Innovations In Water Recycling - New WAter Ways
Innovations in Water RecyclingRichard TheobaldManagerWater Unit
Legislation (Sewage/Recycling) Health Act 1911 Requires sanitary facilities in houses Provision for Sewerage Schemes (LGA or others) Sewer connection requirements rating Products assessment and approval Biosolid disposal/reuse Health Treatment of Sewage and Disposal of Effluent andLiquid Wastes) Regulations 1974 Design build and installation
Sewage Any thing or matter of sewage, nightsoil, faecal matter orurine, and any waste composed wholly or in part of liquid.
Recycled Water Any form of Ex-human use. E.g. Greywater, industrial wastewater, sewage, yellow &black water. Applies to single residential owner consumers. Includes design and build of distribution & treatmentsystems. NH&MRC Phase 1 and /or 2 (Full risk application).
Water Recycling(The water view)
Water Recycling(The health view)Drinking WaterFoodSwimming PoolsSurface WaterGround WaterRecreational WaterSoilHumansSewage
Major waterborne pathogens causingdiarrhoeal disease since 1972Year IdentifiedPathogenComments on disease1972Small round structured virus(SRSVs, calciviruses)Rapid onset acute diarrhoea oftenassociated with vomiting in youngerpatients1973RotavirusInfantile diarrhoea often endemic indeveloping world1976Cryptosporidium parvumProfuse water diarrhoea, important forwater borne outbreaks due to chlorineresistance.1977Campylobacter spp.Acute diarrhoea sometimes bloody1983Escherichia coli O157:H7Acute often bloody diarrhoea, haemolyticuremic syndrome (HUS)1992Vibrio cholerae O139:H7New strain of epidemic cholera
Cryptosporidium – Milwaukee, 1993More than 4,000 people filed notices ofinjury with the city, 1,400 filed claimsseeking damages of 25 million. Thecity ultimately settled for 100,000,General Chemical Corp., the watertreatment chemical manufacturer,settled for 1.5 million.Unwell.403,000Doctor visits.44,000Hospitalised.4,400Deaths.more than 100Lost work or school days.725,000Lost wages & medicalexpenses. 96 millionNew water purificationsystem. 90 millionSlide 8
National Water Quality Management StrategyNWQMS Policies & Principles (1994)Groundwater Protection (1995)Water QualityMonitoring (2000)Fresh and MarineWater Quality (2000)Drinking Water (2004)Water Recycling – Phase 1 (2006)Water recycled from effluent, greywaterWater Recycling – Phase 2 (2007/8)Recycled Waterfor Drinking (2a)Managed AquiferRecharge (2c)Storm Water (2b)
12 ElementsCommitment to responsible use andmanagement of recycled waterSystem Analysis &Management2. Assessment of therecycled water system3. Preventative Measures forrecycled watermanagement4. Operational Procedures& Process Controls5. Verification of recycledWater Quality6. Incident & EmergencyManagementSupporting Requirements7. Employee awareness& training(7)8. Communityinvolvement& awareness (8)9. Research& development (9)10. Documentation &Reporting (10)Review11. Evaluation& audit12. Review &continualimprovement
DOH Approval processStepGuideline / RWQMP Section1. Contact DOH to discuss fit for purposerequirements and exposure risk levelbased on source water and intendedend-use(s)2. Evaluate scheme feasibilitySection 3: Common uses of recycled waterSection 4: Planning for recycled water use3. Complete and submit application form.Include a prelimnary scheme designSection 5: Risk Assessment and ManagementSection 1,2,4 and 5 of the RWQMPAppendix 1: Application FormApproval to install the recycled watertreatment plant is granted by WA Health4. Complete Commissioning Validation andVerification Report. Submit updatedRWQMPApproval to use is granted after DOHis satisfied with the RWQMP andCommissioning Validation andVerification Report5. Implement the 12 elements frame workof the National Guidelines including thepreparation of the annual reportsSection 6: Monitoring of recycled water systemsUpdate relevant sections of the RWQMPSection 5: Risk assessment and managementSection 6: Monitoring of recycled water systemsSection 7: ManagementSection 8: Awareness and TrainingSection 9: Operational reporting and auditingSection 10: Review and continuous improvementSections 1 to 11 of the RWQMP
Standard Requirements Community Information packages (ongoing).Failsafe systems/backflow prevention devices.AS 3500 Compliance.Crossover responsibility/contracts.Distribution system maintenance.Plumber/Operator competency/training.Risk Identification (HACCP) & Catchment Management.Monitoring, management, maintenance and response systems.Alternate/Recycled Water Quality Management Plan.
