvironment of several countries throughout the world,particularly the United Kingdom and its neighbors, isbeing seriously harmed by levels of air pollution, waterpollution, coastal areas, and sea areas, and that theseareas must be preserved (Khan et al., 2020). According toresearch, 50 of the world’s 500 largest corporations havedischarged a total of 3.6 billion tonnes of emissions intothe atmosphere, directly harming the global greenhouseeffect (Hardiyansah et al., 2021).Many articles and research papers have been publishedrecently on the effects of the natural environment crisis,such as climate change, air pollution, water pollution,rubbish, waste, and so on. According to certain research,the greenhouse effect and global warming caused byhuman civilization development activities have hadFirst Author and Corresponding Author. Lecturer, Faculty of BusinessAdministration, FPT University, Can Tho Campus, Vietnam. ORCIDID: 0000-0002-3489-1628. [Postal Address: 600 Nguyen Van CuStreet, An Binh Ward, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, 94100,Vietnam] Email: LuanNT73@fe.edu.vn2 Faculty of Business Administration, FPT University, Can ThoCampus, Vietnam. ORCID ID 0000-0002-0309-4992.Email: NguPNACS140587@fpt.edu.vn3 Faculty of Business Administration, FPT University, Can ThoCampus, Vietnam. ORCID ID 0000-0001-5271-3799.Email: NhungNTKCS140562@fpt.edu.vn4 Faculty of Business Administration, FPT University, Can ThoCampus, Vietnam. ORCID ID 0000-0002-1483-9451.Email: VyNNKCS140159@fpt.edu.vn5 Faculty of Business Administration, FPT University, Can ThoCampus, Vietnam. ORCID ID 0000-0003-1759-4338.Email: ThangNHCS140436@fpt.edu.vn6 Faculty of Business Administration, FPT University, Can ThoCampus, Vietnam. ORCID ID 0000-0003-0924-731X.Email: LyPTTCS140571@fpt.edu.vn
384Trong Luan NGUYEN, Nguyen Anh Ngu PHAM, Thi Kim Nhung NGUYEN, Ngoc Khai Vy NGUYEN, Hoang Thang NGO,Tran Thien Ly PHAM / Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business Vol 9 No 2 (2022) 0383–0393a wide range of effects on the density of the earth’sweather (Ramayah et al., 2019). Individuals who causeharm to the ecosystem should be restrained, according toecological theory (Nordin, 2020). As a result, environmental issue has received and continues to receive thegreatest attention, prompting the world’s economic humanresources to progressively shift to the form of “Greenbusiness.”An entrepreneur that engages in “Green Business”deals in good and environmentally friendly products anditems with the goal of protecting our living environmentwhile also contributing to the country’s economic stability.Because environmental protection is such a pressingissue at the moment, businesspeople’s “green business”spirit is being touted as a panacea for all environmentaland social woes. When it comes to green business, it’simpossible to overlook green startups; their role and natureare critical (Schröder & Schmitt-Rodermund, 2006). It iscritical in answering questions and providing reasonablesolutions to support the economy while also protectingthe environment. Not only does entrepreneurship play animportant role in bringing positive values to the worldeconomy in general and boosting the economies of theircountries, but we cannot deny that entrepreneurship playsan important role in bringing positive values to the worldeconomy in general and boosting the economies of theircountries.The COVID-19 epidemic and its accompanyingeconomic crises provide enormous problems, posingseveral unknowns and forcing painful trade-offs (Selvi& Veilatchi, 2021). It is unavoidable for start-ups andentrepreneurs to be influenced and to experience anxietyand dissatisfaction with their businesses. People mustbecome more active in environmental protection toavoid future disease problems because entrepreneurshipis always an important part, an indispensable element inentrepreneurship, which plays an important and pivotalrole in influencing the development of the world economyand society today.Young people and students have many ideas andprojects for the “green economy,” according to theforum “Youth start-ups with a green economy,” butimplementation and development were still problematicowing to a lack of knowledge, financial assistance,processes, and policies, among other things. As a result,the goal of this research is to determine the level of greenentrepreneurship awareness among Vietnamese universitystudents. The research article offers suggestions forassisting students in developing green entrepreneurialintents to promote sustainable development and futuregreen business development.2. Literature Review2.1. Attitude towards GreenEntrepreneurship IntentionA green economy and sustainable development can onlybe realized by encouraging a rationalization of a fundamentalshift in people’s thinking and attitudes in society, resulting indeep shifts in perceptions about “green” action, particularlyin the university