Overview Of Floating Offshore Wind
Overview of Floating Offshore WindWalt Musial Offshore Wind Lead National Renewable Energy LaboratoryFoundations for Ireland-UK Floating Wind March 12, 2021
Speaker BioMr. Walt MusialPrincipal EngineerOffshore Wind Research Platform LeadNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryGolden Colorado, USAWalt Musial is a Principal Engineer and leads the offshore wind researchplatform at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) where he hasworked for 32 years. In 2003 he initiated the offshore wind energy researchprogram at NREL which focuses on a wide range of industry needs and criticaltechnology challenges. He chairs the ACPA Offshore Wind StandardsSubcommittee and is the Senior Technical Advisor to the National OffshoreWind R&D Consortium. Previously, Walt also developed and ran NREL’s fullscale blade and drivetrain testing facilities for 15 years. Earlier, Walt workedas a test engineer for five years in the commercial wind energy industry inCalifornia.He studied Mechanical Engineering at the University ofMassachusetts - Amherst, where he earned his bachelor’s and master’sdegrees, specializing in energy conversion with a focus on wind energyengineering. He has over 120 publications and two patents.NREL 2
What’s Covered?Wind BasicsOffshore Wind StatusFloating Offshore Wind Technology and StatusFloating Offshore Wind – Where and WhyFloating Offshore Wind EconomicsNREL 3
Why Pursue Offshore Wind Energy? Generation close to load (most ofthe population lives near thecoast) Stronger winds Larger scale projects are possible Unique economic benefits Revitalizes ports anddomestic manufacturing Less constrained by transportand constructionFigure Source: Rodrigues, et al. Trends of Offshore Wind 2NREL 4
How does a wind turbine work?NREL 5Figure credit: Joshua Bauer, NREL
Above-the-water Parts of aFloating Offshore Wind TurbineFixed-bottom Offshore wind turbines are thesame as land-based wind turbines exceptoffshore wind turbines: Are bigger Have more complex support structures Are designed to withstand the marineenvironmentFloating wind turbines look very similar tofixed-bottom offshore wind turbines fromthe surface but are supported by buoyantsubstructures* moored to the seabed.*The floating wind turbine support structure is comprisedof the tower, substructure, mooring lines, and anchorsSiemens 6.0 MW Floating Offshore Wind Turbineon a Spar Buoy substructurePhoto credit: Walt Musial (NREL)NREL 6
Figure credit: Joshua Bauer, NRELOffshore Turbine Substructure Type Depends on Water DepthNREL 7
Most Offshore Wind Deployment Has Been on Fixedbottom Support StructuresLeading OffshoreWind Countries(Installed Capacity)United 8508 MW7441 MW6007 MW1925 MW1556 MW1136 MW196 MWCurrent as of Dec 31, 2019Fixed Bottom27,208 MW InstalledFloating82 MW InstalledNREL 8However, the future Floating Wind Energy market may be bigger than the fixed-bottom market
Floating Offshore Wind is Being Considered Where WatersAre Too Deep for Current Fixed-Bottom Technology 80% of offshore windresources are in watersgreater than 60 meters Floating wind enables sitesfarther from shore, out ofsight, with better winds! Floating wind technology isexpected to be at deployedat utility scale by 2024.Some Areas of the World Being Consideredfor Floating WindPortions of this slide were adapted courtesy of Aker SolutionsNREL 9
Where in the U.S. is Floating Offshore Wind Being Considered?58% of the U.S. offshore wind resource is in water depths 60m - floating foundationsGreat LakesPacificNorthAtlanticFigure credit: NREL Pacific Region –High water depthsrequire floatingtechnology North Atlantic –high demand,scarcity of shallowsites Great Lakes –visual impacts mayrequire fartherdistancesNREL 10
Oil and Gas Experience Helped Accelerate First Generation ofFloating Wind Turbine Prototypes Basic types of floating wind substructures were derived from oil and gas Oil and gas criteria alone can result in safe, but bulky and expensive designs Next phase: Optimized engineering approach will yield commercial massproduced utility-scale floating wind systemsKnowledgeTransferJobTransferPhoto -in-pictures.html?frame 2980750Photo credit: PPINREL 11