iAssemble teamiiDescribe productIdentify hazards andassess risk1iiiDescribe productDetermine criticalcontrol points2ivConstruct flowdiagramEstablish critical limits3vConfirm flow diagramDetermine monitoringrequirements4Establish correctiveactions5Establish verificationprocedures6Establishdocumentation andreporting7PrinciplesPreliminary StepsHACCP Process
Question 1: Do preventive measures exist to reduce the hazard / risk toan acceptable level?NOIdentify preventivemeasuresNONot a criticalcontrol pointNONot a criticalcontrol pointNONot a criticalcontrol pointYESQuestion 2: Is the preventive measure specifically designed tosubstantially reduce the risk presented by the hazard?YESQuestion 3: Can operation of the preventive measure be monitored andcorrective actions be applied in a timely fashion?YESQuestion 4: Would failure of the preventive measure lead to immediatecorrective action or possible cessation of supply?YESCritical Control Point
What is in a RWQMP ? Introduction – System Description Roles and responsibilities Water Quality Objectives System Assessment (Critical Control Points) Validation Operational Monitoring & Process Controls Verification (Assessable Monitoring) Supporting Programs Incident and Emergency Management Employee Awareness/training Document Control/Reporting Audit/Review/Improvement
raft RWQMP Template WA Health(v1).doc
Monitoring Baseline – Information that underpins the risk assessment process Validation – Evidence to prove the recycled water qualitymanagement plan will work Operational – continual operational monitoring using surrogates On line monitoring using surrogates (e.g. turbidity, total organic carbon) (e.g. disinfectant residuals, UV light transmission). Critical limits - 24hr monitoring alarms. Assessable monitoring to prove compliance. Verification – end product monitoring for individual healthparameters based on system risk analysis.
InstallationCommenceLive OperationMonitoringPreapproval StageApproved SystemCommissioning validation& verification monitoringVerification monitoring (at set intervals)Validation monitoring (as required)Operational Monitoring Ongoing
Water Risk RankingsExposure RiskLevelHighhumancontact levelPotential End UsesResidential dual reticulation (exposed to air), Multi-unitdwellings, Public toilets, internal use (toilets/dedicatedlaundry)Agricultural irrigation – unprocessed foods (e.g. salad crops)Urban irrigation with unrestricted access and applicationMediumUrban irrigation - some restricted access and applicationFountains and water featuresIndustrial use with potential human exposureLowResidential sub-surface irrigationUrban irrigation with enhanced restricted access andapplicationAgricultural irrigation; processed foodsExtra LowWoodlots, Subsurface reticulation (non-food crops)
Recycled Water Compliance/ReportingExposure RiskLevelCompliance IndicatorsReporting RequirementsHigh E.coli ( 1cfu/100ml)Turbidity ( 2 NTU)pH (6.5-8.5)DisinfectionColiphage ( 1pfu/100ml)Clostridia ( 1cfu/100ml) WeeklyContinuous OnlineContinuous OnlineContinuous OnlineMonthlyMonthlyMedium E.coli ( 10cfu/100ml)TurbidityDisinfectionpH MonthlyContinuous OnlineContinuous OnlineContinuous OnlineLow E.coli ( 1000cfu/100ml)SSDisinfection if usedpH MonthlyMonthlyContinuous OnlineContinuous OnlineExtra Low E.coli ( 10,000cfu/100ml) 6 Monthly
Water Recycling Assessment Reports
Greywater Reuse Options Bucket Greywater Diversion Device (GDD) Greywater Treatment System (GTS)
Greywater Reuse Options
Guidance for Garden Irrigation