setting. People can conduct the behaviorwhenever they are willing to do so, according to the Theoryof Reasoned Action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). When peoplecome into contact with an object, they have a specificmindset. They usually accept or reject an object based ontheir judgment of the entity.Green business attitudes are more likely to reactdepending on the likes or dislikes of green entrepreneurship(Soomro et al., 2020), demonstrating respect for companymethods through presence or absence. The degree towhich an individual has a negative or positive ability tobecome an entrepreneur is referred to as an entrepreneurialattitude. It also predicts a person’s entrepreneurship andfuture movements, as well as self-employment and selfconfidence. Entrepreneurship education is believed to play arole in building a mindset that is suitable for beginning newbusinesses, as it fosters a positive business mindset, assistsindividuals in maintaining an interest in entrepreneurship,and promotes self-employment (Schröder & SchmittRodermund, 2006).Souitaris et al. (2007) also pointed out that educationalprograms can help aspiring entrepreneurs acquireentrepreneurial attitudes and intentions through inspirationand learning. Researchers discovered a good and significantlink between entrepreneurial mindsets and creativity amongIranian students. Soomro et al. (2020) found that studentsexhibit a lack of confidence when confronted with a startupand the dangers it entails and that this trend starts when theybecome an entrepreneur. Green Entrepreneurial, on the otherhand, is a fantastic option, but it comes with its own set ofchallenges.H1: Attitude has an impact on green entrepreneurshipintentions.2.2. Educational Supports TowardsGreen Entrepreneurship IntentionPerceived educational support Entrepreneurshipeducation was pioneered by universities in the UnitedStates of America. New studies have shown that greenstartup intentions (Green Business) are now being strongly
Trong Luan NGUYEN, Nguyen Anh Ngu PHAM, Thi Kim Nhung NGUYEN, Ngoc Khai Vy NGUYEN, Hoang Thang NGO,Tran Thien Ly PHAM / Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business Vol 9 No 2 (2022) 0383–0393supported by the world economy through the values ofgreen industry in terms of protecting the environment andecosystem. According to Saeed et al. (2015), the problemof startup business support at universities has a significantimpact on students’ business success. As a result, universitiesare now actively encouraging startup concepts connected tothe degree of environmental protection.Green entrepreneurship (GEB) should be included inevery university’s educational support category. The creationof a university environment that fosters green business wouldcreate outcomes such as the provision of business skillsand knowledge, as well as the empowerment of graduatefirms (Qazi et al., 2020). Students’ self-employment andgreen business intentions can be made more conscious ifthey have a better understanding of the value and benefitsof green enterprises. Furthermore, the green business goalsthat colleges instill in students have had a good impact onGEB and university support for GEB. Universities will playa critical role in transforming a GEI into a GEB. The groupwill analyze particularly, in-depth understanding of theuniversity’s assistance level to support students in businessknowledge, based on the group’s analysis theory.H2: Educational support has an impact on greenentrepreneurship intentions.2.3. Subjective Norms TowardsGreen Entrepreneurship IntentionSubjective norms can be developed through perceivednormative ideas from people or social circumstances thatimpact entrepreneurs, according to TRA theory (Fishbein& Ajzen, 1975). (family, friends, colleagues, media, etc.).Subjective norms are the perception of others who believethe individual should or should not execute the activity.Individuals’ perceptions of societal pressures to perform ornot execute a behavior are referred to as subjective norms.Subjective norms are influenced by the social environment;for example, when there are previous family businessexperiences, perceived desired aptitude projects, and thefeasibility of beginning their own firm, subjective normswill be positive. Individual autonomy and attitudes towardself-employment are also anticipated to improve after earlychildhood exposure to difficult business conditions (Hussainet al., 2021).According to Utami (2017), one of the variables fuelingthe growth of an individual’s entrepreneurial ambitionsis the subjective norm variable, which gives impact to theintention of variable student entrepreneurship. Accordingto Aditya (2020), the findings of this study show that theenvironment or societal norms that encourage students tobe entrepreneurs have an impact on their entrepreneurialinclinations. Subjective norms are “normative beliefs about385entrepreneurship as a professional choice that