Voyages De Monsieur Le Chevalier Chardin En Perse Et Autre . - ACHEMENET

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Jean ChardinVoyages de Monsieur le chevalier Chardinen Perse et autre lieux de l’OrientEnrichis d’un grand nombre de belles figures en taille-douce,représentant les antiquités, et les choses remarquables du pays.Texte intégralÉdité et annoté parPhilip Stewart Philip Stewart 2018

Table des matièresIntroductionPrincipes de cette éditionLa dynastie persane séfévide au temps de ChardinAbréviations utiliséesPremière partie. Le Couronnement de SoleïmaanDeuxième partie. Voyage de Paris à Ispahan (1671-1673)I. Voyage de Paris en MingrélieRelation de la religion des MingréliensII. Voyage de Mingrélie à TaurisIII. Voyage de Tauris à IspahanTroisième partie. Description de la PerseI. Description générale de l’empire de PerseII Description des arts et des sciences des PersansIII. Description de leur gouvernementIV. Description de la religion qu’ils professentV. Description particulière de la ville d’IspahanQuatrième partie. Voyages à Bander-AbassiIX. Voyage à Bander-Abassi en 1674. Ruines de Persépolis.X. Second voyage à Bander-AbassiGlossaireTable générale des Voyages

IntroductionIn the course of two long sojourns in Persia, Jean Chardin (1643-1713), a jeweler bytrade, Parisian and Protestant by civil status, and imbued with classic letters, took it onhimself to perfect his knowledge of every aspect of the Persian world. Unlike other wellknown Frenchmen who travelled in the Orient in the same time frame, he took the time tomaster the Persian language. His writings were long the canonical source for anyone seekinginformation on Persia and other Muslim countries.There has not been a serious edition of his Voyages de Chardin en Perse et autreslieux de l’Orient for two centuries. The present enterprise is best understood in the context ofthe fragmentary and troubled history of the earlier editions.– 1. In 1771, after his first voyage to Persia (1664-1670),1 Chardin published the firstinstallment of his project under the title: Le Couronnement de Soleïmaan, troisième roi dePerse, et ce qui s’est passé de plus mémorable dans les deux premières années de son règne.2This narrative is all that subsists of his first journal; the rest was either abandoned orprogressively adapted and finally integrated into other material to flesh out the 1711 edition,which includes his second voyage of 1671-1681.3 Though it thus remained an autonomousepisode, the Couronnement had nonetheless been presented as a sample of the whole, andremains indispensable for a complete presentation of Chardin’s personal experience andknowledge of Persia.– 2. In 1686, a first version of Chardin’s second voyage to Persia was published underthe title: Journal du voyage du chevalier Chardin en Perse et aux Indes orientales et auxIndes orientales par la mer Noire et par la Colchide. Première partie, qui contient le voyagede Paris à Ispahan.4 Although not identical, this text essentially corresponds to the narrativefound in volumes I-III of the edition in ten volumes (number 3 below) which the authorfinally succeeded in publishing in 1711.– 3. In 1711, Delorme in Amsterdam issued the Voyages du chevalier Chardin enPerse et autres lieux de l’Orient 5 in two simultaneous formats, 3 volumes in-quarto6 and 10volumes in-12 ,7 accompanied by 78 mostly folding illustrations. This publication was1See his explanation in the preface of the 1686 edition of Voyages (no. 2 on this list).‘The coronation of Soliïmaan, third king of Persia, and the most memorable events of the first yearsof his reign.’23From 1677 to 1681 Chardin was in the Indies, an interval he was not to recount, save for anaside here and there in the Persian narrative.‘Travel journal of the chevalier Chardin in Persia and the East Indies through the Black Sea andColchis. Part one, which contains the journey from Paris to Ispahan.’4The autres lieux de l’Orient (‘other places in the Orient’) are the countries through whichChardin passed on his route to Persia, particularly Constantinople and Mingrélia. At the time,the Indies (travels which in fact Chardin does not recount) do not belong to this category.6t. I http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10503900 ;t. II imaget. III http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1050394n?rk 21459;27t. I /display/bsb10468781 00009.htmlt. II /display/bsb10468783 00007.htmlt. III /display/bsb10468784 00007.html5

