Gendering The G20: Empowering Women In The Digital Age
JUNE 2017ISSUE NO. 186Indian Perspectives on the G20 Summit 2017Gendering the G20: Empowering Womenin the Digital AgeVIDISHA MISHRAABSTRACT Women make up a majority of the four billion people excluded from thedigital economy. Policy narratives assert that the digital economy has the potential totransform the world of work. Conversely, there are concerns that the existing 'digitaldivide' within and across nations will simply exacerbate existing social inequalities andreinforce gender hierarchies. G20 member states have repeatedly committed to bridgingpervasive gender gaps in labour-force participation, financial inclusion, and morerecently, digital inclusion. Given the heterogeneity of the G20 formation, it is importantthat they strive for coordinated action as well as localised, country-specific pathways. Thisbrief explores the challenges and opportunities for women’s empowerment in a digitalage in the context of the G20.INTRODUCTIONWhile estimates vary, a woman anywhere inthe world today is “less likely to be online, ismore likely to have low or no digital skills andis at greater risk of being socially andeconomically excluded by the digitaldisruption currently taking place.”1 Womenmake up a majority of the four billion people2excluded from the digital economy. Primarilydue to social, cultural, and economic barriers,women in the world’s least developedcountries are 31 percent less likely than their3male counterparts to have internet access.Policy narratives assert that the digitaleconomy has the potential to transform theworld of work. For instance, the digitaleconomy is expected to generate 30 millionemployment opportunities in India by2024–25.4 However, estimates suggest thatObserver Research Foundation (ORF) is a public policy think-tank that aims to influence the formulation ofpolicies for building a strong and prosperous India. ORF pursues these goals by providing informed and productiveinputs, in-depth research, and stimulating discussions. The Foundation is supported in its mission by a cross-sectionof India’s leading public figures, as well as academic and business leaders.
Gendering the G20: Empowering Women in the Digital Agewomen will be one-third less likely to benefitfrom these opportunities accrued by the new5information society. Studies indicate that thegender gap in developing countries will onlycontinue to grow, and by 2020, over 75 percent6of women will remain unconnected.Further, the “digital divide”— earlierunderstood simply in terms of access to newInformation and CommunicationsTechnology (ICT) and the gap between theinformational ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’—hassince evolved. As the term “access” is oftenconflated with usage, there is a lack ofadequate emphasis on skills, time, andopportunity required to make meaningful useof ICT. The digital divide, then, is moreaccurately described as a combination of skillgap and physical lack of access to ICT, with thetwo gaps contributing to one another incircular causation. What further contributesto the exclusion of women from the digitalrealm is that regardless of access and level ofskills, usage depends on time, opportunity,autonomy of use, and social support. Thus,simply providing physical access is notenough. Digital inclusion must be understoodin terms of those who have the skills, abilityand opportunity to productively engage,mobilise, and participate in public life usingICTs.7 While policy narratives focus on theenabling potential of ICT, there are concernsthat without equal access and skills, ICTs willexacerbate existing inequalities and reinforcetraditional gender hierarchies.The G20 is not a homogeneous grouping;neither are women. The digital gender divide isrelative to each member state and itsaccompanying socio-economic context. Forinstance, a 2015 Pew Research Centre analysisfound that in terms of smartphone ownership,the United States (US) is at the top with 72percent.8 Evidence suggests that in richereconomies, age, ethnicity, and location can bebigger determinants of digital inclusion thangender. For instance, data indicates that only49 percent of African–Americans and 51percent of Hispanics have access to high-speedinternet connections at home, compared to 66percent of Caucasians in the United States.The variation in ICT access and usage isevident across the G20 member states. Forinstance, the Effective Measure DemographicReport 2014 revealed that in South Africa, 51percent of internet users in the country werefemale.9 This is in contrast to India, where only29 percent of internet users and 28 percent ofmobile phone owners are women.10Figure 1Source: Data based on International Telecommunication Union, ICT Facts and Figures 2016, Global andRegional ICT Data, default.aspx.2ORF ISSUE BRIEF No. 186lJUNE2017
