Offshore Wind Energy - Stanford University
Offshore Wind Energy:Status, Issues, &Comparisons With U.S.On-Land DevelopmentPotential in Coastal AreasBruce BaileyAWS Truewind LLCAlbany, NYbbailey@awstruewind.comStanford University, April 26, 2004
6% ofnation’selectric load24% ofnation’selectric load7% ofnation’selectric loadOver half the population lives incoastal counties
State IncentivesRenewables Portfolio StandardsPublic Benefit FundsCan enough wind be builton land in the Northeast?http://www.dsireusa.org
Why Go Offshore? No windy lands nearmany load centers Transmissionbarriers on land forlong distances Strong winds resideoffshore; good loadmatching too Offshore wind can help satisfy RPS andSBC initiatives and still be costcompetitive with other renewables
Offshore Components Tower heights 200 ft (60 m) Turbines rated 2 5 MW Spaced 1/3 to ½mile apart Rotor diameters250-350 ft Foundations Substation &marine cable Port facilitiesNysted Project, Denmark
Key Design/Siting Factors Water Depth ExtremeWind/Waves SeabottomGeology Distance toTransmission InstallationEquipment
Why Europe is PursuingOffshore Windzzzz160 MWHorns RevProject,DenmarkStrong, aggressive governmentpolicies promoting green energyShrinking opportunities on landWidespread acceptance/familiarity with land-based windprojectsShallow waters well offshore
U.S. in Contrast Only two seriouspending projects Independentpioneers Almost no windprojects onnearby land Fickle renewableenergy supportCape Wind AssociatesLong Island Power Authority
Land vs Offshore PotentialIn Coastal Areas Compare amount of windy areasin coastal states and offshore Assume higher threshold windresource for offshore projects Assume maximum water depthsfor offshore projects in near-term Contrast public with private lands
New EnglandWind PowerClass Map Commercial Land WindProjects Require Class4 Wind Class Offshore Wind ProjectsRequire Class 5 Due toHigher ConstructionCosts
New EnglandWater Depths Most Offshore ProjectsHave Been Built inWaters 50 ft Deep Some New OffshoreProjects Are In WatersUp to 75 ft Deep Deep-Water FoundationDesigns Are UnderDevelopment
New EnglandWindy Areas Windy Lands (Class 4 )With and WithoutParks/Govt. Forests 28% of windy lands arein parks/govt. forests Windy Waters (Class 5 )with depths 70 ft 40% of windy watersbeyond 3-mile limit
Mid-AtlanticWind PowerClass Map Commercial Land WindProjects Require Class4 Wind Class Offshore Wind ProjectsRequire Class 5 Due toHigher ConstructionCosts
Mid-AtlanticWater Depths Most Offshore ProjectsHave Been Built inWaters 50 ft Deep Some New OffshoreProjects Are In WatersUp to 75 ft Deep Deep-Water FoundationDesigns Are UnderDevelopment
Mid-AtlanticWindy Areas Windy Lands (Class 4 )With and WithoutParks/Govt. Forests 42% of windy lands arein parks/govt. forests Windy Waters (Class 5 )with depths 70 ft 80% of windy watersbeyond 3-mile limit
West Coast – Wind Power Class
West Coast – Water Depths
West Coast – Windy Areas75% of windy lands inparks/govt. forests
Available Windy Area1600014000Square .Engl Mid-AtlCalifPac.NW*Class 4 on Land; Class 5 Offshore and Water Depths 70 ft;No land use exclusions
Economics of OffshoreCOE for other RenewablesCOE ( /kWh [constant 2000 ])1210Landfill Gas: 3 – 8 /kWhBiomass: 5 – 9 Photovoltaics: 17 – 25 Geothermal: 4 – 8 Offshoresites8?Low speedland sites6Bulk PowerCompetitive PriceBandHigh speedland sites42019901995Source: Dept. of Energy20002005201020152020
Offshore Wind Matches PeakLoad ProfilesTypical Peak Load Day, Coastal New Jersey, 1999-2003800060.00Load7000Capacity Factor50.0040.005000400030.00300020.002000Typical summer peak dayafternoon capacity factor foroffshore NJ wind plant 9202122232425P lant Capacity Factor (% )Coastal Utility Load (M W)6000
Conclusions East coast has large energy appetite butrelatively little windy land Offshore offers large wind developmentopportunities, for many eastern states Offshore can be cost-competitive withother renewables and can help wind fulfillRPS and SBC initiatives West coast has strong offshore windresources but very deep water; offshoredeep water foundations not yet available
Conclusions Many barriers to overcome Need for more public familiarity with windpower, particularly in eastern US Include offshore wind in the visions ofstate and federal energy policies Earmark R&D funds to address offshoreengineering & development issues Learn from European experiences andsupport international collaboration
Thank You!Questions?Samsø Project, Denmark
East coast has large energy appetite but relatively little windy land Offshore offers large wind development opportunities, for many eastern states Offshore can be cost-competitive with other renewables and can help wind fulfill RPS and SBC initiatives West coast has strong offshore wind resources but very deep water; offshore
An Offshore Wind Energy Roadmap3; Wind Farm Site Decisions and permits issued under the Offshore Wind Energy Act; If necessary, subsidies under the Stimulation of Sustainable Energy Production Decision; and A Development Framework for the development of offshore wind energy, and that of the offshore grid in particular.
Offshore wind farms are also not subject to the same planning constraints as onshore farms and, if sited sufficiently far offshore, have a lower visual impact " " Offshore Wind in the UK Wind energy resources are abundant and exploitable1, and supplied 9.4% of the UK's electricity needs in 20142. Offshore wind is
Offshore wind farms — the verge of energy revolution 6 Electricity from offshore wind farms enjoys public confidence 8 Domestic electricity production in 2018 10 Wind farms — another milestone of the Polish maritime sector 13 Offshore wind — development and construction 14 Offshore wind — electricity production 16
offshore wind capacity by June 2027 and 3,200 MW by 2035.8 Similarly, Maryland's Offshore Wind Energy Act of 2013 calls for 480 MW of offshore wind capacity to be developed. 9 Proponents of offshore wind energy tout its clean energy bona fides and rapidly decreasing costs (as evidenced by
SEISMIC: A Self-Exciting Point Process Model for Predicting Tweet Popularity Qingyuan Zhao Stanford University qyzhao@stanford.edu Murat A. Erdogdu Stanford University erdogdu@stanford.edu Hera Y. He Stanford University yhe1@stanford.edu Anand Rajaraman Stanford University anand@cs.stanford.edu Jure Leskovec Stanford University jure@cs.stanford .
Maryland Offshore Wind Energy Act of 2013 Created a "carve-out" for offshore wind within Maryland's Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) that is equal to 2.5 percent of all electricity sales within Maryland. Created a financial support mechanism for "Qualified Offshore Wind Projects" via Offshore Wind Renewable Energy Credits (ORECs).
The socio-economic impact of offshore wind energy in Greece 1. Introduction The offshore wind industry in Europe has been up-and-coming and is expected to grow more in the following decade. Although Greece has yet to exploit its sizeable offshore wind potential, floating offshore wind projects could be developed in Greek waters soon. Alma
approaches to the subject of reconstruction in archaeological illustration, and other media i.e. films. Method(s) of teaching: The module comprises: A weekly practical session (2hrs) where tutor will introduce different materials and recorded graphic data to be drawn. 1 x lecture Visit and meet with archaeological illustrators and graphic designers in their workplace Method of assessment: The .