arranged by David Mortier, a colleague of Delorme’s in London, where Chardin then lived(and where he would die in 1713). These two formats benefitted from the same meticuloustypesetting.8 Since 1686, Chardin had found the time to rearrange his manuscript somewhatin view of the overall distribution of the materials, and he adds to the first volume a précis onthe Mingrélian language written by Father Zampi. This edition does not include LeCouronnement de Soleïmaan.In this grand edition, dedicated to Louis XIV, the publisher Delorme, sensitive to hisFrench market, allowed himself to suppress – no doubt without the author’s participation – anot-inconsiderable number of passages bearing on Chardin’s Calvinism and on otherChristians in the Orient.9 He could in any case be sure his intervention would not bediscovered before his flight, for Delorme, abandoning his wife in Amsterdam, at once left forFrance, carrying part of the edition with him, and there soon enlisted in the army where, atleast for our purposes, he disappeared. 10– 4. In 1735 another publisher, Prosper Marchand, who had kept the manuscript of hisfriend Chardin, brought out the “first complete edition” of the Voyages in four volumes inquarto, taking pains to restore – and clearly mark with brackets – the passages whichDelorme had excised in 1711. Having also recuperated the copper plates, Marchand was ablealso to include the same illustrations, as well as Le Couronnement de Soleïmaan.– 5. In 1811, a prolific Orientalist named Louis Mathieu Langlès (1763-1824)published an edition in six volumes, again including the same illustrations. He claims toretain even the mistakes of the earlier editions, yet in fact he discretely corrects (especiallytranscriptions from Persian or Arabic) and often intervenes heavily with critical commentscoquettishly signed “L—s”. Nothing seems to give him greater pleasure than to point outChardin’s mistakes of every kind, especially etymological and topological ones – a sort ofpedantry which no longer has any interest for the modern reader who, particularly on thesubjects of geography or Oriental languages, would today have many other tools at hisdisposal.It seemed to me possible today, thanks to the evolution of technical means, themodern norms applied to scholarly editions, and especially to the extensions of ourknowledge of Chardin – Dirk van der Cruysse’s magisterial study Chardin le Persan (Paris:Fayard, 1998) meriting particular recognition – to provide for the non-specialist reader areliable, accessible, and complete edition.t. IV /display/bsb10468785 00007.htmlt. V /display/bsb10468786 00009.htmlt. VI /display/bsb10620736 00007.htmlt. VII /display/bsb10921207 00007.htmlt. VIII /display/bsb10620738 00007.htmlt. IX /display/bsb10620739 00007.htmlt. X /display/bsb10921210 00007.html8They were in fact printed from the same type, four pages of the in-12 being equal to onepage in quarto.9Chardin spoke ill notably of the Catholic missions, and especially of their teaching ofRoman “idolatry”.10See Dirk Van der Cruysse, Chardin le Persan, p. 423.