Gendering the G20: Empowering Women in the Digital AgeAt the same time, the value of the G20platform lies in norms-setting. All memberstates have repeatedly committed themselvesto bridging pervasive gender gaps in labourforce participation, financial inclusion, andmore recently, digital inclusion. Given thediversity of G20, it is important to analyse howthe group can strive towards coordinatedaction, and monitoring and evaluationmechanisms, as well as localised countryspecific pathways. Further, in the absence of animplementation mechanism, it is important toevaluate how the G20 can really cooperate toachieve its commitments. This brief aims toexplore the challenges and opportunities forwomen’s empowerment in a digital age, in thecontext of the G20. It is divided into threesections: The first explores the prospects andchallenges of putting gender equality at thecore of G20. The second section aims to unpackthe implications of women’s digital exclusionand inclusion in the heterogeneous context ofG20 and makes a case for context-specificsolutions. The brief closes with a summary.GENDERING THE G20Being responsible for 85 percent of the globaleconomy, 80 percent of world trade, and twothirds of the global population, the G20economies are in a position to be a powerfulplatform for enabling sustainable, gender-equal11economic cooperation and policymaking.However, a large percentage of G20 policiestend to be gender-neutral, leading to genderunequal outcomes. In the last few years, thepush to mainstream gender across policies hasgrown stronger. This is crucial as contrary tocommon perception, global rates of femalelabour-force participation have stagnated, and12even fallen, in recent decades. A ChathamORF ISSUE BRIEF No. 186lJUNE2017House study of gender disparities in the G20found that the population-weighted G20average rate of female labour-forceparticipation fell from about 58 percent in 199013to 54 percent in 2013. World EconomicForum’s Global Gender Gap Index revealed thatout of a total of 144, five G20 economies ranked80 or higher—India (87), Indonesia (88), China(99), Turkey (130), Saudi Arabia (141)—where14the first rank demonstrates high equality.The links between gender equality andsustainable economic growth are wellestablished. It is estimated that women’sempowerment can not only increase the globalGDP by 12 trillion by 2025, but also lead tomore sustainable societies.15 This resonatesdirectly with G20’s primary objective of16fostering overall global GDP growth. Onpaper, the G20, in addition to the rest of theinternational community, recognises theurgency and importance of prioritising genderequality. In September 2015, the internationalcommunity came together to commit toempowering all women and girls as part of astandalone Goal (Goal 5) of the SustainableDevelopment Goals (SDGs). In addition, theG20 member states have committed to“women’s full economic and socialparticipation (G20, 2012); to reducing thegender gap in participation by 25 per cent by2025; and to bringing more than 100 millionwomen into the labour force (G20, 2014a).”17However, given the dearth of women’s voicesand limited space given to in-depthdeliberation on gender equality, the platformhas been criticised in the past for tokenisminstead of presenting tangible policy18solutions. In response to this and to ensurethorough follow-through, the Women20 orW20 engagement group was established in192015. Under Germany’s current presidency,3
Gendering the G20: Empowering Women in the Digital Ageboth gender and digital economy have beencentral to the developing agenda. This isevident through the priority given to genderissues in the G20 engagement groups suchas Labour 20 (L20), Think 20 (T20), andWomen 20 (W20),and the complementaryinterlinkages between their communiques.The G20’s focus on gender-based digitalinclusivity and skilling is relatively new. In thepast, policy conversations on technology havebeen focused on infrastructure and trade. Thisyear in April, when the first-ever G20 “DigitalMinisters” meeting was held in Germany, thedeclaration acknowledged that 250 millionfewer women than men are online today. Thedeclaration committed to promoting “action tohelp bridge the digital gender divide and helpsupport the equitable participation of women20and girls in the digital economy.” Box 1 showsthe gradually growing focus on bridging thedigital gender divide in the G20 agenda.Box 1: Existing Agreements on the Digital Gender DivideG20 2014: Brisbane Communiqué(Paragraph 9)“There was commitment to the goal of reducing the gap in participation rates between men andwomen in G20 countries by 25% by 2025. However, the summit did not mention the digitaleconomy or potential of ICTs.” (Plan et al. 2014)W20 2015: Introduction of Women20The G20 under Turkey’s presidency inaugurated the first W20 Summit.G20 2015: G20 Skills Strategy“The strategy discusses the development and better use of relevant skills” (G20 Leaders 2015b).The strategy does not refer explicitly to digital skills or digital literacy needs.G20 2015: Antalya Communiqué(Paragraph 26)“There is a commitment from G20 Leaders to bridge the digital divide, but lacks anyexplicitreferences to digital skills.” (G20 Leaders 2015a)G20 2016: Hangzhou Communiqué(Paragraph 14)“The G20 leaders continue their commitment to foster favourable conditions to address thedigital divide. Highlighted the need to address the digital divide and promote women’s equalparticipation in the digital economy. It delivered the G20 Digital Economy Development andCooperation Initiative, which builds on the work begun in Antalya.” (G20 Leaders 2016)(Paragraph 11, 12)Recognition is offered to the need for skills training in the G20. This may implicitly refer toenabling digital skills training programmes.4ORF ISSUE BRIEF No. 186lJUNE2017