is likely to driveconformity to these normative beliefs.” Subjective normswere found to be a favorable predictor of entrepreneurialintention (Noor et al., 2021).At the same time, it has been suggested that the directexperience of a business venture or starting a new businessaffects attitudes and perceptions about entrepreneurship andcareer.H3: Subjective norm has an impact on greenentrepreneurship intentions.2.4. Self-efficacy Towards GreenEntrepreneurship IntentionAccording to previous studies based on the theories,such as TPB. The higher a person’s level of businessperformance, the stronger his or her business intentions.There is a strong link between university students’ overallperformance and their desire to start a business. Whencompared to other types of start-ups, green start-ups havenumerous problems, especially because it is still a relativelynew term for Vietnamese students (Hamböck et al., 2017).However, attracting investment and green technologyinnovation is gradually becoming a trend. Self-efficacyrefers to an individual’s belief in his or her capacity toexecute behaviors necessary to produce specific performanceattainments. Self-efficacy reflects confidence in the abilityto exert control over one’s motivation, behavior, and socialenvironment. Self-efficacy is a psychological constructthat aids in the development of confidence in one’s abilityto perform tasks, master one’s thinking and wisdom, andmake judgments that affect business processes. Because itincorporates self-motivation and discrepancy perceptionas opposing motivating processes, self-efficacy variabilityenergizes action (Gielnik et al., 2019).Through previous studies and observations that show asignificant correlation between self-efficacy and new greenbusinesses, it is shown that self-efficacy has a significantimpact on green entrepreneurship intention.H4: Self-efficacy has an impact on green entrepreneurshipintentions.2.5. Risk-Aversion Towards GreenEntrepreneurship IntentionRisk aversion is a vital concept in the investment selectionresearch process since it affects the majority of investorsin the market. Because each investor is an individual withtheir own mentality and wealth, their risk tolerance is alsoextremely variable. Entrepreneurs reporting a strongerreadiness to take business risks than non-entrepreneurs
386Trong Luan NGUYEN, Nguyen Anh Ngu PHAM, Thi Kim Nhung NGUYEN, Ngoc Khai Vy NGUYEN, Hoang Thang NGO,Tran Thien Ly PHAM / Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business Vol 9 No 2 (2022) 0383–0393enhanced their desire to take business risks when theydeveloped more positive and vivid mental images of riskconsequences, according to Zaleskiewicz et al. (2020).Entrepreneurship, according to Oliver and Velji (2018),necessitates a mindset that can envision the future and iswilling to take a big risk to turn an idea into reality. Collegestudents have dreams and wish to become entrepreneurs inthe future, according to reality. However, because of theiroverwhelming personal difficulties, they believe their goalto be an entrepreneur unachievable, and this becomes abarrier to their interest in entrepreneurship. Some universitystudents are afraid of losing their assets or resources if theypursue commercial initiatives (Mahola et al., 2019).If becoming an entrepreneur is a riskier profession thanworking for a firm as a paid employee, and various peoplehave varying levels of risk aversion, those who are mostrisk-averse are more likely to become entrepreneurs. Thefindings show that all of the study’s indicators are statisticallysignificant in predicting investors’ investment intentions,with risk aversion being the most powerful predictor (Sarwaret al., 2020 ). Entrepreneurial intentions are severely harmedby risk aversion (Aderibigbe et al., 2019).H5: Risk-aversion hasentrepreneurship intentions.animpactongreen2.6. Need for AchievementIntentions are described by behavioral attitudes,subjective standards, and perceived behavioral control,according to the Planned Behaviour Theory (PBT).Individuals with a strong desire to succeed are driven toproduce achievements that help them attain their objectives(Fairlie, & Holleran, 2012). To be able to set goals and makerisky decisions, an entrepreneur must have a strong incentiveto attain great performance (requiring achievement) throughhigh responsibility, multi-tasking duties, obstacles, and risksin the company. Performance demands reflect a person’sdesire for high objectives and goals, as well as masteryof knowledge, and necessitate strong focus to reach highperformance. One of the psychological factors that encourageentrepreneurs to have entrepreneurial ambitions is the desireto succeed (Amankwah & Sesen, 2021). People who havea high level of confidence in themselves will be motivatedto attempt new things and always want to develop to reachtheir objectives. People with a high need for achievementoften exhibit confidence, optimism, a