Chardin himself explains briefly in the opening pages of the Voyages (though theselines were suppressed in 1711) the reasons for his abrupt change in plans in 1669-1670:I had found on my return to France that the religion in which I had been raisedexcluded me from every sort of position, and that I must either change or renounceeverything that is called honors and advancement. Each of these options seemed harshto me; one is not free to believe what one will. I therefore immediately turned myattention to returning to the Indies, where without being pressed to change religion orto quit my professor of merchant, I could not fail to fulfill a moderate ambition,because commerce there is such an important function that even sovereigns practice itopenly. (I, 1)Whereas he had intended to take time between voyages to prepare his manuscripts patientlyfor publication, he found himself in the necessity of re-departing promptly, contentinghimself therefore with the publication of just his first volume. Furthermore, when he returnedfrom his second voyage on the eve of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, he found himselfnecessarily destined for a new life in England, where he was to join other members of hisfamily and their associates. There he became in no time an important figure, highly placed inthe East India Company, and the exigencies of this role long prevented him from devotinghimself to the various book projects which he had often evoked in his published writings.The somewhat hybrid form that these Voyages assume are the result of this unsettledlife which never left him the time to reorganize the whole in the form of an unbrokennarrative. Consequently, Chardin shows himself often uncertain of which things he hasalready related, admitting that he repeats himself (“as I have already said”, “as I haveobserved”, “as I have related elsewhere”, and even “as I have observed several times”); thereare some 250 occurrences in the whole text of similar clauses.While the Voyages were to include his entire Description of Persia (the third volumeof the ten of 1711), Chardin nevertheless had in mind other works to complement hisvoyages. Already in Le Couronnement de Soleïmaan he evokes the project for a treatise onPersian astrology11; the beginning of the Voyages further announces a Persian geography andan Abbreviated history of Persia drawn from Persian writers. Like the majority of hisunpublished papers, notably his travel journals of 1776-1777, these have disappeared.A final work which was especially close to his heart was to be called Notes on variouspassages of the Holy Scriptures. His ambition was to enrich our understanding of a manyBiblical passages by drawing on his knowledge of the “manners and customs of theOrientals”. 12 Their tenor can be inferred from numerous experiences or places recalling suchand such an echo from a Biblical or Classical text. He speaks of it in his preface of 1686,saying he composed these notes in large part during winters spent in India when travel by seawas not possible.13When Chardin indulges himself in observations on Christianity and Islam, as well ason common traits of the Bible and the Qur’an, he never conceives their relation to representanything but derivation or aberration. Far from leading him to reflect seriously on what thesegenesis and substance of the two religions manifesting many similarities have in common, forhim they never cease to signify a stark contrast between truth and error, or more exactly – forthe word comes several times under his pen – truth and imposture.11P. 397 in the original edition.Preface of 1711.13On the fate of these notes on the Bible, see Van der Cruysse, p. 441-444.12

Withal, one of the most engaging and original aspects of Chardin’s relations is indeedthe subjectivity of his narrative: if he hides nothing of his sentiments, the same is true of hisillnesses and the other exasperations he experienced,14 his disappointments, the dangers heran, his errors of judgment. All this, all the same, with a certain equanimity owing to hisconfidence in God who unfailingly protects him, 15 even if his means are mysterious. Withouttoo much insistence, he makes us understand that for him, on certain subjects there can be noroom for doubt.One of the rare instances of direct testimony by other Europeans with respect toChardin in Persia, which cannot fail to be of interest here, comes to us from the abbéBarthélemy Carré, who met Chardin in Bander-Abassi on 9 March 1674:That same day we saw the arrival in said Bandar-Abbas of M. Jardin,16 aFrench merchant who was meeting with marvelous success in this kingdom of Persiawhere he was highly reputed, not only by the merchants of the country, but also atcourt, where he was much esteemed of the king and ministers. He was accompaniedonly by Mr Grelot, a bright young man, very correct and a painter, whom said MrChardin was taking with him in his travels to draw the considerable places andsquares of these Asian countries. Said Mr Chardin was working on one of the mostcurious books yet seen, and one which will acquire immortal glory for him in thisworld if God preserves him till the end of his glorious drawing and labors. He took hisown lodgings in the town so as to be more free to act on his dealings and business,which he did admirably well. While he was working thus successfully in Persia, MrRaisin,17 his associate, had gone to the Indies two months earlier to work separatelyon their business.18Now curiously, Chardin tell us nothing about this artist, Guillaume Joseph Grelot, whom hehad met in Constantinople, and who joined him in Tabriz in May 1673; he was to remainwith him until the end of September 1674.19 To him we owe the 78 plates (for Chardin washardly an artist), consisting mostly in panoramic views of cities and architectural details. 20Principles of this editionChardin’s manuscripts having disappeared, we dispose of only printed sources: LeCouronnement de Soleïmaan III of 1671, the first version of the Voyage de Paris à Ispahanin 1686, the ensemble of the Voyages in three or ten volumes in 1711, and the editions of1735 and 1811 for the restitution of the missing passages. It is the Amsterdam edition of 171114See Van der Cruysse, p. 150.It is never in advance that he is sure of success, but he always persuades himselt afterwardsthat it was only by the grace of God that he escaped intact.16This is how Carré writes his name.17Antoine Raison is mentioned several times in the Voyages; see notably I, 2 and I, 90.18Carré, p. 1018-1019; cf. Chardin le Persan, p. 216-220.19See on this subject Van der Cruysse, p. 174-176.15On Grelot, see also the numerous mentions of his work in Paul Bernard, Le Voyage dans l’empireothoman, l’Égypte et la Perse de Guillaume-Antoine Olivier, naturaliste et envoyé de la République(1792-1798), Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, année1997/4, p. 1157-1244, en ligne : http://www.persee.fr/doc/crai 0065-0536 1997 num 141 4 15811.20