Gendering the G20: Empowering Women in the Digital AgeNB: The G20 focus pertaining to the digital economy and digital divide has till now centred ondigital trade, financial inclusion and infrastructure development. There are no specificagreements on measuring or promoting digital literacy.The Communiques from the W20 Summit in Istanbul (Turkey, 16–17 October 2015) as well asthe W20 Summit in Xian (China, 26 May 2016) highlight the need to address the digital divideand promote women’s equal participation in the digital economy.Source: Urvashi Aneja et al., “Bridging the Digital Skills Divide,”G20 Insights.21In addition to the above, the SDG agendacommits the G20 countries towards bridgingthe digital gender divide. UN SDG22 Goal 4—“ensure inclusive and equitable qualityeducation and promote lifelong learningopportunities for all”—includes the target toincrease scholarships in vocational training inICT, technical, engineering and scientificprogrammes, in developed countries and otherdeveloping countries. The dedicated gender goal(Goal 5) commits to enhance the use of enablingtechnology, particularly ICT, to promote theempowerment of women. Further, Goal 9—“build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusiveand sustainable industrialisation and fosterinnovation”—includes significantly increasingaccess to ICT and striving to provide universaland affordable access to the internet in leastdeveloped countries by 2020. Even the “agreedconclusions” of the UN Commission on the23Status of Women 2016 (CSW60) and the New24Urban Agenda adopted at the UN Habitat IIIconference in December 2016 necessitates theG20 member states to work towards makingICTs accessible to women and girls andmainstreaming gender in technology literacy(CSW60). Arguably, while the UN processesadopt a rights-based approach, the very basis ofG20 is macroeconomic stability. In recent years,the G20 agenda has broadened significantlybecause it has been acknowledged thateconomic prosperity depends on socialprosperity. At the same time, it must beORF ISSUE BRIEF No. 186lJUNE2017acknowledged that a broader agenda does notnecessarily yield greater results, especially in theabsence of monitoring and evaluationmechanisms. Since the UN SDGs alreadypresent a list of comprehensive goals and targetsfor global prosperity, the G20 agenda shouldstrive to add value to the existing agenda withinclusive growth-oriented tangible economicsolutions, as opposed to reinventing the wheel.At present, it is not enough for the G20 tomention the digital gender divide withoutworking towards a clear roadmap for bridging it.The engagement groups such as W20, L20, andT20 have presented “implementation plans”inaddition to communiques. The W20 plan alsoincludes a monitoring dashboard to facilitateevaluation. It remains to be seen how individualgovernments respond to these plans at theLeaders’ Summit in July and, furthermore, howthey integrate domestic policies with globalcommitments. The UN SDG experiencedemonstrates that sovereign nations will not bewilling to abide by any external oversightmechanism. Thus, it is important for the G20 todeliberate on incentivising the process in a waythat leads to more cooperation for theachievement of common goals.As seen in the G20 President ChancellorAngela Merkel’s active involvement in theW20 Summit in April 2017—as well as W202017 Communique’s unparalleled focus onincreasing investments and using ICTs as tools5
Gendering the G20: Empowering Women in the Digital AgeFigure 2: Monitoring Dashboard1.Female-to-male ratio of internet and mobile users2.Female-to-male ratio of the rate of digital literacy (use of web applications, programminglanguages, network administration) for pupils, students and adults3.Female-to-male ratio of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)enrolment rate in schools, apprenticeships and at university4.Female-to-male ratio of representation in professional and technical jobs in STEM sectors5.Number of companies with digital skill-up programmes for women of all ages and careerstages6.Gender-disaggregated data on the substitution of current jobs and the creation of new jobsvia digitalisation7.Female-to-male ratio of entrepreneurs launching STEM start-ups8.Female-to-male ratio of patents applied for and patents received9.Unconscious Bias Scorecard concerning girls and women in STEM, ranked by country10. Major technology corporations with significant programmes focused on women innovatorsand entrepreneurs in