Development Of Purchasing Module For Agriculture E-Commerce Using .
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 9, No. 10, 2018Development of Purchasing Module for AgricultureE-Commerce using Dynamic System DevelopmentModelRosa Delima1Halim Budi Santoso2, Novan Andriyanto3, ArgoWibowo4Informatics DepartmentDuta Wacana Christian UniversityYogyakarta, IndonesiaInformation System DepartmentDuta Wacana Christian UniversityYogyakarta, IndonesiaAbstract—Trading model has been changing since the vastimplementation of Information and Communication Technologyin every sector. This model is known as e-Commerce. Unlikely,there is still limited company which specifically tradesagriculture product. Agriculture e-Commerce is known as aplatform to buy and sell some agriculture products. Agriculturee-commerce has important role to support economic developmentand market expansion for farmers in particular and people inrural areas in general. There is still limited access and providerwhich buy and sell agriculture product to farmer and its farmerrepresentative. Therefore, this research develops specificagriculture e-commerce. There are two main modules foragriculture e-commerce, purchasing and buying module. On thisarticle, we acknowledge to develop the first module, which ispurchasing module. Purchasing module was developed usingDynamic System Development Method (DSDM). Developmentphase includes feasibility study, business study, functional modeliteration, and design and build model iteration. At the end of thephase, testing is conducted. The result of this study is theprototype of agriculture e-Commerce product with predefinedfunctions. Purchasing module of the system depicts theopportunity for farmer to buy the tools and materials. Thissystem has two main functions: purchasing system managementand reporting management. System testing also was conducted totest the velopment method; DSDM; purchase moduleI.systemINTRODUCTIONoperational costs; (2) Buyers can save time in shopping and getflexibility at certain levels in shopping [2]. However, eCommerce business model have not reached agriculture sector,especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. There aresome e-Commerce companies, such as Lazada, Tokopedia,Elevania, and OLX. Among those e-Commerce companies,there is none of e-Commerce companies which focus on sellingagriculture product. Thus, in this research, researcherdeveloped an e-Commerce system which sells agriculturetools, materials, and products specifically.System development uses Dynamic System DevelopmentModel (DSDM). The usage of this method is based on theadvantages of DSDM as agile development models [3]. Thismodel tries to look for equilibrium process so the model is ableto work in dynamic environment. Dynamic environmentusually involves requirement changes. This model suppressesthe control mechanism in customer feedback to ensure a highlevel of customer satisfaction [4].Agriculture e-Commerce system contains two mainmodule, purchasing module and selling module. This articlediscusses development of purchasing module as part ofAgriculture e-Commerce system. Purchasing module wasdeveloped intended for buyer of agriculture products offered.This system is developed using PHP and HTML5 and databaseengine MySQL. Purchasing module user are buyers. Thismodule has some functions, including goods selection,discussion with sellers, and buying directly using system.Purchasing and Selling are two main processes of tradingbusiness, goods and services. In the era of industry revolution4.0, there is a change in the trading business model. In theconventional model, buyer and seller meet directly face to face.Nowadays, there is a shifting to become trading model basedon Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Thistrading model is known as e-commerce. E-Commerce is atrading model, including purchasing, selling, and exchanginggoods, services, and information through computer networkand internet [1].A. Dynamic System Development Metohod (DSDM)Dynamic System Development Method is one of agilemethodology that is used to develop software. DynamicSystem Development Method (DSDM) is a method that hasbeen developed based on software development successexperience. This method is an improvement method for RapidApplication Development (RAD). This method is flexible andpractical for software project management [5][6][7].E-Commerce business model evolves rapidly in somecountries in the world. This business model offers someadvantages, either for seller and buyer. Two e-Commerceadvantages are: (1) e-Commerce is able to decrease companyDSDM has 4 basic philosophies: (1) Development processis a team work. This process is a combination betweencustomer knowledge about business process and businessrequirement and IT staff