that serves as the base text for this edition of the Voyages, the closest, with the exception ofthe excisions about which Chardin probably knew nothing, of the author’s intentions. Thepagination based on this edition in ten volumes is inserted into the text in brackets and allinterior references correspond to this pagination. All the passages censored by Delorme willnaturally be restored insofar as possible, and for these restitutions our principal source is theedition of 1735.21 All the passages thus restored have been set in boldface so the reader mayeasily gauge the extent of the publisher’s intervention in 1711.The text as Jean Chardin published it, now easily available on line, presents numerousdifficulties for today’s reader. Aside from the spelling, which I have (with exceptionsmentioned below) modernized, it is sprinkled with such a quantity of capitals and italics thatit is difficult to detect when the intention is to underscore, and when it represents a simplehabit; proper names, for instance, are almost always in italics. In addition, to indicate aquotation Chardin used sometimes italics and sometimes quotation marks, but not in asystematic manner. Moreover, the text is, in terms of today’s norms. massivelyoverpunctuated; an abundance of commas (almost every conjunction and every relativepronoun calling for one) seems to chop the sentences into short segments; a semicolon orcolon are often used when a comma would do. This proliferation reflects the conventions ofthe time, but today it seems appropriate to relieve the reader of some of them.It was therefore incumbent on the editor to regularize the text to make it morereadable, while retaining as much as possible of the color the language of Chardin and hi stime. Here are the characteristics I have chosen to retain.Italics are kept for foreign words and expressions, for proverbs or other emphasizedsayings, and for direct citations within a narrative context, but not for iterative or exemplaryquotations. Quotation marks are preferred for long quotations drawn from Persian sources,such as Coranic prescriptions.I have retained certain archaic forms, especially those that seem to indicate adifference of pronunciation with respect to current usage: Chardin writes envoyeroit (orenvoieroit), he alternates between registre and regître as was common at the time. On theother hand, I lend a modern spelling to other expressions that could for the reader have had acertain picturesque quality – à l’entour (alentour), pied d’estal (piedestal – withoutconsequence for the sound.Names of persons, especially Arabic, Turkish or Persian names, can vary in the textfrom one point to another. Although Chardin takes care with phonetic transcriptions fromPersian or Arabic, he hardly strives for uniformity. Even a name which is everywhere canappear under slightly various forms: thus, beside Mahammed we also find Mahamed andMahomed; I have not sought to impose on them an invariable form. This goes also for manycommon names, courrouc and kourrouk for example. It seemed to me that, the constantvariations being of a piece with the character of the text, there was no need to systematizethem.As for geographic or ethnic names, as Chardin almost never uses accents, a decisionsometimes had to be made on how to proceed in function of the usages of the time. I add anaccent for Géorgie and Mingrélie as for Guèbre, Médie, and Persépolis, without otherwisemodifying the names themselves even if – and it is frequent – its forms vary. I keep thespelling Colconde, invariable in Chardin for Golconde, and européan (which he alwayswrites without an accent: never européen), to which I nonetheless add the accent.With regard to the numerous transcriptions of Asiatic names, I leave them as they are,even in their variants. There would have been little point in re-transcribing them in the21There are a few rare passages furnished in the 1811 edition which were still missing, nodoubt by oversight, in the edition of 1735.