STEM, including technology access, corporate venturing/funding, andhigh-profile award programmesSource: Presented in the W20 Germany 2017 Implementation Plan, Berlin, Germany, 26 April 2017.to accelerate progress towards genderequality—it is clear that Germany is set tomake the case for greater focus on policies forempowering women in the digital age at theG20 Leaders’ Summit in July 2017.25 It isimportant to highlight these commitments asthey demonstrate that the priorities of theG20 formation are clear and consistent. Whilethis is encouraging, the extremely slowprogress towards closing these gender gapsalso highlights the procedural limitations andsubstantive gaps in global processes such asthe G20. Although Germany has prioritisedthe recommendations made by the W20 andother engagement groups, the percentage ofthese recommendations that will be acceptedat the Hamburg Summit in July is up to theother G20 leaders.Moreover, the commitments made at theG20 Leaders’ Summit are non-binding, not6unlike the SDG agenda. When Argentina takesover the presidency in 2018, it will be optionalfor the country to carry forward the currentpresidency’s priorities, which can be replacedby a new set of priorities spearheaded by thenew presidency. Due to this non-binding,fragmented nature of policy discussions in theprocess, to be truly effective, the G20 mustfind a way to go beyond setting norms. In thefuture, it will be interesting to assess theformation’s potential to be a knowledge andfunds facilitation mechanism.UNPACKING DIGITAL EXCLUSIONS ANDINCLUSIONSAccording to the World Bank’s 2016 WorldDevelopment Report,26 new digital technologieshave the potential to ease women’s labourmarket participation and self-employment.Further, governance is increasingly mediatedORF ISSUE BRIEF No. 186lJUNE2017
Gendering the G20: Empowering Women in the Digital Agethrough the digital, such as online grievanceredressal through social-media platforms and27,28online government form submissions. Thus,women’s disproportionate digital exclusionalso excludes them from the labour market,public life and political participation. While thedigital divide exists in varying degrees acrossthe G20 (Figure 3 demonstrates thedisconnected populations of the G20 in 2015),poorer communities and rural women in thedeveloping world tend to be the least digitallyincluded. As mentioned above, only about 29percent of internet users and 28 percent ofmobile phone owners are women.29 However,the gender dimension of digital exclusion canhave varying manifestations. For instance,even in the US, where age, ethnicity andlocation are bigger determinants than gender interms of digital access and usage, women’sunder-representation in STEM fields is agrowing concern: only 18 percent of womenearned a bachelor’s degree in engineering in302012. STEM jobs are estimated to grow fasterthan any other US sector, with technologycompanies alone needing to hire 650,000 new31people by 2018. In addition to widening theexisting deficit of women in high-skill technical32jobs and research, the deficit of women inSTEM fields is leading to new technologiesbeing developed almost exclusively by men.33Consequently, in-built sexism in artificialintelligence and robotics is already visible. If thepresent situation persists, it is likely toexacerbate existing inequalities in workopportunities and outcomes.Moreover, the data on “being disconnected”paints an incomplete picture. For instance, areport by Women and the Web revealed that in2012 one in five women in India thoughtFigure 3: Disconnected Populations of the G20 (2015)Source: Data based on International Telecommunication Union, ICT Facts and Figures 2016, Global and Regional ICT stat/default.aspx.ORF ISSUE BRIEF No. 186lJUNE20177
Gendering the G20: Empowering Women in the Digital Ageinternet usage to be inappropriate, nonbeneficial and something that their families34would disapprove of. Further, 40 percent ofwomen in this study expressed discomfort or alack of familiarity as a reason for not using the35internet. Another survey conducted in semirural Madhya Pradesh revealed a similar trend.A majority of the women who owned a mobilephone did not know how to operate it, giventheir lack of textual literacy.36 Their usage waslimited to pressing the green button when thephone rang, reducing the technology to a toolfor control and surveillance rather than37empowerment. Skills-based digital exclusionis not an exclusively Indian phenomenon. InSouth Africa for example—another G20nation—it was revealed that 35 percent ofhouseholds saw no relevance in accessing the38internet. Further, while the digital genderdivide in South Africa is not pronounced,Accenture’s “Getting to Equal” survey on digitalfluency in women ranked the country a low 21,out of total 31 countries.39 This re-affirms thatwhile usage guarantees access, this alone doesnot guarantee usage.In addition to the high cost of access to newtechnologies combined with the low level offemale purchasing power, infrastructuralconstraints—the determining aspects