NIGERIA BROADCASTING CODE - NTA.ng
NIGERIABROADCASTINGCODE(6TH EDITION, 2016)DRAFTA Publication of:: NATIONAL BROADCASTING COMMISSION1
Nigeria Broadcasting CodeFirst Edition Published 1993,Second Edition Published 1996,Third Edition Published 2002Fourth Edition Published 2006Fifth Edition Published 2012Sixth Edition Published 20162
CONTENTIntroduction . . Page 8Chapter 1 – Broadcasting Standard . Page 17Chapter 2 – Licensing . Page 27Chapter 3 – Programming Standard . Page 34Chapter 4 – Programmes . Page 45Chapter 5 – News and Current Affairs . Page 50Chapter 6 – Sport Rights . .Page 58Chapter7 – Advertising . Page 60Chapter 8 – Sponsorship and Infomercial .Page 72Chapter 9 – Community Broadcasting Page 74Chapter 10 – Network Broadcasting .Page 84Chapter 11 – Pay Subscription Broadcasting .Page 88Chapter 12 – Broadcast Signal Distribution .Page 93Chapter 13 – Technical .Page 97Chapter 14 – Complaints . Page 114Chapter 15 – Sanctions . Page 117Definition of Terms . Page 120Appendix I . . Page 127Appendix II Page 140Appendix III Page 1443
CITATIONThis document shall be known as the Nigeria Broadcasting Code (6thEdition) hereinafter referred to as “The Code”.4
PREFACE5
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INTRODUCTIONGENERAL PRINCIPLESCHARACTER OF BROADCASTINGSOCIAL OBJECTIVESCULTURAL OBJECTIVESECONOMIC OBJECTIVESPOLITICAL OBJECTIVESTECHNOLOGICAL OBJECTIVESPROFESSIONAL OBJECTIVESBROADCAST REGULATIONCHALLENGES TO THE INDUSTRYDEREGULATION OF BROADCASTINGIN NIGERIALEGAL FRAMEWORKRESPONSIBILITY OF THE COMMISSIONDECLARATION7
0.1INTRODUCTIONThe Code represents the minimum standard forbroadcasting in the Federal Republic of Nigeria. TheCode shall be applied in the spirit as well as in the letterin accordance with the professional ideals ofbroadcasting.0.2GENERAL PRINCIPLES0.2.1Character of BroadcastingBroadcasting is a creative medium, characterized byprofessionalism, choice and innovation, to serve the interestof the public. Its utilisation of audio and video technologymakes it capable of reaching the audience simultaneously,availing mankind with the best means of informationdissemination and reception. It also enables the individualto share in and contribute to the best of his ability, to theworld around him.Broadcasting shall influence society positively, setting theagenda for the social, cultural, economic, political andtechnological development of a nation, for the public good.By means of broadcasting, every Nigerian is expected topartake in the sharing of ideas and experiences that willenrich the life of the citizenry and help them live in acomplex, dynamic and humane society, as stated in thefundamental objectives and directive principles of statepolicy set out in Chapter two of the 1999 Constitution of theFederal Republic of Nigeria {as amended} {hereinafterreferred to as the Constitution}.Nigerian broadcasting shall essentially match the best in theprofession anywhere in the world, yet be distinctly Nigerian,projecting the best and discouraging the worst in thesociety. In other words, the cardinal responsibility ofbroadcasting to inform, educate and entertain shall not be atthe expense of national interest, unity and cohesion of8
Nigeria’s diverse social, cultural, economic, political andreligious configurations.Therefore, no broadcast shall encourage or incite to crime,lead to public disorder, be repugnant to public feeling orcontain an offensive reference to any person, alive or dead,or generally, be disrespectful to human dignity.0.2.2Objectives of Broadcastinga. Broadcasting shall be guided by the following broadobjectives, which are in line with the Fundamentalobjectives and Directive Principles of State Policy, as setout in Chapter Two of the 1999 Constitution {asamended}.b. Broadcasting shall provide an efficient, professional andcomprehensive service to the people of the FederalRepublic of Nigeria based on national objectives andaspirations.0.2.2.1Social Objectivesa. To provide a functional level of enlightenment for theNigerian populace, irrespective of their educationalbackground; specifically, broadcasting is to:i. promote generally accepted social values and norms,especially civic and social responsibilities;ii. promote the acquisition or pursuit of knowledge;ii. disseminate impartially, news and opinions in amanner encouraging meaningful and articulatedialogue and discussion of issues of public interest;iv. promote the physical, mental and social well-being ofthe people;v. foster the spirit of self-discipline, self-sacrifice and selfreliance; andvi. encourage respect for the dignity of man.b. Broadcasting organisations shall recognise that theyexercise freedom of expression as agents of society, notfor any personal or sectional rights, privileges and needs9