interest of homologation, as Langlès would have it. It will suffice to compare sometimes thepassages which mention the same historical person. The fact that the ways of representingPersian or Arabic names in French, with exception of a few well-known ones like Abubekr orGenghis Couli-Caan, were hardly stabilized, which is part of the text’s historical interest.It is even less a question here of controlling, and thus necessarily examining critically,the countless sources cited by Chardin. The linguist or historian of Persia may benefit fromconsulting the very detailed notes of Langlès, whose zeal is only too greatly lavished on theerrors not to say the fantasies of Chardin. It was not incumbent on me to specify at everymoment the degree of correctness of Chardin’s observations. His is an historical voiceencased in history and it must be taken as such, without constantly confronting it with morerecent authorities. Consequently I have sought, while providing information indispensable tothe reading, to avoid historical judgment which can be found if needed in the specialists ofSafavide history. Chardin is clear enough about his sources; I identify them but withoutweighing their reliability.This applies as well to the etymologies, which are one of Chardin’s delights. Neverdoes he pass through a village or cross a river without wondering, and questioning thenatives, about the origin of its name. Often speculative, his conjectures make Langlès cringe,and in consequence he makes a point of correcting every transcription and often faulting thetraveller. The tools at Chardin’s disposal were limited but he adored comparisons oflanguages and literatures: thus he draws on the Ancients, whom he knows well, both fortopology and for the locutions which according to him may go back to Latin, Greek, or evenHebrew. The etymologies he collects by asking learned Persians are often not lesshypothetical or simply imaginary than his own.Links to Grelot’s plates with a copy in-quarto of the Gallica collection of theBibliothèque Nationale de France, have been inserted into the text.For the life of Chardin and relevant bibliography, see:– John Emerson, the article “Chardin, Sir John” in Encyclopædia Iranica, vol. V, fascicule 4,p. 369-377 (1991); on line: john.– Dirk Van der Cruysse, Chardin le Persan, Paris: Fayard, 1998.The Safavide dynasty in Chardin’s 694-1722Muhammad Khudabanda (1531-1595), 4th Safavide shahAbbas Mirza, Abbas I the Great (1571-1629), 5th Safavide shahSafi I (1611-1642), 6th Safavide shahAbbas II (1632-1686), 7th Safavide shahSuleyman I (1647-1694) 8th Safavide shahHuseyen or Hossein (1668-1726), 9th and last Safavide shah

AbbreviationsN. B. Boldface designates the passages omitted in the 1711 edition, restored for the most partin 1735 and 1811.AcadémieDictionnaire de l’Académie française (followed by the year of theedition)BaylePierre Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique. Rotterdam: ReinierLeers, 1697. Also cited, with indication of date in parentheses, is theedition of 1734.CarréBarthélemy Carré, Le Courrier du roi en Orient: relations de deuxvoyages en Perse et en Inde, 1668-1674, Dirk Van der Cruysse, éd.,Paris: Fayard, 2005ChardinVoyages du chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient,Amsterdam, Delorme, 10 vol. in-12 , 1711.CoranL’Alcoran de Mahomet, André Du Ryer (trans.), Paris, 1672.Couronnement Le Couronnement de Soleïmaan, troisième roi de Perse, et ce qui s’est passéde plus mémorable dans les deux premières années de son règne,Paris: Claude Barbin, 1671.EncyclopédieEncyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et desmétiers, Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond D’Alembert (directors), 17vol. in-folio, 1751-1765FuretièreAntoine Furetière, Dictionnaire universel, La Haye et Rotterdam, 1690La Curne de Sainte-PalayeJean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye, Dictionnaire historiquede l’ancien langue français, ou glossaire de la langue française [ ] ,1875-1882.LanglèsVoyages du chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient,Louis Langlès (ed.), Paris: Le Normant, 10 vol. in-8 .Lemaître de SacyLa Bible. Traduction de Louis Isaac Lemaître de Sacy (1613-1684).Paris: Robert Laffont, 1990.RicheletPierre Richelet, Dictionnaire françois, Genève 1680, 1689; variouslocations, 1719.TavernierJean-Baptiste Tavernier, Les Six Voyages de Jean-Baptiste Tavernier,chevalier baron d’Aubonne, qu’il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et auxIndes, pendant l’espace de quarante ans, Paris, 1679, 3 vols.