Examples of approved GDD’sNylex GDDGreymateG-NovaMatala GatorGreyFlow
Sub-surface irrigation for GDD
Examples of approved GTS’sOasis GT600Novagrey
Product certification Standards Australia: AS 1319 Safety signs for the occupational environment AS 1345 Identification of the contents of pipes, conduits andducts AS 2700 Colour Standards for general purposes AS 1546.1 Onsite Domestic Wastewater Management – Septictanks AS/NZS 1547 Onsite Domestic wastewater management AS/NZS 3500 Plumbing and drainage – Water Services ATS 5200 Technical Specifications for plumbing and drainageproducts – Procedures for certification of plumbing and drainageproducts ATS 5200:460 Technical Specification for plumbing and drainageproducts – Greywater Diversion Device (GWDD) HB 326 – 2008 Urban Greywater Installation Handbook for SingleHouseholds
Recycle Schemes & Systems Established schemes Local Government – 92 In the last 3 years Applications – 103 Approved to install – 26 Approved to use – 56 Not approved - 21
LocationTypeApprovedLocationTypeApproved140 WilliamGW/ IntYesCity SquareGREYYesAlbanyTWS/ IrrYesCoolgardie ShireTWS/POSYesAlcoa KwinanaTWS/ ProcYesCorrigin ShireTWS/POSYesAlcoa PinjarraTWS/ ProcYesDevil CreekTWS/ProcInPAlcoa WagerupTWS/ ProcYesDongara GolfTWS/POSYesAlkimosTWS/ 3rdNoDonnybrook SchemeTWS/POSYesAtlas Iron PardooTWS/ procYesEast PilbaraTWS/POSYesAtlas Iron WodginaTWSInPEsperance ShireTWS/POSYesBarrow IslandTWS / ProcYesExmouth ShireTWS/POSNoBellevue Truck WashWW/ ProcYesFinucane IslandTWS/IntNoBeverley ShireTWS/ POSInPFleetwood KarrathaBlack Cat MineTWS/ProcInPFMG RailTWS/POSInPBoart LongyearProcYesGap Ridge KarrathaTWS/POSBoddingtonTWS/ POSBridgetown ShireTWS/ POSYesHalls HeadTWS/POSYesBroome NorthTWS/ dustNoJabiru MetalsTWS/POSNoBusselton GolfTWS/ POSYesKalgoorlie BoulderTWSYesKarnet PrisonTWS/IrrKatanning ShireTWS/POSTWS/POSInPMandurah SchemeCaddadup SchemeCanning LeisureWW/IrrCape Lambert Port BTWS/ProcYesKingfisher StayoverCapel WetlandsTWS/POSYesKulin ShireCarina MineTWS/POSNoKwinana IndustryTWS/ProcYesCaversham WineryTWS/POSNoLanfranchi NickelTWS/ProcInPChristmas CreekTWS/POSYesMagellan MineTWS/ProcInP
City Square BuildingGrey Water Reuse
Capel Wetlands
Alcoa Alcoa Gordon road to Kwinana residue area cooling pond Caustic 2.5g/L pH 10
Bellevue Industrial Area Truck Wash 5Kl/day, Benzene, toluene, Ethylbenzene, xylene, oilsand grease using%20recycled%20water.pdf
Dongara Golf Course
Finucane Island
Yongah Hill Detention Centre
Kalgoorlie Boulder
Margaret River Scheme
Subiaco Standpipe Landscape irrigation and construction Recycled water supply agreement with users
Rio ROC Perth Airport Greywater reuse system for toilet flushing
So Where Are We Now Opportunistic abstraction of ground water – Done/2nd review Single residential rainwater augmentation – Done Communal residential rainwater – Done Recycled (waste) water ex house and restricted use – Done Recycled (waste) water in house – Done Stormwater – On hold Aquifer storage and recovery – On hold Managed Aquifer Recharge for Human consumption - Beenyup
What is still to be done Legacy issues and compliance with the new Guidelines. Legislation Other indicator organisms for non membrane systems. E.g. Coliphage, Clostridia, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Acceptance of indicators and surrogates E.g. rhodamine for coliphage Establishment of monitoring and reporting systems toadequately cater for multiple small systems. National accreditation, validation and approval system Training competency requirements (e.g. plumbers, irrigators, installers, operators) Chemistry & Microbiology capacity/accuracy/timeliness