of their own or of their proprietors, relatives, friends orsupporters.c. Broadcasting shall promote values and norms, whichfoster the well-being and co-operation of the varioussegments of the Nigerian society.0.2.2.2Cultural ObjectivesTo encompass various aspects of community life includingaesthetics, religion, ethics, philosophy, language, history andthe arts. Therefore, broadcasting shall:a. provide, through programming, a service essential to themaintenance and enhancement of national identity andcultural sovereignty;b. serve to safeguard, enrich and strengthen the cultural,political, social and economic fabrics of Nigeria;c. seek, identify, preserve and promote Nigeria’s diversecultures;c. select critically, the positive aspects of foreign culturesfor the purpose of enriching the Nigerian culture;d. develop and promote the application of indigenousaesthetic values;e. promote the development of a high level of intellectualand artistic creativity; andf. foster generally acceptable moral, ennobling andspiritualvalues.0.2.2.3Economic Objectivesa. To be consistent with the nation’s economic goals, whichinclude the building of:i.a united, strong and self-reliant nation;ii.a just and egalitarian society;iii. a great and dynamic economy; andiv. a land bright and full of opportunities for allcitizens.10
b.Broadcasting shall therefore:i.monitor trends and developments in productionprocesses;ii.promote knowledge of available products andservices through programmes andadvertisements;iii.foster the spirit of hard-work and productivityto improve the quality of life of the people; andiv.0.2.2.4encourage the production and consumption oflocal products to achieve self-sufficiency andself-reliance.Political ObjectivesTo contribute to the development of national unity andparticipatory democracy; therefore, the political objectivesof broadcasting shall:0.2.2.5a.create and promote political awareness amongst thepeople in order to achieve a democratic society;b.inculcate in the people the spirit of tolerance of allshades of opinion; andc.promote social justice based on the responsibilitiesand rights of the individuals in the society.Technological ObjectivesTo exploit the nation’s abundant natural and humanresources to the advantage of the people;thereforebroadcasting shall :a.keep the people abreast oftechnologicaldevelopments;bencourage development in ICT,in line with globaltrends;11
c.promote and encourage the study of science andtechnology;0.2.2.6d.promote the spirit of self-reliance and engender thedevelopment of indigenous technology; ande.promote a scientific and rational attitude to life byencouraging research.Professional ObjectivesTo demand the high level of specialization andprofessionalism; therefore, Broadcasters shall ensure:a.The development of professionalism throughrecruitment and training of personnel, who at thepoint of entry into senior cadre shall possess at least,Higher National Diploma (HND) or its equivalent inbroadcast related fields;b.That only professionals with at least 10 years’ cognateexperience shall head core departments, divisions ordirectorates;c.That only professionals with at least 15 years’ cognateexperience in broadcasting, shall be made ChiefOperating Officer of a broadcast station;d.That Nigerian talents and facilities shall be used asmuch as possible in the production of programmes,including advertisements;That meaningful investment in research anddevelopment, and job security with appropriateremuneration is guaranteed; therefore, the Commissionshall arbitrate in instances where unjust removal of abroadcaster is established.e.f.That their staff are trained quarterly on the NigeriaBroadcasting Code.12
0.2.3Broadcast RegulationThe regulation is to ensure that broadcasting plays a pivotalrole in the social, cultural, technological, economic, andpolitical lives of the people of Nigeria; therefore:a.Broadcasting shall adhere to the general principles oflegality, decency, truth, integrity and respect for humandignity as well as the cultural, moral and social values ofthe people within the provisions of the Constitution;b.Nigerian broadcasting shall meet the best professionalstandards;c.The framework for the regulation of broadcasting inNigeria shall meet local needs without compromisinginternational standards;d.Broadcasting in Nigeria shall provide the entire range ofsound and vision services