TrévouxDictionnaire universel français et latin, dit Dictionnaire de Trévoux,Trévoux, 1743.Van der CruysseDirk Van der Cruysse, Chardin le Persan, Paris: Fayard, 1998.VosgienJean-Baptiste Ladvocat (1709-1765), called Vosgien, Dictionnairegéographique portatif, Paris: Didot, 2nd édition, 1747.

Première PartieLe Couronnement de Soleïmaan troisième,roi de Perse,et ce qui s’est passé de plus mémorabledans les deux premières années de son règne(1671)22Texte de l’édition princeps, Paris, Claude Barbin, 1761, in-8o, 460 p. Achevé d’imprimer « pour laseconde fois » le 28 juillet 1671 ; le privilège date du 5 février 1665.22

Au roi23SIRE,L’extrême bonté de Votre Majesté qui se répand sur les moindres de ses sujets, mefait prendre la liberté de lui présenter une petite partie de l’histoire des rois de Perse, quicontient le couronnement de celui qui est assis aujourd’hui sur le trône, et les premiersévénements de son règne.Elle commence, Sire, par l’éloge du feu roi Habas, qui eut toujours une estimeparticulière pour votre personne sacrée, et une très grande admiration pour les rares qualitésdont le Ciel a pris plaisir de l’enrichir. Les Français qui ont eu l’avantage d’approcher cegrand monarque savent avec quel soin il s’informait des belles actions de Votre Majesté dontil ne se lassait jamais d’entendre le récit, et bien qu’il fût l’héritier de la superbe arrogancedes rois de Perse, et qu’à leur exemple il n’ait jamais traité d’égaux le Grand Mogol 24, ni leGrand Seigneur25, il affectait par honneur d’appeler V. M. son frère, et de dire que le roi deFrance était le plus grand empereur de l’Europe, comme lui était le plus puissant prince del’Asie.C’est ce que je lui ai ouï dire de sa propre bouche toutes les fois que j’ai eu l’honneurde lui parler. L’air avec lequel il s’exprimait marquait assez que ces sentiments étaientvéritablement dans son cœur, et que les louanges qu’il donnait à V. M. étaient fondées sur laconnaissance qu’il avait de ses royales vertus.Tous les peuples de la terre qui liront votre histoire, SIRE, en seront touchés ; de mêmequand ils apprendront les grandes choses que V. M. a achevées, et qui surpassent ce qui s’estfait de plus illustre par les plus grands rois de l’Asie.Pour moi, SIRE, qui n’ai pas la vue assez forte pour soutenir tant de lumière, je merenfermerai dans l’admiration d’une des actions de V. M. qui a plus de rapport à la professionoù je me trouve présentement attaché, je veux dire l’établissement du grand commerce quisemblait manquer au bonheur de la France, et qui se trouve aujourd’hui si solidement affermidans tout l’Orient par les ordres et la protection de Votre Majesté.J’espère dans peu de temps être spectateur de ces grands progrès dans le secondvoyage des Indes auquel je me prépare, et où je m’attends bien de trouver votre nom augusteen vénération parmi plusieurs nations qui nous étaient auparavant inconnues. Je m’estimeraiLouis XIV. Cette Épître est l’ouvrage de l’académicien François Charpentier, spécialiste du genre ;il disait aussi avoir retouché ailleurs le style de Chardin. Voir à ce sujet Dirk Van der Cruysse, p. 130et 289.24 Le Grand Mogol est le roi de l’Inde.25 « On appelle l’empereur d’Orient [de la Turquie] le Grand Seigneur » (Furetière.)23