professional; (2) good qualityII. LITERATURE REVIEW86 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 9, No. 10, 2018demands suitability with good technical skills; (3)Development process can be incremental means that noteverything can be done; and (4) The diminution of the law ofincreasing returns means that resources must be used todevelop features that are most valuable to the business [5].e-Commerce involves internet usage, including mobile phoneto provide information and bring together supply and demandin Agriculture sector. In the farmer’s point of view, eCommerce is selling and buying activity for agricultureproduct by using internet [9].DSDM has 9 important principles: (1) User activeparticipation is an important part and needed for systemdevelopment; (2) Development team should have authority totake decision; (3) Focusing on product completion periodically;(4) Suitability with business is a product acceptance criteria;(5) Development is an iterative and mandatory incrementalprocess; (6) All changes in the development process must bereversible, which means that changes do not affect the cycle,system, and environment; (7) It is needed to define system“high level”; (8) System testing is a life cycle integrated part;and (9) Collaborative and Cooperative Approach is used in thismethod [8].Agriculture e-Commerce is important to be developed sincethis system is needed to: 1) grow economic development inagriculture sector; 2) accelerate agriculture information flow;3) spread market for agriculture sector; 4) promoteindustrialization process for agriculture [10]. There is somemodels to implement agriculture e-Commerce, includingBusiness to Business (B2B), Farmer to Customer (F2C),Farmer To Association To Business (F2A2B), Online toOffline (O2O), Business to Business to Customer (B2B2C),Peasants to Customer to Business (P2C2B), and Peasants toGovernment to Business (P2G2B) [9][10]DSDM system development is called “The three pizzas anda cheese”. The three pizzas are DSDM three main stages,Functional Model Iteration, Design and Build Iteration, andImplementation. Meanwhile, “a cheese” is 2 initial stagessoftware development process, Feasibility and Business Study.The DSDM Software Development Process can be seen inFig.1.Fig. 1. Dynamic System Development Method.Figure 1 shows Dynamic System Development Methoddiagram. It is shown that there are 3 main stages and 2 initialstages for software development. 2 Initial Stages are Feasibilitystudy and Business study. Those 2 initial stages should beconducted before the main stages. 3 main stages are FunctionalModel Iteration, Design and build iteration, andImplementation. Functional Model Iteration consists of 4 mainsub stages: (1) Create functional prototype; (2) Agree schedule;(3) Identify functional prototype; and (4) Review prototype.Design and build iteration is the next stage after FunctionalModel Iteration and consists of four sub-stages: (1) Identifydesign prototypes; (2) Agree schedule; (3) Create designprototypes; (4) Review design prototypes. And the last stagesis the implementation which has 4 sub-stages: (1) ReviewBusiness; (2) User approved and user guidelines; (3) Trainuser; and (4) Implement.B. Agriculture mentation for agriculture sector. In particular, agricultureChina and India as agricultural country have started todevelop agriculture e-Commerce. There is similarity for two eCommerce business model. China and India involves ebusiness farmers, organization, and company as an integratedagriculture e-Commerce [11]. Therefore, there is a different inits implementation: 1) initiative e-Commerce implementationin India is aimed to cut production and buying cost, while inChina is to increase farmer’s revenue; 2) Agriculture eCommerce business model in India to facilitate farmer to buyland and daily need through e-business mobile. On the otherhand, China agriculture e-Commerce business model to ensurefarmer’s comfortable to sell agriculture product using PC andinternet network; 3) Government has direct and special role inIndia, while China government only provides macroeconomicguidance or indirect regulation through finance, tax, law, andindirect participation in the market; and 4) Agriculture eCommerce in Indonesia focuses on cheap goods and similarform of technology and electronics. Meanwhile, ChinaAgriculture e-Commerce supports good quality products andmore mature and multiform business model platforms [11]During the development and implementation of agriculturee-Commerce, there are some problems that should be faced: 1)Low level of agriculture informatization; 2) Rural society’sknowledge to use e-Commerce is still limited; 3) Lessknowledge to optimize e-Commerce benefit; 4) Incomplete eCommerce environment; 5) Various agriculture productcharacteristics; 