that cater for, and reflect thediverse range of Nigerian cultures and communitiesthrough effective distribution of public, commercial andcommunity broadcasting services;e.Broadcasting in Nigeria shall be at least 70% ownedand operated by Nigerians.f.Broadcasting shall ensure the protection and thedevelopment of women, children and other personsrequiring special care and consideration;g.Broadcasting shall be mindful of the degree of harm andoffence likely to be caused by the inclusion of anymaterial in programming in general or in specific terms;h.Broadcast frequency bands, a scarce resource, shall beefficiently utilized in line with the international beststandards in the planning, co-ordination, assignment,registration, and monitoring of the broadcastspectrum;i.Universal access to broadcasting, includingtechnologies, content and services shall be promoted;13
0.2.4j.Providers of broadcasting services shall respectcommunity standards in the provision of programmematerials;k.Broadcasters shall establish the mechanism foraddressing complaints as well as feedback;l.Broadcasters and their employees shall uphold therights and obligations of the mass media as providedin the Constitution;m.Fair and sustainable competition shall be the hallmarkof the broadcast industry in Nigeria;n.Self-regulation shall be employedframework of professional standards.withintheChallenges to the IndustryThe challenges to the industry are to ensure a freecompetitive and responsive broadcasting service in Nigeria,and to stimulate the contribution expected of broadcastingin a truly democratic society. Thus, broadcasting shallsatisfy, amongst others, the following needs of the society:a.a truthful, comprehensive and intelligent account ofeach day’s local, regional, national and internationalevents that have significant impact on the Nigeriancommunity;b.an impartial access to the nation’s daily intelligencemade equally available to everyone;c.a forum for the exchange of comment and criticismrepresenting every stratum of the society, as requiredin a Federal state like Nigeria, in which the views andopinions of everyone are included in the nationalconsensus;d.a means of projecting the opinions and attitudes of the14
e.groups in the society to one another, such as thebalancing of information flow between the rural andurban, government and the governed, as well as thepresentation and clarification of the goals and valuesof the society;an efficient, professional and comprehensivebroadcasting service to the people of the FederalRepublic of Nigeria, based on national objectives andaspirations;f.an effective coverage and reach of the nation;g.the right of practitioners to have control over editorialh.i.j.k.and programme content in the media;the development of Nigerian artistic creativity andtalent in entertainment programming and offeringinformation and analyses from the Nigerian point ofview;programming that promotes employmentopportunities to serve the needs and interest, andreflect the circumstances and aspirations of allNigerians;programming that promotes excellence and high moraland ethical standards, acceptable to a substantialgroup of the viewing and listening public;development of human resources and capacity buildingin broadcasting;l.ready adaptation to scientific and technologicalchanges;m.maximum use of predominantly Nigerian creativeresources in the presentation of programming, be itnews, musical entertainment, advertising orsponsorship;n.greater emphasis on the broadcast of news andprogrammes in Nigerian languages to ensuredirect relevance to local communities;15
0.2.5o.programmes of high professional standard;p.reasonable opportunity for the public to be exposed toall views on matters of public concern; andq.the development and growth of the independentproduction sector.Deregulation of Broadcasting in NigeriaOn August 24, 1992, the Federal Military Governmentpromulgated the National Broadcasting Commission DecreeNo. 38 (now deemed an Act of the National Assembly)deregulating the broadcast industry and establishing theNational Broadcasting Commission to regulate the entireindustry. This ended over 50 years of sole governmentownership of broadcasting in the country.Theresponsibilities of the Commission were further expanded bythe NBC (Amendment) Act No. 55 of 1999.0.2.6Legal FrameworkThe National Broadcasting Commission (herein referred toas the Commission) was established by Section 1 of theNational Broadcasting Commission Act,Cap. NII, Laws of theFederation, 2004; (hereafter called “the Act”).0.2.7Powers of the CommissionThe responsibility of the National Broadcasting Commissionis as stated in Section 2(1) of the NBC Act,Cap. NII, Laws ofthe Federation, 2004. See Appendix.0.2.8DeclarationThe National Broadcasting Commission affirms that it shallco-operate with, encourage and protect Broadcasters, butwill firmly ensure adherence to all the provisions of the NBCAct, The Code and any other regulation as made from timeto time by the Commission.16
