The Real Impact Of The Swedish Model On Sex Workers
COMMUNITYThe RealImpact of theSwedish Modelon Sex Workers
COMMUNITY GUIDEIntroductionIn 1999 Sweden changed its sex worklaws. Under the new laws, sellingsex remained ‘legal’, but clients andthird parties were criminalised.Originally, the intention of this newlegal framework was to achievegender equality, though currently theidea that sex work and trafficking canbe eliminated by ’ending demand’ isused to justify and promote it. Thereis pressure in many countries toadopt this model.This model has damagingconsequences for sex workers’ health,rights and living conditions. However,these negative impacts are rarelydiscussed, and sex workers’ voicesare consistently silenced.Sweden’s AbolitionistUnderstanding, andModes of SilencingOppositionSince the introduction of the newlaws, there has been much advocacyand activism both for and againstthe legislation. The voices of sexworkers and sex workers’ rightsorganisations have been consistentlyand systematically silenced in thedebate about what is often called ‘theSwedish model’, both in Sweden andinternationally.THE REAL IMPACT OF THE SWEDISH MODEL ON SEX WORKERSIn Swedish law, sex work is seen asa form of violence against womenin and of itself. Sex workers’clients are seen to be exclusivelymen and sex workers exclusivelyvictimised women.Not everyone agrees withthis ‘mainstream’ Swedishunderstanding. Sex work – likemany other forms of work – isextremely variable. This includesrates of violence and harm thatcan be associated with sex work.Most sex workers do not identifyas victims. Many stress agency andself-determination in the contextof their sex work, and motivationsfor sex work are as diverse asexperiences in sex work.This understanding of sex worktells us that all sex workers aredisempowered (cisgender 1 ) women,and that their clients are men. Thisfails to recognise the existence andexperience of male and transgendersex workers, and female andLGBTQI 2 clients.This modelhas damagingconsequences forsex workers’ health,rights and livingconditions. However,these negativeimpacts are rarelydiscussed, and sexworkers’ voicesare consistentlysilenced.In spite of this, Sweden’s consensuson sex work remains. While it hasbeen emphasised on a politicallevel in Sweden that sex workersthemselves should contributeto political debate anddiscussion they are insteadexcluded and silenced.The beliefs about sex work containedin this law that feed into these‘modes of silencing’ also impact howSwedish service providers view sexwork and treat sex workers.Global Network of Sex Work Projects1Individuals whose gender identity matchestheir gender assigned at birth, as opposedto ‘transgender’.2Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queerand intersex.1
COMMUNITY GUIDETHE REAL IMPACT OF THE SWEDISH MODEL ON SEX WORKERSSweden has a long history of usingforce, segregation and silencing ofgroups considered to be sociallydeviant and disruptive. In the case ofsex work, several tools, called ‘modesof silencing’ are used to maintain acrude ‘mainstream’ understandingwithout being successfully challenged.These modes are used to underminethe testimony of sex workers andthose critical to the sex purchase law:1False consciousnessSocial conditioning underminingobjectivity: Assumes that sexworkers are unable to see throughtheir own oppression. It assumesthat sex workers cannot see the‘truth’ about their work.This is extremely patronising andallows some sex workers voicesto be silenced while others areallowed to speak for them.2‘False consciousness’ is an oldidea that says that certain groupscannot fully understand theirown situation or their motivation.Because the group or individualin question has had their selfawareness undermined, theirperspective and description aredismissed and considered untrue.Trauma undermining selfawareness and choice: Assumesthat sex workers are so traumatisedby their experiences in sex work (orby the abuse that they are assumedto have experienced before enteringsex work) that they are unable totruly understand their situation.This mode of silencing fallsdown when we look at howvariable and diverse sex workers’experiences are.Desperation undermining truechoice: Assumes that sex workersoptions are so limited that it ismeaningless when sex workerssay they choose their work. Theassumption is combined withgeneralisations that sex workersare desperately poor, have mentalhealth problems, and are dependenton drugs/alcohol.This mode of silencing falls downwhen we recognise that ‘choice’ islimited in many areas, not just sexwork. In the context of capitalism,very few people have completefreedom of choice. In addition,many sex workers choose sex workfrom a variety of different options.Global Network of Sex Work ProjectsLying and puttingon a brave faceThere is an idea that sex workersactively lie or put on a brave facewhen they speak about their ownopinions, experiences, motivations,and lives. This assertion is madein the context of the claim that sexwork is universally