ofgendered digital exclusion in developingcountries—are the impact of gender-biasedbelief and value systems that imposerestrictions on the education and free mobilityof women, indirectly exacerbating the digital40skills divide. For instance, the 2011 IndianCensus data indicates that only 65.46 percentof women are literate, compared to over 8041percent of men. Further, 23 percent of girlsdrop out of school before they reach puberty.428Patriarchal attitudes and sexual division oflabour also restrict women’s access to publicspaces, keeping them out of co-ed trainingfacilities and community internet centres43outside the household. Yet, policyconversations tend to provide generalisedsolutions and fail to address ICT-specificstrategies independent of the overallsociocultural context in individual nations.Thus, in order to tackle the digital genderdivide, the G20 must address two crucial issues:first, the limited access to digital technologiesdue to high costs and lack of ICT-enablinginfrastructure, which includes intermittentsupply of electricity; and second, the limitedaccess to opportunities that shape digitalskilling, as well as opportunities that allow thefree use of access and skills – both are shaped bysociocultural perceptions. Policy narrativeswithin the G20 have tended to focus on makinginfrastructure available and, indeed, that is acrucial step. However, the focus on the digitalskills divide and its sociocultural drivers hasbeen inadequate. Addressing barriers thatimplicitly and explicitly discriminate againstwomen’s and girls’ access to equal educationand digital training is essential for harnessingthe transformative potential of ICTs.A 2017 study by the Kiel Institute for theWorld Economy and Emerging MarketSustainability Dialogues, titled “The Effects ofDigitalisation on Gender Equality in the G20Economies,” discusses this transformativepotential of ICTs.44 According to the study, thefourth industrial revolution—characterised bymachine learning, big data, mobile roboticsand cloud computing—will contribute toenhancing women’s inclusion both financiallyand on the labour market, if it is complementedORF ISSUE BRIEF No. 186lJUNE2017
Gendering the G20: Empowering Women in the Digital Ageby holistic policies to enable equitable accessand capacity building. Strategies, therefore,must focus not only on stopping existing biasesfrom seeping in but on enabling women to leadin the digital age. Digitisation is also expected tocreate new entrepreneurial activities; withhigher education, digital and financial literacy,entrepreneurial skills and mentorship, andaccess to finance, women can thrive in thedigital age. The study also found that efforts toinculcate women’s social skills and‘learnability’, which includes analyticalthinking and creative problem-solving skills,should be prioritised.45 Another study hassuggested that automation can relieve womenfrom the burden of unpaid housework as basichousehold tasks become automated.46 However,in India, where there are approximately 4.2million domestic workers—most of whom are47women —automation of housework, in theabsence of alternative employment creation,will put their livelihoods at risk.48Unless urgent and focused efforts are madeto tackle the digital-access and digital-skillsdivide, the digital economy will likelyexacerbate existing political and socialinequities within and across the G20 states.While some member states have a morepervasive gender digital divide, others have asignificantly narrow one, where gender maynot even be the key determinant. Despite hugevariations, there are opportunities forexchange of knowledge and best practices. It isclear that the digital divide is a global concern,even if its determinants and levels are varied.The G20, however, must refrain from adoptinga dominant narrative of digital transformationthat unintentionally leaves behind the lastwoman in countries such as India.ORF ISSUE BRIEF No. 186lJUNE2017MOVING FORWARDThe G20 formation has committed itself tobridging the digital gender divide. There isnothing inherently empowering ordiscriminatory about technology. At the sametime, due to the existing gender gaps, thedigital age will impact men and womendifferently. Moving forward, equitable andaffordable access to ICTs along with robustICT infrastructure are crucial for bridging thedigital gender divide. However, digitalinclusion does not end at physical access:education, digital skills, and overcomingpatriarchal value systems are paramount formeaningful engagement. Without these, thedigital revolution will exacerbate currentgender hierarchies. Further, ‘online’ and‘offline’ are becoming increasingly intertwinedwith digitisation. Therefore, G20 policymeasures aimed at women’s empowerment,and those aimed at technological innovation,must not operate within silos.Efforts to put gender equality at the centreof the G20 process has been growing strongeras evidence suggests that G20’s past genderneutral policies have led to gender-unequalresults. Given its heterogeneity, movingforward, the G20 must find ways to integratecountry-specific pathways with broadercommon goals. To create more impact,solutions must strike a balance between localand global, as overgeneralised Eurocentricpolicy narratives will not lead to desired resultsin countries with distinct socioculturalcharacteristics. For instance, in developedeconomies, technology is a skill-provider itself;it is often embedded in classroom learning.Consequently, many G20 conversations ondigital inclusion take this for granted. On the9