CHAPTER ONE1.0BROADCASTING STANDARDThe standard given hereunder stipulates the regulationsand procedures for developing and upholdingprofessionalism in Nigerian Broadcasting.1.1PRINCIPLESa.The Code is derived from the provision of Section2(1)(h) of the Act;b.The Code contains the universal standard ofbroadcasting with specific application to Nigeria. Thepurpose is to guide broadcasters to apply theprovisions of The Code and to assist the public touphold them as the benchmark for their “ right toquality broadcasting”.c.The Code is guided by transparency, consistent withthe best service delivery principles.d.The Code contains regulations for easy interpretationby the Broadcaster and the public. The regulationsmay be reviewed from time to time in response tochanges and evolving trends in the broadcastingindustry.e.The Code expects the Broadcaster to always considerwhat is beneficial to the audience in terms of cultural,moral, economic, social and political values of theNigerian society.f.The Code recognizes that broadcasting and freedomof expression are intrinsically linked. However, theBroadcaster shall exercise as much freedom aspossible in programming without breaching societalvalues.17
g.The Code is the professional standard for the day-today operation of the broadcasting industry inNigeria.1.1.1APPROVAL OF AGREEMENTS AND TRANSACTIONS1.1.1.1A licensee shall obtain the prior approval of the Commissionin respect of any act, agreement or transaction that maydirectly or indirectly affect its shareholdings.1.1.1.2The request for the approval referred to in 1.1.1.1 aboveCLASS AShall set-out the following information:a.the name of the person(s)/company(ies);b.the percentage and voting interests of theperson(s)/company(ies);c.the level of association of the person(s)/company(ies)in the management/ownership of the organisation;d. the level of association of the person(s)/company(ies)in any other broadcast organisation in the same sector;ande.a draft copy of the proposed agreement or transaction.1.1.1.31.21.2.1A licensee shall obtain the prior approval of the Commissionbefore engaging in any transaction that would result in anew ownership structure involving new persons.CLASS ACOVERAGE OF CRISIS, DISASTER AND EMERGENCYBroadcast technology enables broadcasters to bringinformation on issues of national concern to the audiencewith immediacy. In the event of crisis however, theadvantages of broadcast technology may be exploited butnot in a manner to aggravate the situation or adverselyaffect those emotionally involved.18CLASS B
1.2.2The Broadcaster shall exercise due caution, empathy andsensitivity in the coverage and presentation of emergencies,calamities, riots, etc.CLASS B1.2.3In drawing attention to crisis, timely basic information shallbe provided to assist the public and to facilitate rescue andother forms of amelioration.CLASS B1.2.4Sensationalism shall be avoided by refraining fromspeculations, statements, details or exaggerations thatCLASS Bcould aggravate mass panic or hysteria.1.2.5Broadcasters shall carry public announcements on naturaldisasters as social responsibility covering their area ofcoverage.Broadcasters using social media sources or any emergingtechnologies for coverage of disasters and emergenciesshall ensure the veracity and credibility of originatingmaterial and content.Broadcasters in using social media sources or any emergingtechnologies shall ensure due caution and professionalismin the coverage of disasters and emergencies.1.2.61.2.71.3BROADCASTER IDENTIFICATION/CALL SIGN1.3.1.A Broadcaster shall have a call sign, station identification orlogo, or a combination to serve as its identity.1.3.2A Broadcaster shall, before commencement of operations,register with the Commission its call sign, slogan,identification or logo duly registered with the Trade MarkRegistry.A Broadcaster’s identification shall be broadcast at leastevery 15 minutes on radio, or at least at the next availableprogramme juncture.For television transmission services the following shallapply:ONLYthe Broadcaster’s identity/logo shall be permanentlydisplayed.1.3.31.3.4a.19CLASS CCLASS BCLASS BCLASS BCLASS BCLASS BCLASS C