All Floating Wind Substructures Rely on These Basic ArchetypesSpar: Achieves stability through ballast(weight) installed below its main buoyancytankChallenges: Deep drafts limit port accessFigure credit: NRELSemisubmersible: Achieves static stability bydistributing buoyancy widely at the waterplaneChallenges: Higher exposure to waves More structure above the waterlineTension-leg platform (TLP): Achieves staticstability through mooring line tension with asubmerged buoyancy tankChallenges: Unstable during assembly High vertical load moorings/anchorsSparSemisubmersibleTension LegPlatformThree floating offshore wind energy platform archetypes derived from oil and gasexperience (spar, semisubmersible, tension leg platform) guide the development of thenext generation of optimized floating wind energy systems.NREL 12
Surface View of Two Types of Floating Wind SubstructuresPrinciple Power – 2.0 MW Turbine in Portugal - 2011WindFloat Semisubmersible Substructure (photo credit: PPI)Equinor – 6.0 MW Turbines in Peterhead ScotlandHywind-2 Spar Substructures (photo credit: Walt Musial)NREL 13
Floating Wind’s Next Generation Platforms Lighter and more stableplatforms Full-system designs thatfacilitate port assembly,commissioning, andstable tow-out 14 Pilot-scale projectsare being built todemonstrate nextgeneration technologyExamples of Hybrid SystemsFigure credits: Stiesdal Offshore Wind and SBMNREL 14
Balance of Station – Non-Turbine EquipmentFigure credit: NREL Floating substructures Dynamic array cables connectingturbines Mooring and anchor system Installation and assembly Offshore and onshoresubstations Export cable (main electric cableto shore) Decommissioning after 25-30yearsNREL Non-turbine Costs Account for 75% of the Total Capital Cost for a Floating Wind Farm15
What’s the Cost Breakdown of a Floating Offshore Wind System? The turbine makes uponly 24.3% of the totalcost for a floating windproject Project cost can belowered best byreducing balance ofsystem costsFloating Offshore Wind Capital Cost BreakdownStehly, Tyler, and Philipp Beiter. 2020. 2018 Cost of Wind Energy Review. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-5000-74598. NREL 16https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/74598.pdf.
Typical Catenary Mooring Line/Anchor ConfigurationsSyntheticMooringLineWater DepthRadiusChainMooringLineFigure credit: NRELSynthetic MooringLineDragEmbedmentAnchorsPhoto credit: Walt MusialMooring lines are at least 4 times longer than the water depthDrag Embedment AnchorPenetration 10m (33 ft)NREL 17
Turbine Spacing Increases With the Rotor DiameterTurbine spacingshown is not to scaleSpacing for floatingturbines will use thesame criteria as fixedbottom wind farmsFigure credit: NRELBigger spacing higher capital cost due to longer array cables, larger arrayfootprint, but lower wake losses – typical spacing varies between 6D and 8DNREL 18Example: A GE 12-MW Haliade-X with 8D spacing, the turbines would be over 1 mile apart
Floating Wind Turbines have Dynamic Array Collection CableFigure credit: NREL Dynamic array cables compensate for movement of floating platform Numerous design features help isolate the static cable from platform movements Subsea cables may be buried or secured along ocean floorNREL 19
Offshore Substation Utility-scale offshore wind farmscollect the power from eachturbine at a high voltage substationfor transmission to shore Floating substations are beingdeveloped with high voltagedynamic cables that allow thesubstations to move with thewaves.London Array Substation on monopilePhoto Credit: Siemens PressNREL 20
Floating Operations and MaintenanceTurbineServiceVesselBaltic 1Photo: WaltMusialSmall Repairs: Done in the field using servicevessels - Sensors/computers, lubrication,electrical, preventative rMajor Repairs – Blades, Generators, Gearboxes – Forfloating systems this can be done by disconnectingmooring lines and towing system to portNREL 21