Gendering the G20: Empowering Women in the Digital Ageother hand, there are countries within the G20where constant supply of electricity and highspeed internet connectivity are notguaranteed. In addition, women are oftenunable to access or complete formal schooling.This chasm must not be ignored, and thereshould be equal focus on alternate strategiesfor life-long learning for women and girls.Further, most studies on women’sempowerment and digital inclusion in the G20context have remained anecdotal. At present,there is a dearth of gender-disaggregated dataon women’s access and usage of ICT, as well asof qualitative studies on attitudes andstereotypes that shape unconscious bias. TheDigital Opportunity Index (DOI) wasintroduced in 2005 to track digital inclusion.However, the DOI does not collect genderdisaggregated statistics. There is anopportunity to undertake empirical research tomap out future policy pathways.49Lastly, the efficacy of G20 as a platformmust be re-evaluated. The group has beensuccessful in highlighting crucial issues of globalimportance. Its agenda has broadenedsignificantly as the formation acknowledges theinter-dependence of economic and socialstability, and engagement groups such as theW20 have become more influential. However, ata time when the UN SDGs already bind theinternational community with a comprehensivelist of goals and targets for global development,the G20 should refrain from reinventing thewheel. It is important for the platform to addvalue to the existing agenda by using itsinfluence to devise tangible, inclusive, growthoriented solutions. At present, it is not enoughfor the G20 to mention “digital gender divide” inits deliberations without working towards aclear roadmap for bridging it. Given the existingprocedural and substantive limitations, in thefuture, the platform must strive to ensuregreater cooperation, monitoring, evaluation,and incentivised implementation.ABOUT THE AUTHORVidisha Mishra is a Junior Fellow at ORF.ENDNOTES1.2.3.4.5.6.7.10D., Cheryl. “The Digital Gender Divide is an Economic Problem for Everyone.” GE Reports, 8 March e-economic-problem-everyone/.L., Emma. “4 billion people still don't have internet access. Here's how to connect them.” World Economic Forum,11 May 2016. o-connect-them/.Women20 Germany 2017 Implementation Plan. Berlin, Germany, 26 April 2017. http://www.w20germany.org/fileadmin/user upload/W20 IP 2017.pdf.“Digital economy can reach 4 trillion in 4 years: Tech sector to government.” The Economic Times, 17 June 59188885.cms.Web Foundation: “Five barriers, five solutions: Closing the gender gap in ICT policy.” 9 June icy/.O., Megan. “Female leaders take steps to end the gender digital divide.” ONE, 18 May ers-end-gender-digital-divide/.Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 1, no. 1 (November 2013). http://doi.org/10.7790/ajtde.v1n1.9.ORF ISSUE BRIEF No. 186lJUNE2017
Gendering the G20: Empowering Women in the Digital 4.25.26.27.28.29.L., Emma. “There's a global divide in smartphone use. But these countries are closing the gap fast.” World EconomicForum, 25 May 2016.Staff Writer. “South Africa Online: gender, race and income.” My Broadband, 12 May 2014. th-africa-online-gender-race-and-income.html?utm source twitterfeed&utm medium twitter.A., Urvashi and Vidisha M. “Digital India Is No Country for Women. Here's Why.” The Wire, 25 May -technology/.Women 20 Germany 2017 Implementation Plan. Berlin, Germany, 26 April 2017. http://www.w20germany.org/fileadmin/user upload/W20 IP 2017.pdfK., Jeni. “A Prof
empowering all women and girls as part of a standalone Goal (Goal 5) of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In addition, the G20 member states have committed to "women's full economic and social participation (G20, 2012); to reducing the gender gap in participation by 25 per cent by
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
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Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
the financial system. Three sets of high-level principles endorsed by G20 Leaders reflect this: Innovative Financial Inclusion (2010), Financial Consumer Protection (2011), and National Strategies for Financial Education (2012). In addition, in 2016, a new set of high-level principles on Digital Financial Inclusion were approved by G20 Leaders.
Unit-1: Introduction and Classification of algae (04L) i) Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic algae ii) Classification of algae according to F. E. Fritsch (1945), G.W. Prescott and Parker (1982)