willingness to tackleobstacles, take chances, leadership, and a vision of thefuture. The desire to succeed has a big impact on the desireto start a green business (Farahbod et al., 2013).H6: The need for achievement has an impact on greenentrepreneurship intentionsThe conceptual framework of this research is depicted inFigure 1 and Table 1.3. Research Methods3.1. Research DesignThe purpose of the study was to determine greenentrepreneurial intention, green corporate behavior, and theextent to which the university environment influences greenentrepreneurship among Vietnamese university students. Thegroup will distribute the research to Vietnam’s major citiesand capitals. Based on Figure 1’s theoretical model. GreenEntrepreneurship Intention is the dependent variable, andthere are six independent variables in this study: (1) Attitude,(2) Educational support, (3) Subjective norm, (4) Selfeffectiveness, (5) Risk-Aversion, (6) Need for achievement.The independent variable parts will be studied and designedin the form of questions to survey and collect data in themost correct way based on the 5-point Likert scale, from(1) Strongly Disagree, (2) Disagree, (3) Neutral, (4) Agree,(5) Strongly Agree. The fact that we choose the 5-pointLikert scale is because the Likert scale is widely appliedin social and educational research (Joshi et al., 2015), theLikert scale is used as an effective tool that can assess andmeasure psychology, attitudes, and opinions of the responsesin the most detailed and accurate way.We chose the survey method after performing researchand designing questions, and we used Google Forms as atool to build online and useable Google survey surveys,Figure 1: Theoretical Frameworks of Green EntrepreneurshipIntention
Trong Luan NGUYEN, Nguyen Anh Ngu PHAM, Thi Kim Nhung NGUYEN, Ngoc Khai Vy NGUYEN, Hoang Thang NGO,Tran Thien Ly PHAM / Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business Vol 9 No 2 (2022) 0383–0393387Table 1: Scale of ComponentsConceptSymbolAttitudeAT1Being a green entrepreneur brings more advantages than disadvantagesto meAT2A career as a green entrepreneur is attractive to meAT3If I had the opportunity and resources, I would like to become a greenentrepreneurAT4Being a green entrepreneur would entail great satisfaction for meAT5Society should act in a more environmentally conscious wayES1My university offers courses, talk shows about green entrepreneurshipES2My university encourages students to start green entrepreneurshipES3My university offers work, projects focused on green entrepreneurshipES4My University has activities to connect students to green business projects(Club Events,.)SN1If I decided to become a green entrepreneur, my family will support my decision.SN2If I decided to become a green entrepreneur, my friends will support my decision.SN3If I decided to become a green entrepreneur, my school friends will supportmy decision.SN4If I decided to become a green entrepreneur, I will receive support from thegovernment.SN5If I decided to become a green entrepreneur, I will receive support from society.SE1I have the necessary skills to be an entrepreneur.SE2I have a strong mentality to start with challenges in the field of green businessSE3I feel confident when leadingSE4I feel confident in myself when starting a green businessSE5I can overcome all difficulties to start a businessRA1I am not willing to take the risk of choosing a job or a company to work forRA2I prefer a low-risk job with steady pay versus a high-risk job with high payRA3I’d rather stay in a job with problems I know about than take the risk of a newjob with problems I don’t know about, even if the new job pays moreRA4I view risk at work as a situation that I must avoid at all costs.NA1I desire and pursue successNA2I like to participate in high-responsibility jobsNA3I will try to improve my performance to be able to successfullyNA4I feel excited when I complete the taskNA5I believe that success or failure is due to my own efforts rather than due toother conditionsGEI1Becoming a green entrepreneur is my preferred career choiceGEI2My professional goal is to become a green entrepreneurGEI3I am committed to starting and running my own green businessGEI4I am determined to create a green business in the futureGEI5I have been thinking about green business ideasEducationalsupportsSubjective normsSelf-efficacyRisk - AversionNeed ed VariablesMeasureLikert 1–5Likert 1–5Likert 1–5Likert 1–5Likert 1–5Likert 1–5Likert 1–5