Global Floating Wind Industry’s Path to Commercializationphoto credits: NRELEquinor Peterhead,Scotland 30 MW 5Turbines Øyvind Gravås /Woldcam - Statoil ASA(right)PPI 25-MW WindfloatAtlantic (left)Figure credit: PPIProof of Concept Phase2009 to 2016Prototypes Ranging from 2 - 7 MWResearch FundedPre-commercial Phase2017 to 2023Multi-turbine commercial machines12 – 50 MW – financed with subsidies14 projects totaling 229-MWUtility-scale Floating Arrays2024 and beyond400-MW CapacityCompetitive with Market ConditionsNREL 22
First Pre-commercial Scale Floating Wind Farm30-MW Hywind-2 (2017) First floating wind farm off Peterhead,Scotland Five 6-MW Siemens turbines were installedby Equinor in 2017 Substructure type: Classic Spar Water depth: up to 130 m (427’) Hub height: 101 m (331’) Rotor diameter: 154 m (505’)Siemens 6-MW Wind Turbine at Hywind -2Photo credit: Walt MusialNREL 23
WindFloat Atlantic Floating Wind Farm25-MW WindFloat Atlantic (2019) Near Porto, Portugal in 2019 Windplus consortium includes EDPRenewables, ENGIE, Repsol, andPrinciple Power. Three 8.4-MW Vestas turbines Substructure type: Semisubmersible First power December 31, 2019 Water depth: 100 m (328’) Hub height: 100 m (328’)Vestas 8-MW Wind Turbine BeingTowed to Station at Wind Float Atlantic Max height above water: 190 m (623’)Photo Credit: Windplus/Dock90NREL 24
How Much Does Floating Offshore Wind Energy Cost?
Estimating Floating Wind Cost Only 82 MW of floating wind has been installed so far No utility-scale projects built yet (pilot scale at least 3x higher cost) Cost estimates rely on:– Fixed-bottom wind market data validation– U.S. power purchase agreement analysis– Gap filling from vendor quotes and developers (proprietary)– Geo-spatial techno-economic cost models Inputs from a wide range of industry literature sourcesRecent NREL publications for Cost of Floating Offshore WindMusial, W., P. Beiter, J. Nunemaker, D. Heimiller, J. Ahmann, and J. Busch. 2019b. Oregon Offshore Wind Site Feasibility and Cost Study.NREL/TP-5000-74597. nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/74597.pdf.Musial, Walter, Philipp Beiter, and Jake Nunemaker. 2020. Cost of Floating Offshore Wind Energy using New England Aqua VentusConcrete Semisubmersible Technology. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. sti/75618.pdf.Beiter, Philipp, Walter Musial, Patrick Duffy, Aubryn Cooperman, Matt Shields, Donna Heimiller, and Mike Optis. 2020. The Cost ofFloating Offshore Wind Energy in California Between 2019 and 2032. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-500077384. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/77384.pdf.NREL 26
Prices from Recent European Offshore Wind Auctions IndicateSome Fixed-bottom Projects Can Compete Without SubsidiesWhy are offshorewind prices falling?Figure credit: NREL Technologyimprovements (e.g.Larger Turbines) Lower risk Maturing supplychains IncreasedcompetitionU.S. power purchase agreement analysis indicates same cost reduction trendsNREL 27
Floating Wind Energy Costs Follow Fixed-bottomOffshore Wind Trends Shared supply chains–––––TurbinesArray and export cablesRegulationsPorts and InfrastructureOperations andMaintenance Floating cost reductionslag fixed-bottom offshorewind cost by 5 -7 years Floating cost are likely toconverge with fixed-bottomwindFigure credit: NRELNREL 28
1How Large Will Offshore Turbines Get?Expected Turbine Growth – 15 MW by 2030 Offshore turbines are twiceas big as land-based Fewer installation andtransportation constraintsoffshore Larger turbines lowerproject costs Fewer turbines are cheaperto maintain No hard limits to furtherturbine growth Floating and fixed-bottomoffshore turbines use sameturbines .so far.NREL 29
New Turbine Prototypes Foretell Continued Turbine Growth General Electric announced the 12-MW Haliade-X turbine prototype now being installed in Rotterdam to be on themarket in 2021. The turbine is first in class, with a 12-MW direct-drive generator, 220-m rotor, and 140-m hub height. Siemens Gamesa announced the SG 14-222 DD turbine—a 14-MW direct-drive turbine with a 222-m rotor planned tobe ready for market in 2024. Vestas announced the V236-15.0 MW – a 15-MW turbine with a 236 m rotor for market in 2024GE 12-MW Wind Turbine Nacelle – Haliade -XAverage Commercial Offshore Turbine Growth WithPrototype Development Leading Further GrowthSource: DOE 2019 Market ReportPhoto Source: Greentech Media: nd-turbine#gs.xpxkf6