Web Links: Department of Health WA http://www.public.health.wa.gov.au Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling http://www.ephc.gov.au/taxonomy/term/39 Guidelines for the Non-Potable Uses of Recycled Water in WesternAustralia uidelines%20for%20the%20Nonpotable%20Uses% Recycled Water Sampling Techniques ecycled%20Water%20Sampling%20Technique.pdf DOHWA Recycling schemes application form es.doc Code of Practice for the Reuse of Greywater in Western Australia OP%20Gretwater.pdf
Questions
Water Recycling - Phase 1 (2006) Water recycled from effluent, greywater Water Quality Monitoring (2000) Water Recycling - Phase 2 (2007/8) Recycled Water for Drinking (2a) Managed Aquifer Recharge (2c) Storm Water (2b)
Grey water-Recycling - In a german household [1] General Grey water-Recycling 48l Grey water-Recycling 70l Grey water 22l Grey water-discharge 25l Black water 25l Black water-discharge 25l toilet flush water 5l irrigation 48l service water from Grey water-Recycling 13l laundry washing 5l cleaning 52l drinking water 40l shower, bathtubs, wash .
years. Water recycling , though, generally refers to projects that use technology to speed up these natural processes. Water recycling is often characterized as "unplanned" or "planned." 2. WHY WATER RECYCLING Recycled water can satisfy most water demands, as long as it is adequately treated to ensure water quality appropriate for the use.
2015 Annual Review 2015 was a BIG year for WKU Recycling & Surplus! The Department of Facilities Management invested significantly in the Recycling Program, purchasing 27 eight-yard recycling dumpsters and additional outdoor recycling bins (pictured below), while increasing signage across campus, partnering with a new recycling .
Chemical recycling could be a complementary solution to mechanical recycling where the latter proves to be unsuited to materially recover plastic because it is too degraded, contaminated or too complex. At the same time, increased collection of high-quality waste and design for reuse and recycling should remain the two priorities in order to increase the recycling rates for plastics and .
Recycling & Solid Waste 2016 Community Meeting Presentation Outline Introductions Recycling Program Household Hazardous Waste Yard and Wood Waste Composting Electronics and Appliance Recycling Communities Participating in Waukesha County Recycling & Stormwater Education Programs Leg
The National Recycling Coalition reports that recycling has created 1.1 million jobs, 236 billion in gross annual sales, and 37 billion in annual payroll. In California, meeting the state's 50% recycling goal is expected to create about 45,000 recycling jobs, over 20,0
3.3 Pre-consumer textile recycling in Panipat 21 3.4 Mixing of post- and pre-consumer textiles in recycling 24 4. Child labour and working conditions in the Panipat textile recycling industry 25 4.1 Indian labour laws and international guidelines 25 4.2 Findings on child labour and working conditions in recycling units in Panipat 27 5.
Tulang-tulang pembentuk rangka tubuh . 12 3. Tulang-tulang di regio manus tampak . Anatomi hewan ini yang dipelajari adalah anatomi tubuh hewan piara. Pelaksanaan perkuliahan dan praktikum anatomi hewan dilakukan setiap minggu sesuai jadwal dengan beban 3 sks (1-2) pada mahasiswa semester 1. Pelaksanaan meliputi tutorial, pretest, praktikum di laboratorium, pembuatan laporan, dan ujian .