388Trong Luan NGUYEN, Nguyen Anh Ngu PHAM, Thi Kim Nhung NGUYEN, Ngoc Khai Vy NGUYEN, Hoang Thang NGO,Tran Thien Ly PHAM / Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business Vol 9 No 2 (2022) 0383–0393which we then sent to respondents. Google Forms isa Google tool that is ideal for collecting data in socialscience research since it is simple to use, has no pressure,and allows respondents to cooperate to collect the mostaccurate, trustworthy, and legitimate responses for dataanalysis.correlations between latent concepts can be estimated usingcomplexity and SEM models.3.2. Data CollectionTable 2 shows the demographic profiles of surveyrespondents. The results show that 43.6% of the surveyedpeople are males and 56.4% of the surveyed people arefemales. In which, 91.3% of respondents are aged between18–23 years old, 7.8% of respondents are aged 24–29 yearsold. Accordingly, 95.1% of people are studying in universityand 4.1% of people are studying in college. In addition, theresults show that 33.4% showed that their income is under 3million, 31.2% of surveyed people answered that their incomeis from 3–5 million a month and 23.4% has an income of 5–10million a month and 12% answered that more than 10 milliona month. The survey sample shows that the educational levelof the survey participants accounts for more than 90% ofthe students, the inferences about the survey participants arereasonable and the results are completely reliable.A survey table is a tool used in scientific research tocollect information to meet the stated research objectives.It states that collecting research data is critical in ascientific study; stages such as defining the research area,selecting respondents who fit the requirements, researchobjectives, and analyzing and selecting survey questionsare all required.The primary data was gathered using a Google Formand a questionnaire. The group will send messages tothe respondents after selecting the cities that match therequirements for the survey in Vietnam. We received 773responses in one month, all of which were deemed eligiblefor data analysis and investigation. The collected datawill be divided into a demographic survey, environmentalawareness survey, and questions about independent factorssuch as attitude, educational support, subjective norm, selfefficacy, risk aversion, and the need for achievement.3.3. Methods of Data AnalysisIn our study, we employed a survey to gather informationfrom respondents, and we conducted the research using thequantitative research approach. Research subjects will bemeasured by data collection and analysis findings fromthe respondents’ data, and the response data from therespondents will be transformed into specific metrics forevaluation.Following the collection of the above-mentioned data,we began analyzing the data using SPSS and AMOSsoftware. Cronbach’s alpha reliability analysis is astraightforward approach to determine whether or not thecollected value is dependable. Exploratory factor analysis(EFA) examines the relationship between variables acrossall factors to identify variables with factor differences rightaway. CFA can help us bridge the gap between hypothesisand observation; it usually produces more accurate andexact answers than EFA, correlation, and regression, andit can also analyze convergence and discriminate variablestructures. Finally, structural equation modeling (SEM) isa commonly used model in domains such as psychologyand sociology.To assess the relationship, the SEM model integratesall of the approaches such as multivariate regression,factor analysis, and relationship analysis. Cause-and-effect4. Results4.1. Profile of Respondents4.2. Reliability TestTo test the reliability of the equivalence scale affectingthe green entrepreneurship intention in university studentsin the COVID-19 pandemic in Viet Nam, Cronbach’s alphareliability coefficient was calculated and the results areshown in Table 3. The correlation of the observed variablesto the total variable includes Attitude (AT); Educationalsupports (ES); Subjective norms (SN); Self-efficacy(SE); Risk - Aversion (RA); Need for achievement (NA).Table 2: Profile of RespondentsDemographic ercentMale33743.6Female43656.418–23 years old70691.324–29 years old607.830–35 years old70.9Colleges324.1University73595.1After university60.8Under 3 million25833.43–5 million24131.25–10 million18123.4Over 10 million9312
Trong Luan NGUYEN, Nguyen Anh Ngu PHAM, Thi Kim Nhung NGUYEN, Ngoc Khai Vy NGUYEN, Hoang Thang NGO,Tran Thien Ly PHAM / Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business Vol 9 No 2 (2022) 0383–0393389Table 3: Cronbach’s AlphaItemsAttitude (AT):Cronbach’s Alpha 0.745Educational supports (ES):Cronbach’s Alpha 0.648Subjective norms (SN):Cronbach’s Alpha 0.830Self-efficacy (SE):Cronbach’s Alpha 0.759Risk – Aversion (RA):Cronbach’s Alpha 0.791Need for achievement (NA):Cronbach’s Alpha 0.762Green EntrepreneurshipIntention (GEI):Cronbach’s Alpha 0.636Corrected Item-Total CorrelationCronbach’s Alpha if Item GEI40.6320.632GEI50.5080.508The results of the scale reliability test show that Cronbach’sAlpha coefficient ranging from 0.830 to 0.648 is all morethan 0.6, showing that the relationship of the observedvariable with the total variable is reliable. The Correcteditem-total Correlation of all variables is greater than 0.3,except that the variable AT1 has The Corrected item-totalCorrelation is 0.174 less than 0.3 so the variable AT will beremoved.In which, the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient highest isSubjective norms (0.830) and the lowest is Educationalsupports (0.648). All variables have standard Cronbach’sAlpha coefficients, so except the AT1 variable, all the