b.Legitimate information captions, including the logos ofthe franchise holder, and/or the caption or logo of asponsor, may also be displayed at allowed intervals of 10minutes for duration not exceeding 60 seconds inaddition to the provision in paragraph 1.3.4 (a)A programme title shall be displayed at the beginning,bridging point and at the end of the programme exceptfor Grade A programmes.c.1.3.5Where a Broadcaster uses more than one frequency orchannel, each of its programming outlets shall beidentified separately by its registered identity.1.3.6Broadcasting with false or misleading identification shallnot be allowed. This violation may lead to the immediateCLASS CCLASS CCLASS BCLASS Bclosure of a station, revocation of licence and seizure ofequipment.1.4THE PUBLIC’S RIGHT TO COMPLAINThe public has a right to complain about any broadcastcontent, therefore, a Broadcaster shall transmit at leasttwice a day, information on how the public may lodgecomplaints about its content or conduct.1.5CLASS BPROGRAMMES SCHEDULEa.The scheduling of a programme is the absoluteresponsibility of the Broadcaster in accordance withits editorial standards; especially, Networkprogrammes, taking into consideration the diversityin faith, cultural and moral sensitivities of theaudience.b.It is the responsibility of a Broadcaster to clearlyexplain its programme always, throughprogramme promotion and trailers.CLASS Bc.A Broadcaster shall not schedule a programmeunsuitable for children and young persons before thewatershed time of 10.00pm.CLASS B20CLASS C
d.1.5.1.A Broadcaster shall forward to the Commission its quarterlyprogrammes schedule and synopsis of new or repackagedprogrammes not less than one week before the beginning ofthe quarter.1.5.2A Broadcaster shall establish an Electronic ProgrammeGuide (EPG) which contains all the details required in 1.5.1above.1.6LOG BOOKS1.6.1A Broadcaster shall log all transmissions, including testtransmissions, in accordance with paragraphs 7 and 8 of theThird Schedule of the Act.1.6.21.9A Broadcaster shall not schedule morally contrastingprogrammes, fillers or advertisements of similar orcompeting genres back to back.A Broadcaster shall maintain log books to record each day’s:a.programmes;b.music;c.advertisements and sponsorships;d.studio operations and maintenance;e.transmitter operations and maintenance;f.links operation and maintenance; andg.power supply1.6.3A broadcaster shall avail the Commission of the log book(s)upon request.1.7CONTINUOUS OFF-AIR RECORDING OF TRANSMISSION1.7.1A Broadcaster shall:a.retain for a period of not less than 90 days, a recordingof every programme broadcast on its service;21CLASS BCLASS BCLASS BCLASS BCLASS BCLASS BCLASS B
b.produce any such recording for examination ondemand by the Commission;CLASS Bc.produce any script or transcript of the programme, ondemand by the CommissionCLASS B1.8RIGHT OF ENTRY1.8.1A Broadcaster shall be in breach of the provisions of TheCode if it:a.denies the Commission or its agent entry into theCLASS Ab.premises of its station as provided in Section 13(2) ofThe Act.obstructs the Commission or its agent in the exerciseof the powers conferred on the Commission underthis section; orCLASS Afails or refuses to give the Commission or its agent therequired cooperation to carry out the assignment.CLASS A1.91.9.1PROGRAMME PRESENTATIONA Broadcaster shall ensure that its presenter or anchor shallbe decently and appropriately attired in a manner that isconsistent with the Nigerian culture.CLASS C1.9.2A Broadcaster shall ensure that its presenter/continuityannouncer shall have a good command of the language ofpresentation, in diction, grammar and elocution.CLASS C1.9.3A Broadcaster shall ensure that its presenter/anchor doesnot express his or her opinion in the programme.CLASS B1.9.4A Broadcaster shall ensure that its presenter/anchor of anyprogramme, especially phone-in programmes; shall handleit with professionalism and sound judgment, to ensure thatit does not lose focus or lead to unfair treatment of anyperson or institution.CLASS Cc.22