problematicand traumatising, resulting in sexworkers wishing to conceal the‘true’ nature of their work.In the caseof sex work,several tools,called ‘modesof silencing’are used tomaintain a crude‘mainstream’understandingwithout beingsuccessfullychallenged.This mode of silencing underminessex workers’ experiences, andalso the validity of research andwriting that actively includes sexworkers’ voices.3An un/misrepresentativeperspectiveThere is an assertion that aperspective that differs from the‘mainstream’ understandingis not representative of sexworkers generally.This is usually used whensex workers have provedimpossible to silence, where theirempowerment and activism hasgained recognition and standingin the debate. Since they cannotbe credibly accused of falseconsciousness or lying, it is claimedthat their testimony does notrepresent the experience of thevast majority of sex workers.This mode of silencing isparticularly used to silence sexworkers who are not cisgenderwomen. Since justifying theSwedish model relies on seeingsex work as a form of maleviolence against women, maleand transgender sex workers’existences are ignored.2
COMMUNITY GUIDE4Caricaturing and/ordemonising testimonyand the speaker ofthe testimonyIndividuals and organisations thatfocus on a rights-based approachtowards sex work (as opposedto abolitionism) will have theirperspectives distorted. They maybe misrepresented as being liberal,actively pro-sex work, promotingpromiscuity, and even supporting‘pimps’ and ‘traffickers’.This mode of silencing is usuallyused when the others have failed.These modes of silencing arepowerful tools: they can be usedinterchangeably, or together. Thesetools are used in many situationswhere sex workers, sex workeractivists, their allies, academics,and so on, make arguments thatconflict with fundamentalistfeminist beliefs.By understanding these modesof silencing, they may be moreeffectively challenged when arguingagainst the understandings thatjustify the Swedish model.Impacts of the SexPurchase Law: StreetBased Sex Work andLevels of Sex WorkWhen the law was introduced, therewere voices in the debate in Swedenthat expressed concern that sex workmay move underground, and that sexwork could become more dangerous.Those in favour of the law said thatthere would not be negative impacts,and since the law criminalised onlyclients, sex workers would be shieldedfrom harm. This has not been thecase. The reality is that sex workersface increasing difficulties.Sex workers who have been mostimpacted by the sex purchase law arethose who are marginalised and mostin need of services, protection, andGlobal Network of Sex Work ProjectsTHE REAL IMPACT OF THE SWEDISH MODEL ON SEX WORKERSassistance. Instead of support, theyhave experienced oppression, stigmaand criminalisation.Since the introduction of the law,stigma against sex workers hasincreased. There is a near-consensuson this, and it is supported by alarge body of evidence, includingthe state’s investigation into theeffects of the law.The law has also created increasedcompetition, and sex workershave less power when negotiatingwith clients.The direct negative impacts of thesex purchase law are very muchcause and effect: The sex purchase law has beenused to target public sex workin Sweden. Therefore, fewer clients arewilling to buy sex on the street,for fear of arrest.Sex workers whohave been mostimpacted by thesex purchase laware those whoare marginalisedand most inneed of services,protection, andassistance. Insteadof support, theyhave experiencedoppression, stigmaand criminalisation. Some sex workers moved offstreet to continue working,which increases their distancefrom service providers andpolice protection. Sex workers who continueworking on the street are oftenmarginalised or do not havethe resources or knowledge toestablish themselves indoors. Street-based sex workers nowhave to accept lower incomesand provide more services.Fewer clients means increasedcompetition which has pusheddown prices. As clients are fearful of arrest,sex workers on- and off-streethave difficulties in screening andnegotiating with clients. This places sex workers at risk ofdanger and violence. Fear of beingarrested also means that clientsare less likely to report suspectedabuse and exploitation. The law has given more powerto clients and has disempoweredsex workers.3