390Trong Luan NGUYEN, Nguyen Anh Ngu PHAM, Thi Kim Nhung NGUYEN, Ngoc Khai Vy NGUYEN, Hoang Thang NGO,Tran Thien Ly PHAM / Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business Vol 9 No 2 (2022) 0383–0393remaining variables will be kept for analysis in the nextsection.4.3. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)The results of factor analysis show that the KMO indexis 0.861 0.5, which proves that the data used for factoranalysis is completely appropriate. Barlett’s test result is4.939 with a Sig level. 0.000 0.05, this time rejectinghypothesis H0: observed variables are not correlated witheach other in the population. Thus the variables are correlatedwith each other and satisfy the factor analysis conditions.Perform factor analysis according to Principal componentswith Varimax rotation. The results show that the original18 observed variables are grouped into 5 groups. The totalvalue of variance extracted 63.917% 50%: satisfactory;then it can be said that these 5 factors explain 63.917% ofthe variability of the data. The Eigenvalues of the factorsare all high ( 1), the 5 factor has the lowest Eigenvalues is1.122 1.4.4. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)According to Hu and Bentler (1999), Confirmatory factoranalysis (CFA) was used to determine the measurementmodel fit by using SPSS and AMOS. Variables SN1, SN2,RA1, NA5, NA1, and NA3 were removed from the modelbecause Sig of variable 0.5 and unconformity variableor variable has no significance. Four indices were utilized,and the results are shown in Table 4. These indicators areenough for evaluating the measurement model. The findingsdemonstrate a satisfactory match between the measurementmodel and the data. This is necessary for furtherinvestigation of connections between latent constructs.The average variance extracted (AVE) values of Subjectivenorms (SN), Risk - Aversion (RA), Self-efficacy (SE),Attitude (AT) were 0.507, 0.530, 0.500, 0.543 respectively.The latent variable would have convergent validity if theAVE value
H1: Attitude has an impact on green entrepreneurship intentions. 2.2. Educational Supports Towards Green Entrepreneurship Intention Perceived educational support Entrepreneurship education was pioneered by universities in the United States of America. New studies have shown that green startup intentions (Green Business) are now being strongly
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To define the entrepreneurship. To explain the significance of Entrepreneurship. To explain the Entrepreneurship Development. To describe the Dynamics of Entrepreneurship Development. 1.1 Need and significance of Entrepreneurship Development in Global contexts It is said that an economy is an effect for which entrepreneurship is the cause.
3. Determining the major factors that affect the students' attitude towards entrepreneurship at PSUT through three major factors: students' awareness towards entrepreneurship, students' perception towards the effect of entrepreneurship on the individual, and students' perception towards the effect of entrepreneurship on the society.
(organizational attractiveness) and intentions (intentions to pursue the job, intentions to accept the job, and intentions to recommend the job to others). When benchmarked against the field of organizational behavior and human resources, as per Bosco, Aguinis, Singh, Field, and Pierce (2015), these effects are medium to large in magnitude.
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CHAPTER 2: ENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND CREATIVITY ctives. epreneurs. reneurship. 3:49). thought on the meaning of entrepreneurship. One group focused on the characteris-tics of entrepreneurship (e.g. innovation, growth, uniqueness) while a second group focused on the outcomes of entrepreneurship (e.g. the creation of value).
identify and describe characterizations of technology entrepreneurship, digital techno-logy entrepreneurship, and digital entrepreneurship. With this new delineation of terms, we would like to foster discussion between researchers, entrepreneurs, and policy makers on the impact of digitization on entrepreneurship, and set a future research agenda.
Cambridge IGCSE Accounting is accepted by universities and employers as proof of an understanding of the theory and concepts of accounting, and the ways in which accounting is used in a variety of modern economic and business contexts. Candidates focus on the skills of recording, reporting, presenting and interpreting financial information; these form an ideal foundation for further study, and .