6) Limited internet access; and 7) Agriculturepractitioner lack of skill in using technology [9]. Thus, thereare some considerations to develop and implement agriculturee-Commerce: 1) Integration of required information resources;2) e-Commerce should focus on area development; 3) The needof strengthening the logistics and distribution system; 4) Theneed of strategy to boost farmer’s and customer’s profit [10].Agriculture e-Commerce is important to raise rural societyeconomic development. Perception, awareness, and obstaclesare the most important things to implement agriculture eCommerce. Perception relates with obstacles, while awarenessrelates with perception and obstacles. Farmer awareness andinfrastructure support play important role in successfulimplementation of agriculture e-Commerce [12].Institute of Research and Community Service Duta Wacana ChristianUniversity (DWCU) and Informatic Department DWCU.87 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 9, No. 10, 2018III. RESEARCH METODOLOGYThis study use Dynamic System Development Method(DSDM). There are 5 main stages in development process ofpurchasing module: 1) feasibility study; 2) business study; 3)functional model iteration; 4) design and build iteration; and 5)implementation. This study is only up to the fourth stage,namely design and built iteration.A. Feasibility StudyThis is the first stage in developing agriculture eCommerce. In this stage, it is identified some problems that forresearch background. There is no e-Commerce that particularlyprovides agriculture tools, materials, and product. This systemhas important roles in expanding the market for tradingagricultural product that will provide bargaining power forfarmers and actors involved in agricultural business.D. Design and Build IterationThis is the fourth stage in development process. Purchasingmodule design includes use case diagram design, databasedesign using ER Diagram, activity diagram, sequence diagram,and interface design.Use case diagram is used to give some explanations of eachuser’s role and functionalities. Purchasing module has twomain actors: Buyer and Administrator. Use case diagram isshow in figure 2 below.Feasibility study also does some implementation eligibilityassessment from resources availability, including developmentteam and funding. Development team for agriculture eCommerce consists of 6 persons as analyst, designer, and codeimplementation. Other while, this project is funded by Instituteof Research and Community Service Duta Wacana ChristianUniversity (DWCU) and Informatics Department DWCU.Based on resources availability, agriculture e-commerce isconsidered worthy to be executed.B. Business StudyBusiness study is the second stage to analyze businessprocess relate to the system to be developed. Development ofagriculture e-commerce is a stage that is already planned forIntegrated Agriculture Information System (IAIS). IAIS is astudy project has been conducting since 2015 and will continueuntil 2022. Agriculture e-commerce development is stated indeveloped IAIS blueprint [13][14][15]. Agriculture eCommerce development in accordance with IAIS businessmotivation: development of architecture and application forIAIS. This goal has 3 objectives: 1) Blueprint strategy forsystem development; 2) Availability of IT infrastructure; 3)Development of Agriculture Information Systems andKnowledge Based Systems [15].C. Functional Model IterationFunctional Model Iteration is an iterative stage that isconducted to do modelling for system functionalities.Specifically, this step is to model functionalities in purchasingmodule of agriculture e-Commerce. There are two mainfunctions: 1) Purchasing transaction management; 2) Reportingmanagement. Those two functions are mapped and shown intable 1 below:TABLE I.Functional ModelPurchasing TransactionManagementReporting ManagementMODUL FUNCTIONALITY MAPPINGModuleBuyer LoginMaterial, Tools, and Product searchingMaterial, Tools, and Product PurchasingPaymentPayment VerificationSeller ReportingAdmin ReportingFig. 2. Purchasing Module Use Case Diagram.Figure 2 shows that there are two main actors: buyer andsystem administrator. Each user has its use cases. Buyer is ableto 1) login to system; 2) material, tool, and product searching;3) see information related to the product offered; 4) buyingagricultural material, tools, and product; and 5) processingpayment. On the other hand, system administrator is able tovalidating payment and generates purchasing report.Database design of purchasing module was designed usingEntity Relationship Diagram. This process uses Logical DataModelling. There are 8 steps in the modelling: 1) identify mainentities; 2) depiction of entity relationship; 3) defining primaryand secondary key; 4) defining foreign key; 5) business