Key Takeaways Offshore wind resources are close to population centers – large scale is possible 80% of the global offshore wind resources are suited for floating offshore windenergy. Floating wind market could be bigger than fixed bottom markets (eventually). Floating offshore wind projects are expected to reach utility-scale by 2024 Larger offshore wind turbines have led the way for lower cost Floating cost reductions lag fixed-bottom wind declines by 5 -7 years, but bothfloating and fixed bottom offshore wind technologies are expected to reachcompetitive market costs.NREL 31
ThankyouyouforforyourThankyour attention!attention!Walt MusialOffshore Wind Research Platform LeadNational Renewable Energy Laboratorywalter.musial@nrel.govPhoto Credit : Dennis Schroeder-NRELNREL 32
Offshore Wind Research Platform Lead National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden Colorado, USA Walt Musial is a Principal Engineer and leads the offshore wind research platform at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) where he has worked for 32 years. In 2003 he initiated the offshore wind energy research
Floating Offshore Wind Will be Developed Where Waters Are Too Deep for Current Fixed-Bottom Technology 80% of offshore wind resources are in waters greater than 60 meters Floating wind enables sites farther from shore, out of sight, with better winds! Floating wind technology is expected to be at deployed at utility scale by 2024.
Offshore wind farms are also not subject to the same planning constraints as onshore farms and, if sited sufficiently far offshore, have a lower visual impact " " Offshore Wind in the UK Wind energy resources are abundant and exploitable1, and supplied 9.4% of the UK's electricity needs in 20142. Offshore wind is
This implies a total share of 45% for wind energy, with 27% coming from onshore wind, 13% from fixed-bottom and 5% from floating wind technologies. For floating wind, this is projected to include an 80% reduction in the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) from its current value, compared to a 44% reduction in LCOE for fixed-bottom offshore wind.
The socio-economic impact of offshore wind energy in Greece 1. Introduction The offshore wind industry in Europe has been up-and-coming and is expected to grow more in the following decade. Although Greece has yet to exploit its sizeable offshore wind potential, floating offshore wind projects could be developed in Greek waters soon. Alma
Vertical axis wind turbines appear to be promising for the condition of high as well as low wind speeds. Offshore wind turbines have recently been substantiated efficacious for generating electricity due to high wind power. A detailed numerical analysis is conducted in this work on an offshore floating type Darrieus wind turbine at different .
Offshore wind farms — the verge of energy revolution 6 Electricity from offshore wind farms enjoys public confidence 8 Domestic electricity production in 2018 10 Wind farms — another milestone of the Polish maritime sector 13 Offshore wind — development and construction 14 Offshore wind — electricity production 16
The nascent floating wind energy project pipeline is growing slowly relative to the fixed- bottom pipeline, but floating pilot projects are advancing. The global pipeline for floating offshore wind energy reached 4,888 MW in 2018, with 38 announced projects and 46 MW of operating projects. Offshore Wind Pricing Trends
Offshore wind farm status GW 10.4 7.7 2.6 2.3 1.7 0.3 25.0 % 42% 31% 10% 9% 7% 1% 100% UK Germany Netherlands Belgium Denmark Rest of Europe Total Turbines 2,292 1,501 537 399 559 112 5,400 Triton Knoll west offshore substation and jackup vessel Neptune 04 Offshore wind operational report 2020 05 Offshore wind operational report 2020 Offshore .