COMMUNITY GUIDEHave levels of sex work inSweden decreased?Despite the lives of many sex workersnow being more difficult, there isabsolutely no convincing evidencedemonstrating that overall levels ofsex work have decreased in Sweden.Immediately after the law wasintroduced there was a substantialdrop in levels of street-based sex work.However, only a small percentage ofsex work in Sweden was street-based.A decline in levels of street-basedsex work does not indicate an overalldecrease in sex work.It is not even certain that street-basedsex work decreased permanently:soon after the law’s introduction in1999, street-based sex work levelsincreased again. Levels today may bein line with those that were recordedprevious to 1999.Some argue that the negative impactsof the law indicate its success. Yetdespite claims that the law protectssex workers, and despite claims thatthe law has reduced levels of sexwork, there is no evidence that peoplehave stopped buying or selling sex dueto the sex purchase law. There is noevidence that levels of sex work havedeclined as the law intended.The Swedish model may bechallenged on two key points:1 The Swedish model has failed in itsaim to decrease levels of sex workin Sweden.2 The Swedish model has resulted inincreased difficulties and dangerassociated with sex work.Global Network of Sex Work ProjectsTHE REAL IMPACT OF THE SWEDISH MODEL ON SEX WORKERSImpacts of the SwedishModel’s JustifyingDiscourses onService ProvisionThe ideas used to justify the SwedishModel have a negative impacton the services that sex workersrely on. These ideas – advocatedby abolitionist radical feminists– include: That sex work is a form of violence.There is noevidence thatlevels of sexwork havedeclined as thelaw intended. That the violence that can beassociated with sex work isconstant and unchangeable. The generalisation that sex workersare passive, disempowered victims.What is harm reductionand why is it needed?As with many other jobs, harms canbe associated with sex work. Theseharms are created or made worse bycriminalisation and stigma whichmarginalise sex workers, increasesocial exclusion, and push sex workinto underground and hidden spaces.Violence, stigma, and discriminationare all significant harms that canbe associated with some sexwork. Other concerns includethe transmission of HIV andother STIs and blood-borneinfections. Like all potentialharms that are associated with workand working environments, they canbe addressed and reduced.Harm reduction initiatives do nottry to reduce levels of the activity inquestion, but instead aim to reducethe harms that may be associatedwith this activity.4
COMMUNITY GUIDEIf harm reduction isimportant, why is thereopposition to harm reduction?Abolitionist feminists see sex workas a form of violence, and see thevariable harms that can be associatedwith sex work as constant. Thismeans that harm reduction is simplydismissed since:1 Harm reduction does not aim toreduce levels of sex work, and istherefore seen as conflicting withabolitionist aims.2 Abolitionists believe harmssurrounding sex work cannot bereduced, and so efforts to reduceharm are seen to be pointlessand unrealistic.Harm reduction for sex workers isopposed, since it is not just seen to bepointless in the context of what areasserted to be unavoidable harms,but is actually seen to encourage andfacilitate sex work.These views on harm reduction haveresulted in the Swedish NationalBoard of Health and Welfare opposingcondom distribution to sex workers,despite sex workers and theirclients being a focus in HIV and STIprevention. The Swedish model hasresulted in street-based sex workersnot being provided with condomsduring outreach.There is also opposition to providingclients of sex workers with condoms.Because purchasing sex is seen as anact of violence, giving condoms to sexworkers’ clients is viewed as providingthe tools to commit a violent offence,not as a means to promote health andharm reduction.Distributing guides to safe sexwork and to harm reduction is alsoopposed. These guides are felt bysome key stakeholders in Swedento actually encourage sex work, andto even encourage people to beginsex work.Global Network of Sex Work ProjectsTHE REAL IMPACT OF THE SWEDISH MODEL ON SEX WORKERSSince the purchase of sex has beencriminalised, providing harmreduction and information regardingsafe sex work is even seen asproviding information on how toencourage a crime.With few harm reduction services,sex workers in Sweden learn howto avoid harm from doing their ownresearch, from educating each other,or from having experienced harmpersonally.Selective and conditionalservice provision for sexworkers in SwedenThe idea that all sex work is violenceand all sex workers are victims meansthat sex workers who do not identifywith these assumptions are excludedfrom state-sponsored services. Sexworkers ‘who feel good’ are notseen to be worthy of the ‘energy’of service providers.In order to access services, sexworkers are often required to stopselling sex and adopt a ‘victim’status. Failing to do so may result inimportant services and support beingdenied by social workers. views on harmreduction haveresulted in theSwedish NationalBoard of Healthand Welfareopposing condomdistribution to sexworkers, despitesex workers andtheir clients beinga focus in HIV andSTI prevention.This creates a vicious cycle thatperpetuates the idea that all sex workis harmful and all sex workers arevictims. In order to access services,sex workers may identify as avictim or claim their sex workis a problem, even if it is not.Sex workers who ‘feel good’about their sex work maynot even try to accessservices. Therefore,service providers onlyencounter sex workerswho view their sex workas problematic.Although the Swedish modelis advocated as a progressivepiece of legislation, therefusal to provide even the mostbasic services and harm reductioninitiatives to sex workers – due to theideas that frame the Swedish model– undermines such claims.5