toujours bienheureux d’être honoré des commandements de V. M. afin de lui pouvoirtémoigner que je n’ai point de plus haute ambition que celle d’employer ma vie et mes soinspour le service du plus grand roi du monde, sous le règne duquel j’ai eu le bonheur de naître,et à qui je me suis dévoué, comme étant,SIRE,DE VOTRE MAJESTÉLe très humble, très obéissant,et très fidèle sujet et serviteur,CHARDIN

PréfaceDe tous ces vastes empires de l’Orient où les hommes ont été attirés jusqu’à présentdes climats les plus éloignés, soit par la curiosité d’acquérir de nouvelles connaissances, soitpar l’avidité de s’enrichir, il n’y en a point ce me semble qui ne doive céder à la Perse, tantpour la température de l’air, pour le génie qui y est plus raisonnable qu’ailleurs et plusapprochant du nôtre, que pour toutes les choses excellentes et rares qui s’y trouvent enabondance.Pour la température de l’air, elle est si admirable en Perse, qu’il y a peu de pays aumonde où l’air soit si pur et si salutaire : presque partout il est fort sec, et cette sécheressevient de ce qu’il y a peu d’eaux dans tout le royaume ; car comme il n’a pas quantité derivières, de fleuves, ni de lacs dont le soleil puisse élever et subtiliser des vapeurs, l’air y estextrêmement sec. La Perse est froide ou chaude, non seulement suivant les diverses latitudes,quoique la géographie ne fonde que sur elles le différent tempérament des parties del’univers ; mais aussi suivant les dispositions du terroir qui, selon ses éminences, sesconcavités, ou ses planures 26, participe davantage de l’une ou de l’autre de ces deux qualités.Néanmoins, généralement parlant, l’air est froid en ce pays-là, et cette froide sécheresse d’airest si merveilleuse que, hormis vers les frontières, du côté du midi et du septentrion, toutesles personnes y sont fort saines, elles y ont le teint beau, et les corps de l’un et de l’autre sexey sont fort et robustes, bien proportionnés, et bien faits.Il y a tant de rapport entre la disposition des esprits et celle des lieux, que la Perseétant disposée de la sorte, il est aisé de juger que le naturel des hommes y doit être spirituel etmodéré, adroit et docile. Cela est effectivement ainsi. Les Perses ont de l’esprit, de lavivacité, de la finesse, du jugement et de la prudence, sans participer en aucune façon à labrutale férocité des Turcs, ni à la grossière ignorance des Indiens, entre lesquels leur pays estsitué ; leurs mœurs sont douces et civiles, et leur esprit a de la capacité et de la lumière.Les mœurs des peuples suivent ordinairement leur religion ; ce que la mahométane ade plus brutal et de plus inhumain, sont ces excès où elle porte la haine qui est naturelle entreles religions opposées : elle n’a point de bornes dans la rage qu’elle a contre les autrescroyances ; elle commande d’exterminer ceux qui en font profession ; elle adjuge leurs bienset leurs libertés aux gens de son parti, et à peine souffre-t-elle qu’on leur laisse la vie. Commela religion chrétienne lui est la plus contraire dans ses principes et dans ses dogmes, et qu’elles’oppose davantage à sa propagation, elle se ressent plus aussi de

remains indispensable for a complete presentation of Chardin¶s personal experience and knowledge of Persia. 2. In 1686, a first version of Chardin¶s second voyage to Persia was published under the title: Journal du voyage du chevalier Chardin en Perse et aux Indes orientales et aux Indes orientales par la mer Noire et par la Colchide.

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