1.9.5A Broadcaster shall ensure that every scheduled broadcastitem, including spot announcements is scripted.CLASS B1.10PIRACY1.10.1A Broadcaster shall not broadcast or re-broadcast any contentwithout the express permission of the right owner.CLASS B1.10.2A Broadcaster relaying any programme (local or foreign) shallensure proper acquisition of such programme.CLASS B1.11STAFF EMPOWERMENTA Broadcaster shall provide good conditions of servicein the areas of remuneration, health, insurance,disengagement and pensioner’s welfare, as well as regulartraining and a good industrial relationship.1.12EMPLOYMENT POLICY1.12.1.A Broadcaster shall ensure that only professionalBroadcasters with requisite cognate experience are employedto head professional departments in the station.1.16 1.13CLASS BEMPOWERMENT AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT1.13.1A Broadcaster shall ensure that the minimum entry forrecruitment of a Broadcaster in the station shall be anordinary diploma or a certificate from a recognized mediatraining institution.1.13.2A Broadcaster shall ensure that newly recruited staff withproven aptitude but without industry experience shall berequired to attend a relevant course at a recognizedbroadcast institution within two years of employment.1.13.3CLASS BA Broadcaster shall ensure that only a professional with atleast 10 years post qualification broadcast experience headsa specialized department such as Programmes, News,Engineering, Marketing, etc.23CLASS BCLASS BCLASS B
1.13.41.2.3.4.A Broadcaster shall ensure that only a professional with atleast 15 years cognate broadcast experience, 5 of whichmust have been in the management cadre, shall be theHead of a station or Chief Operating Officer subject to theverification of the National Broadcasting Commission.CLASS B1.13.5A Broadcaster shall ensure that all its operatives haveworking knowledge of The Code.1.14FAMILY BELT1.14.1A Broadcaster operating a Free-To-Air television serviceshall ensure that all programmes between 7.00pm and10.00pm, otherwise known as Family Belt are Nigerianproduced programmes suitable for family viewing.1.14.2A Broadcaster shall ensure that programmes which do notpromote national values, ideals and aspirations or whichpromote foreign culture, violence, obscenity or vulgarismare not broadcast during the family belt.CLASS B1.14.3A Broadcaster shall ensure that family belt for radio,5pm –8pm, conform with the provision of 1.16.2 above.CLASS B1.15BROADCAST CURRICULA IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS1.15.1Tertiary institutions play a vital role in producing professionalsfor the industry through the teaching and practice of MassCommunication and other broadcast related courses. Section2(1) (p) of the Act. empowers the Commission to accreditcurricula and programmes for tertiary institutions in Nigeriathat offer Mass Communication in relation to Broadcasting.Therefore, for an academic broadcast programme to receiveaccreditation, the institution shall have a functional broadcaststudio and offer courses in the following key areas andothers to be added from time to time:a.The Act;b.The Code and other Broadcast Regulations;24CLASS BCLASS B
c.Educational and Instructional Broadcasting;d.Advertising;e.News Writing, Reporting, Editing and Newscasting;f.Radio and TV Production;g.Radio and TV Directing;h.Radio and TV Script Writing for Drama, Documentaryand other Programme Productions;i.Radio and TV Presentation Techniques;j.Lighting and Sound;k.Camera Techniques;l.Broadcast Station Management;m.Media Law and Ethics;n.Information Technology in Broadcasting;o.Technological Developments in the Industry;p.Industrial Attachment;q.Freedom of Information Act;r.Broadcasting and new media;1.181. 1.161.16.1LAWS AND OTHER PROFESSIONAL STANDARDSBroadcasting objectives are best achieved if all those involvedin the production and transmission of programmes adhere tothe following laws:a.The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999{as amended}b.The National Broadcasting Commission Act, Cap. NII,Laws of the Federation, 2004;c.The Wireless Telegraphy Act, Cap.W5 LFN 2004 (asamended by section 22, subsection 2 of the Act;d.Freedom of Information Act;e.The Defamation Law;25
f.g.h.i.j.k.l.m.n.o.p.q.the Law of contempt relating to matters pending beforelaw courts;The Official Secrets Act, Cap. 03 LFN 2004;the Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria Act, Cap.A7 LFN 2004;the National Film & Video Censors Board Act, Cap. N40LFN 2004;The Electoral guidelines on broadcast matters ascontained in the Electoral Act;The National Food and Drug Administration LawEnforcement Agency Act, Cap. NI LFN 2004;The Nigerian Copyright Act, Cap. C28 LFN 2004;National Lottery Act, Cap. N145 LFN 2004;any other Federal and State Legislation/Law relating latingtobroadcasting which Nigeria is a signatory.Nigeria Film Corporation Act; andNigerian Communications Act, Cap. N97 LFN 2004;26