COMMUNITY GUIDEImpacts of OtherLegislation and Policy– The Danger of Seeingthe Swedish Model ina VacuumThough the law has negative sideeffects on sex workers, the Swedishmodel only directly criminalisespeople who buy sex. It is claimed thatsex workers are legally protected fromdirect interference from the stateand that this is what would make theSwedish model ‘progressive’.This sort of assurance is frequentlyused to promote the Swedish model.It is regularly asserted that thislegislation will protect sex workersfrom the sort of state-sponsoredharassment to which they haveoften been subjected in other statesand contexts.Does the Swedish modelprotect sex workers fromstate-sponsored harassment?No. It must be stressed that theSwedish model – the law criminalisingthe purchase of sex – should not beanalysed in a vacuum.The claim that sex workers are notdirectly harassed and ‘interfered’with is untrue. The Swedish modelhas not resulted in an end to sexworkers being targeted by the state.Sex workers suffer displacementsfrom public spaces, deportationsinternationally, evictions from privateproperty and their own property,and issues related to child custody.THE REAL IMPACT OF THE SWEDISH MODEL ON SEX WORKERSLaws and policies otherthan the sex purchase lawHarassment during client arrestsThe Swedish police claim that they donot directly target sex workers, onlytheir clients. This is misleading, sincepolice need to target sex workers inorder to target sex workers’ clients.For a successful prosecution, thepolice require either testimony fromthe sex worker in question, fromwitnesses, or to catch a sex workerand their client ‘in the act’.This involves highly invasive raids.Sex workers have reported that duringraids police have refused to allowthem to dress, have verbally assaultedthem, have recorded their identity,and have documented the eventson film.Sex workers sufferdisplacementsfrom public spaces,deportationsinternationally,evictions fromprivate property andtheir own property,and issues relatedto child custody.Evictions and domestic harassmentSex workers have been targeted whennot even seeing clients. It is illegal into provide a location for sex work totake place, or to do sex work on yourown property. Police have reportedsex workers to their landlords, inorder to force an eviction (or thelandlords will be prosecuted). Sexworkers who are caught doing sexwork on their own property losetheir right to own it.Police have also reportedsex workers to hotels andvenues, causing sex workersto be forced to leave and/or barred from returning.There was also a case ofwomen being denied entry toa venue simply because theywere assumed to be sex workersdue to their being ‘perceived to be’Asian. The court upheld this decision.Some sex workers may choose towork together for safety, protection,and to avoid feeling isolated in theirwork. These sex workers can also betargeted by the police, charged withpimping one another under pimpinglegislation, a law that predates theSwedish model.Global Network of Sex Work Projects6
COMMUNITY GUIDESex workers’ partners or adultchildren can be prosecuted forreceiving the income of sex work.The police have been known tovisit sex workers’ homes andovertly threaten them with policeinterference.It is clear that these laws do notserve to protect sex workers fromexploitation, and the law is often usedto deliberately make sex workers’lives difficult.DeportationsImmigration authorities work todisplace sex workers internationallythrough deportations. The SwedishModel sees migrant sex workers asvictims of human trafficking. Onemight think that, with the assumptionthat all sex workers are victims, thatthey would be considered in need ofprotection and assistance. However,both migrant sex workers and victimsof trafficking are deported whenthey come to the attention of theauthorities in Sweden.Migrant sex workers, even EU citizensor individuals with a temporarypermit to work in Sweden, aredeported. Sex work is not consideredan honest way to make a living,so sex workers can be deported inaccordance with the Alien Act.The treatment of migrant sex workersand victims of trafficking undermineSweden’s claims to be a country thatprioritises the welfare of sex workersand victims of trafficking.Child CustodySex workers report losing custody oftheir children, with their sex workbeing cited as the reason for suchinterventions.In Sweden, sex workers are seen astraumatised, abused, vulnerable,disempowered victims, unable toexercise choice and agency in theirdecision to sell sex. Since sex workersare viewed as unstable victims, theyare not seen as capable parents.Global Network of Sex Work ProjectsTHE REAL IMPACT OF THE SWEDISH MODEL ON SEX WORKERSThe mode of ‘false consciousness’ isused to undermine sex