rulesdefinition; 6) non-key attribute addition; 7) validatingnormalization rules; 8) data dictionary creation. There are 12entities in e-commerce database. The followings are relationscheme: Master detail user (ID User Primary Key), Master kategori(ID Kategori Primary Key), Master user kat(ID kategori, ID userBoth areForeign Key from table master kategori andmaster detail user), Master user(ID User Primary Key),88 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 9, No. 10, 2018 Master Produk Tani(ID Produk Primary Key),Complete figure of Database design can be seen in Figure Master Spesies tanaman(ID Spesies Primary Key),3. Master Kategori Produk(ID Kategorifrom table Master kategori),The next modelling is activity diagram. There are threemain processes: 1) login process; 2) purchasing process; and 3)report generating process. Activity diagram of each process canbe seen in fig. 3 - 5.ForeignKey Master alat tani(Id Alat Primary Key, ID KategoriForeign Key from master kategori), Master bahan pertanian(ID Bahan Primary Key,ID Kategori Foreign Key from table Master kategori), Trans harga produk(ID Produk Foreign Key fromMaster produk tani, ID User Foreign Key fromMaster detail user), Trans permintaan(ID PermintaanPrimaryKey,ID User Foreign Key from Master detail user,ID Penawaran Foreign Key), Trans penawaran prod tani(ID PenawaranForeignKey, ID User Foreign Key from Master detail user).Figure 4-5 shows activity diagram of each main activities.Fig. 4 shows activity for login process. User should have anaccount to login. If there is no account, user should register itthrough the website. Administrator will verify new userregistration. An email is able only once to be used to registerthe new user and will be active in a day.Figure 5 shows activity diagram to order agriculture tools,materials, and product. To order, user should have an account.User should pay the order to website administrator. Systemadministrator will verify the payment. If it is success, systemadministrator will forward the order to the seller and changethe status to indicate that the order is already paid. Seller willsent the order to the buyer if it is ready.Fig. 3. Entity Relationship Diagram Purchasing Module.89 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 9, No. 10, 2018Fig. 4. Activity Diagram Login Process.Fig. 6. Activity Diagram Report Generating.Figure 6, shows activity diagram to manage report. Usershould determine and enter the specific date for report. Thesystem will generate the desired report.Sequence diagram is the diagram to describe the interactionbetween object and system. There are 6 sequence diagrams forpurchase module: 1) user login sequence diagram; 2) see iteminformation; 3) search specific item; 4) purchase item; 5)payment verification; and 6) generate report. Sequencediagram of six main activities are shown in fig. 6 - 11.The first sequence diagram is user login (fig. 7). Thisdiagram shows the process of login user. User input id andpassword, after that system will check user id and password onuser data. If data conform then user will be directed topurchasing page. In purchasing page, user can search productas shown in fig. 8. User can click the product to seeinformation detail. Sequence diagram for viewing productdetail can be seen in fig. 9. The steps that user should do forpurchasing can be seen in fig. 10. The admin paymentverification process can be seen in fig. 11. User admin canperform report by following the steps in the fig. 12.Fig. 5. Activity Diagram Purchasing Transaction.After completing the database and process design forpurchasing module, the next step is to design the user interfacefor purchasing module. There are 11 user interface design forpurchasing module in agriculture e-Commerce. Those arehome, user login, user registration, product detail, shoppingtransaction, shopping cart, payment form, user profile detail,admin dashboard page, payment verification, and reportingpage.90 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 9, No. 10, 2018Fig. 7. Sequence Diagram User Login.Fig. 8. Sequence Diagram Item Searching.91 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 9, No. 10, 2018Fig. 9. Sequence Diagram Viewing Item Information.Fig. 10. Sequence Diagram Purchasing Item.92 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 9, No. 10, 2018Fig. 11. Sequence Diagram Payment Verification.Fig. 12. Sequence Diagram Report Generating.93 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 9, No. 10, 2018Fig. 13. Agriculture e-Commerce Purchasing Module Site Map.IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND ANALYSISA. Purchasing Module ImplementationAgriculture e-Commerce purchasing module has thisfollowing sitemap, as shown in fig. 12.Figure 13 shows purchasing module site