CHAPTER TW02.02.0LICENSING2.0.1Licensing is the process of conferring authority on anapplicant to operate a broadcasting service by theappropriate Agency under specific conditions set out by law.2.0.22.1It shall be illegal for any person to operate or use anyapparatus or premises for transmission of sound or visionby cable, television, radio, satellite or other medium ofbroadcast from anywhere in Nigeria, unless licensed by theCommission.TIERS OF BROADCASTINGa.Public Broadcastingb.Commercial Broadcastingc.Community Broadcasting2.2TYPES OF BROADCASTING SERVICE2.2.1Terrestrial Radio and Television restrial Radio - Mode:a.Amplitude Modulation (AM)(i) Medium Wave (MW)(ii) Short Wave (SW)b.Frequency Modulation (FM)c.Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB)(i) Digital Radio Mundial (DRM)(ii) In-Band On Channel (IBOC) Standard(iii)any other radio broadcast mode that may evolve.27CLASS A
2.2.3Terrestrial Television - Mode:a. Open Digital Broadcast(i) Digital Video Broadcast-Terrestrial (DVB-T/DVB-T2)(ii) Digital Video Broadcast-Cable (DVB-C/DVB- C2)(iii) Digital Video Broadcast-Mobile (Technology Neutral)(iv) And any other digital formatb. Subscription Pay Television(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(v)2.2.4Multipoint Multimedia Distribution System (MMDS)Digital Video Broadcast-Cable (DVB-C/DVB- C2)Digital Video Broadcast-Terrestrial (DVB-T2)Digital Video Broadcast-Mobile (Technology Neutral)And any other digital formatSatellite Radio - Mode:a. Open Broadcast (Free-To-Air)b. Subscription Radioc. Temporary Uplink2.2.5Satellite Television - Mode:a. Free-To-Airb. Subscription Television(i) Digital Satellite Broadcast (DSB)(ii) Direct-to-Home (DTH)c. Temporary Uplink2.2.6Community Broadcast (Free-to-air)a. Community Radio/Televisionb. Community Wired Service (Sound and Video)2.2.7Protocol Broadcastinga.b
Nigeria shall meet local needs without compromising international standards; d. Broadcasting in Nigeria shall provide the entire range of sound and vision services that cater for, and reflect the diverse range of Nigerian cultures and communities through effective distribution of public, commercial and community broadcasting services; e.
qRespiratory Failure (I6300) and § Oxygen therapy while a resident (0100C2) Nursing Component . care for HIV/AIDS patients, the facility will get an 18% increase in NTA category. NTA Case Mix Groups NTA Comorbidity Score NTA Case Mix Group CMI 12 NA 3.25 9-11 NB 2.53 6-8 NC 1.85
In 2017, Nigeria introduced its first Building Energy Efficiency Code, which sets minimum standards for energy efficiency for new buildings in Nigeria. 2030 NDC TARGET The country's 2030 NDC target is 442.5 MtCO 2 e by 2030. There is no Climate Action Tracker analysis for Nigeria. All figures exclude land use emissions. NIGERIA Nigeria's GHG
4 Industry Attitudes towards Multicultural Broadcasting 43 4.1 What is Multicultural Broadcasting? 43 4.2 Multicultural Broadcasting Now 51 4.3 The Issue of Programme Genre 61 4.4 Multiculturalism:Guidelines and Policies 68 4.5 Employment and Multiculturalism 74 4.6 The Future of Multicultural Broadcasting: Industry Views 86
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BROADCASTING CORPORATION THIS DEED is made the 7 November 2016 BETWEEN: HER MAJESTY’S SECRETARY OF STATE FOR CULTURE, MEDIA AND SPORT (“the Secretary of State”) and THE BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION whose chief office is at Broadcasting House, Portland Place, London W1A 1AA (“the BBC”). BACKGROUND (1) The BBC was first incorporated, for a limited period of time, by a Royal Charter .
broadcasting to minority language development what role does Scottish Government see for Gaelic in public service broadcasting? The Chairman welcomed Margaret Mary Murray, BBC ALBA, and Donald Campbell, MG ALBA, to address the conference. 5 R eport from Gaelic Broadcasting Conference, Edinburgh, 15 March 2016 Donald Campbell MG ALBA and BBC ALBA were delighted to hear people’s views. MG ALBA .
1) Technical aspects on the introduction of digital terrestrial and multimedia broadcasting. 2) Information on standardized broadcasting systems in digital terrestrial and multimedia broadcasting networks, and some guidance on their implementation. 3) References to normative documents (standards, technical specifications, reports, recommendations
Python is a general-purpose, interpreted high-level programming language. Its syntax is clear and emphasize readability. Python has a large and comprehensive standard library. Python supports multiple programming paradigms, primarily but not limited to object-oriented, imperative and, to a lesser extent, functional programming .