workers whodo not see their work as a problem.In this view, if a sex worker is seen tobe unable to engage with their reality‘objectively’, they are seen to beunable to take care of their children.In opposing the Swedish model, it isimportant to not only focus on thedirect and indirect outcomes of thelaw itself, but to consider the widerimpacts of laws and policies uponthe lives of sex workers in Sweden.It conceals the fact that sex workersremain persecuted and criminalisedin Sweden. The assertion that sexworkers are legally protected by theSwedish model is untrue.Right to Work andOther Work-RelatedHuman RightsThe UniversalDeclaration ofHuman Rightsstates that“Everyone hasthe right to work,to free choiceof employment,to just andfavourableconditions ofwork and toprotection againstunemployment”.The Universal Declaration of HumanRights states that “Everyone hasthe right to work, to free choice ofemployment, to just and favourableconditions of work and to protectionagainst unemployment.3 ” Theseprovisions of the Declaration areexpanded and made legally bindingin the International Covenant onEconomic, Social and Cultural Rights(ICESCR), which requires countriesto “recognise the right to work,including right of everyone tothe opportunity to gain hisliving by work which he freelychooses or accepts 4 ”. It furthermandates countries to ensure “safeand healthy working conditions 5 ”and a fair st/Pages/CESCR.aspx, Part III, Article es/CESCR.aspx, Part III, Article 7b7
COMMUNITY GUIDEYet the criminalisation of sex workprevents sex workers from accessinglabour rights and protectionsagainst unfair treatment in theworkplace. Criminalisation allowsgovernments to not recognisesex work as legitimate work. As aresult, sex workers’ labour rightsare not protected. Criminalisationalso undermines sex workers’ owncapacity to protect themselves inthe workplace.When sex workers are criminalisedthey are not legally able to formcollectives, trade unions, or otherorganisations that could ensure safeworking conditions.The criminalisation of clients of sexworkers undermines the rights ofsex workers to work and to choosethe work that they do. It also shapesnegative public perceptions, wherebysex work is not viewed as legitimatework, but rather as victimisation.There is a very wide range of labourrights which sex workers are entitledto under human rights treaties thatare widely ratified, including by thevast majority of states that criminalisesex work. Many of the rights ofworkers that are well established inhuman rights law are particularlyrelevant to sex workers, and lackingin the lives of many sex workers: protection against policeinterference with workers’ rights. the right to form associationsand unions. the right to a full range of benefits.Women in sex work should besupported as parents and shouldreceive all maternity and parentalbenefits enjoyed by other women inthe workforce.Policies based on the idea that sexwork is not legitimate work, or thatsex workers do not have agencyto choose their work, contradictsa large body of human rights lawGlobal Network of Sex Work ProjectsTHE REAL IMPACT OF THE SWEDISH MODEL ON SEX WORKERSand principles that all UN memberstates have endorsed. In failing torespect, protect, and fulfil the labourrights of sex workers, most countriesin the world are in breach of thecommitments they have made toworkers’ rights and women’s rightsand to fundamental guarantees ofsafety and non-discrimination.The most important step towardsimproving sex workers’ access tolabour rights is the decriminalisationof sex work. Sex work and allactivities and persons associatedwith it, should be removed fromcriminal law.International and regionalorganisations concerned withhuman rights, workers’ rights, HIV,and women’s rights, such as theUnited Nations agencies and theInternational Labour Organizationshould be vocal advocates fordecriminalisation of sex work andpromote the recognition of sexwork as legitimate and decent work.They should provide guidance andsupport for including sex workin existing labour frameworks inrelation to conduct and healthand safety standards. Sex workersshould participate meaningfullyin these reforms.In failing to respect,protect, and fulfilthe labour rights ofsex workers, mostcountries in theworld are in breachof the commitmentsthey have madeto workers’ rightsand women’s rightsand to fundamentalguarantees ofsafety and nondiscrimination.National governmentsshould allow and encouragethe formation of sex workercollectives and unions and enabletheir registration as legal entities.Sex worker organisations can be avaluable channel for information onoccupational health and safety andworkers’ rights. Sex workers shouldbe included in programme and policydecision-making in these areas.Finally, national human rightsinstitutions and mainstream labourleaders should help to educatepolicy-makers and the public on theuniversal right to choose one’s work,including sex work, and to practiceone’s chosen profession.8