map. Purchasingmodule has 8 main menu: home, registration, productinformation, product detail, purchasing module, payment,reporting, and user profile. Some of those menus has sub menuwhich bring user to get more detail information.Figure 14 shows user login page for user authentication.User should have an account to login. If the user does not havean account, user should register it and the system administratorwill verify the registration.Fig. 15. Product Page.Fig. 14. User Login Page.Figure 15 shows the product page information. This pagegives the product information, price, and the seller. User is ableto see the detail information by clicking the product picture orproduct name.94 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 9, No. 10, 2018Figure 17 shows the shopping page. In this page, customershould entry quantity of product they eager to buy, requirementdate, shipping address, and choose the appropriate courierservices. After completing the purchasing process, the productgoes to shopping cart. Shopping cart is shown in figure 17below.Figure 18 shows the shopping cart page. This pagesummarizes items that customer buys. Customer is able todelete the item if the customer wants to cancel the order. Ifcustomers are ready to pay, customer should press the paymentbutton and the system will bring you to the payment page.Customer should pay via transfer to the stated amount. This ecommerce still has limitation in its payment process. It still hasno cooperation with card merchant and banking.Fig. 16. Detail Product Page.Figure 16 shows the product information detail. Productinformation, like unit, price, and product description, highestand lowest price are shown in this page. User is able to see theremaining stock available in this page.Fig. 19. Payment Validation Page.After completing the transfer and payment process,customer should upload the transfer receipt. Figure 19 showsthe admin validation page. Customer should entry the transferamount. System administrator will verify the payment processby clicking the validation button. System administrator is alsoable to send the notification to the seller if the payment hasbeen received.Fig. 17. Shopping Page.B. System TestingSystem testing is conducted after the development processfinished. System testing is carried out to evaluate and ensurethe program is working according to the functions that havebeen set. Module testing is carried out focusing on functionaland system specification. This model is called Black Box.There are four functionalities specifications that is tested:system interface, basic functional system, system handling, andsystem security. The number of tests and the percentage ofsuccess for each test can been seen in table 2 below:TABLE II.Fig. 18. Shopping Cart Page.MODULE FUNCTIONALITY MAPPINGNoTesting SpecificationNumber ofbutton orfunctionNumberof testPercentageof success1.System Interface10 buttons611002.System Basic Function3 functions401003.System Form Handle3 entry form121004.System Security2 cases610095 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 9, No. 10, 2018Table II indicates the module functionality mapping results.It shows that percentage of success for the test is 100%. Itmeans that functionality of purchasing module prototype worksaccording to the requirement.C. Advantage and Disadvantage Purchasing Module AnalysisThere are some advantages of purchasing module foragriculture e-Commerce: 1) system has been equipped withproduct discussion. Through this feature, buyer is able tointeract and communicate with seller about the product; 2)Information / reports as an output system is able to be saved inpdf format; and 3) this system is web based. It will help theseller to expand the market wider.There are two disadvantages of purchasing module foragriculture e-Commerce: 1) System is not able to givelimitation to product picture size; 2) System does not haveproduct payment feature. It has no cooperation with financialinstitution.D. Dynamic System Development Method (DSDM)Implementation AnalysisDynamic System Development Method (DSDM) isimplemented to continue the previous study. Two initial phasesare feasibility and business study is implemented based onprevious study. Functional model and design and build modeliteration is implemented, either parallel or sequential. Parallelprocess is carried out for purchasing and selling module.Otherwise, integration module is conducted sequential afterthose two modules are successes to be implemented.Implementation of Dynamic System Development Method issuitable and flexible following dynamic changes experiencedby the system development team.V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKACKNOWLEDGMENTSpecial thanks to Institute of Research and CommunityService Duta Wacana Christian University (DWCU) who givegrant to fund our research. Researchers also thanks to DutaWacana Christian University's Faculty of InformationTechnology as our base that provides facility in doing thisresearch and has funded the publication of this . ConclusionThis study concludes that: 1) Dynamic SystemDevelopment Method (DSDM) is successfully applied byperform two main steps, namely functional model iteration anddesign and build iteration incrementally. Meanwhile the firsttwo steps, feasibility and business study are done by referringthe result of previous research; 2) Purchasing module foragriculture e-Commerce has two main users: purchasingsystem management and reporting management; and 3) Testingresults shows that module prototype runs well in according todefined functions.B. Future WorkFuture work that is going to be done is integratingpurchasing and selling module, system usability testing, andimplementation to the farmer community and agricultureindustry.[11][12][13][14][15]E. Turban, D. King, J. Lee, T. Liang and D. Turban, ElectronicCommerce : A Managerial and Social Network Perspective, Cham,Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG, 2015.A. G. Khan, "Electronic Commerce: A Study on Benefits and Challengesin an Emerging Economy," Global Journal of Management and BusinessResearch: Beconomics and Commerce, pp. 3-4, 2016.A. E. Chowdhury, A. Bhowmik, H. Hasan and M. S. Rahim, "Analysis ofthe Veracities of Industry Used Software Development Life CycleMethodologies," AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE), pp.Vol. 16; Issue 2; June; pp 1-8, 2017.M. Al-Zewairi, M. Biltawi, W. Etaiwi and A. Shaout, "Agile SoftwareDevelopment Methodologies:," Journal of Computer and Communicat,pp. Vol. 5; pp 74-97, 2017.J. Stapleton, DSDM Business Focused Development, Second Edition,Great Britain: Addison Wesley, Pearson Education, DSDM Consortium2003.K. Slegten, "Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM)," 2016.Agile Business Consortium, "The DSDM Agile Project Framework ks/the-dsdmagile-project-framework-2014-onwards.B. J. Voigt, "Dynamic System Development Method," Departement ofInformation Technology University of Zurich, Zurich, 2004.J. Wang, X. Zhu and C. Zhang, "Models of China's E-Commerce in theAgricultural Sector : an Exploratory Study," International Journal of Uande-Service, Science and Technology, vol. 9. No. 4, pp. pp. 389 - 400,2016.J. Huiting, "Discussion on the Construction of Agricultural E-commerceMode," in International Conference on Ecanomic, Finance and Statistics(ICEFS), Hongkong, 2017.M. Dong, "International Comparisons on Business model of agriculture ecommerce between India and China," in International Conference onIndustrial Economics System and Industrial Security Engineering (IEIS),Sydney, Australia, 2016.R. Kalpana and N. Shibu, "ICT Usages with E-Commerce in AgriculturalPractices," Journal of Commerce and Management Studies, vol. VIII, no.Special Issue 1(2), pp. 63-67, July 2017.R. Delima, H. B. Santoso and J. Purwadi, "Architecture Vision forIndonesian Integrated Agriculture Information Systems Using TOGAFFramework," in International Conference of Informatics and Computing(ICIC), Lombok; Indonesia, 2016.H. B. Santoso and R. Delima, "Stakeholder Definition and Analysis forIndonesian Integrated Agricultural Information Systems (IAIS)," inConference on Information Technology and Digital Application,Yogyakarta, 2016.R. Delima, H. B. Santoso and J. Purwadi, "Business ArchitectureDevelopmnet for Integreted Agriculture Information System (IAIS) usingTOGAF Framework," Researchers World, vol. VIII, no. 2(1), pp. pp 0113, April 2017.96 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
System development uses Dynamic System Development Model (DSDM). The usage of this method is based on the advantages of DSDM as agile development models [3]. This model tries to look for equilibrium process so the model is able to work in dynamic environment. Dynamic environment usually involves requirement changes. This model suppresses
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LÄS NOGGRANT FÖLJANDE VILLKOR FÖR APPLE DEVELOPER PROGRAM LICENCE . Apple Developer Program License Agreement Syfte Du vill använda Apple-mjukvara (enligt definitionen nedan) för att utveckla en eller flera Applikationer (enligt definitionen nedan) för Apple-märkta produkter. . Applikationer som utvecklas för iOS-produkter, Apple .
A purchasing agency may have more than one purchasing agent. IC 5-22-4-7 Allows governmental bodies, under IC 36-1-7 (Interlocal Agreement), to form cooperative purchasing organizations. Requires cooperative purchasing organizations to follow IC 5 -22. The cooperative purchasing organization becomes the purchasing agency for
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