COMMUNITY GUIDESex work and theRight to HealthAll people have the right to health.In human rights law, this meansthe right to a certain standard ofhealth services. Having access tohealth services delivered in anethical, respectful and scientificallysound way is an important part ofliving a life of dignity. Unfortunately,health services can also be a sourceof discrimination, stigma, andactions that are disrespectful andeven abusive.Sex workers in many parts of theworld lack access to health servicesthat respect their dignity and providenon-judgmental, affordable andgood-quality care. Where sex work oractivities related to it are forbiddenunder the law, sex workers may beafraid seek care at government healthfacilities, even if government servicesare often the most affordable.Sex workers are routinely keptfrom realising their right tohealth by stigma, discrimination,criminalisation, unjustly punitivehealth regulations, violence, andill-conceived donor policies. Wherethey are unable to ensure consistentuse of condoms by clients and othersafe sex practices, they are vulnerableto sexually transmitted infections,including HIV. UNAIDS reports thatHIV prevalence amongst sex workersis on average 12 times higher thanin the general population. In spiteof facing increased HIV risk, sexworkers are often excluded fromcomprehensive HIV prevention,treatment and care services.Alarmingly, research carried out byRose Alliance in Sweden in 2014 foundthat 30% of those interviewed haveexperienced problems in getting anHIV test in Sweden.The anti-sex work policy of the U.S.government, which remains the mostimportant donor to HIV programmesinternationally, has been an importantGlobal Network of Sex Work ProjectsTHE REAL IMPACT OF THE SWEDISH MODEL ON SEX WORKERSbarrier to funding health servicesfor sex workers. Both U.S. antitrafficking laws and the law enablingU.S. funding for HIV programmesinternationally restrict U.S. fundingto organisations that are formallyopposed to ‘prostitution’. Othercountries, notably Sweden, also haveanti-sex work policies built-in to theirforeign aid requirements.In countries where sex work is legalunder certain circumstances andregulated by the state, mandatoryhealth examinations, includingHIV testing, may be administeredin punitive or disrespectful ways.‘100% condom use’ programmeshave been implemented in ways thatviolate the rights of sex workers.Sex workers inmany parts of theworld lack accessto health servicesthat respect theirdignity and providenon-judgmental,affordable andgood-quality care.Successful experiences in improvingsex workers’ access to good-qualityhealth services lead to a number oflessons and recommendations: Decriminalisation is a key to theright to health: it is essential forremoving many barriers to healthcare for sex workers. Right to organise and associate:organisations or collectives of sexworkers may be able to do morethan individuals to removebarriers to health services. Quality and accessibilityof health services:the whole communitybenefits when the rightof sex workers to goodquality health services isrespected. Public health authoritiesshould ensure that sex workersparticipate meaningfully in thedesign, implementation andevaluation of health services thatthey use and in the training ofhealth care workers. Workplace health: public healthand occupational safety authoritiesshould work together to ensure thatsex workers have healthy and safeworking conditions, which is theright of all workers.9
COMMUNITY GUIDESex Work andArbitrary Interferencewith FamiliesEveryone has the right to establishand/or create a family. Everyonealso has a right to protection fromarbitrary interference with his or herfamily and privacy. The Conventionon the Rights of the Child 6, the mostwidely ratified human rights treaty inthe world, grants children the right toenjoy the protection of their parents.The state can separate parentsand children only in rare cases,involving abuse or neglect of thechild by the parents, or other extremecircumstances.Yet sex workers often face the removalof their children; an extreme form ofdiscrimination. This is based on moraljudgements or negative assumptionsjudging sex workers as irresponsibleand unable to make decisions.Criminalisation of sex work makesit easy for authorities to portray sexworkers as unfit parents. When sexworkers are portrayed as traumatisedvictims, it is also easy to make thecase that they are incapable of beinggood parents.International legal protections andstandards on this issue are clear: Children must not be removed fromthe care of their parents except as ameasure of last resort. There mustbe evidence to justify the removalof children, based on the b
to the sex purchase law. There is no evidence that levels of sex work have declined as the law intended. The Swedish model may be challenged on two key points: 1 The Swedish model has failed in its aim to decrease levels of sex work in Sweden. 2 The Swedish model has resulted in increased difficulties and danger associated with sex work.
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