Simple Chemical Synthesis Of Zinc Oxide And Copper Oxide Nanoparticles .
Sys Rev Pharm 2020;11(6):1188-1195A multifaceted review journal in the field of pharmacySimple chemical synthesis of zinc oxide and copperoxide nanoparticles for biological protectionNibras Abdul-Ameer Aboud 1. Wafaa M.S Alkayat2. Dhia H Hussain31Departmentof Chemical Industrial, Institute of Technology/ Baghdad, Middle Technical University, Iraq.College of science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq3Chemistry Department, College of science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq*Corresponding author: nt,In this study, Nanoparticle synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO) in(PVP) polyvinylpyrrolidone as a dispersing agent with a simple chemical reactionused for the antimicrobial activity. Various concentrations of metal oxide with PVPsynthesis as (0.02, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.4) M. The result of the x-ray diffraction indicatedthe presence of pure-phase ZnO and CuO with hexagonal and monoclinicalstructures with average crystal sizes(20.18), (32.89), (43.42) and (49.51) while thevalues (13.56), (23.94), (25.60) and (26.92) nm for ZnO and CuO respectively.Transmission electron microscopy analysis has shown that the average grain size ofthese nanoparticles increased with increasing concentrations (40-80) for ZnO and(35-50) nm for CuO. Energy dispersive analysis of x-rays clearly confirmed thepresence of Zn, Cu, and O at a 1:1 atomic ratio while the particle sizes obtain fromAtomic force microscopy (AFM) were (31.63-84.80) for ZnO, (32.34-60.23) nm forCuO with [0.02- 0.4] M ZnO and CuO nanoparticles in suspension showed activityagainst a range of bacterial pathogens as (Staph. Aurous, Staph. Epidermidis), gramnegative bacteria as (E. coli, Klebsiella spp.) and fungi (such as Candida albicans)with different concentrations, as comparing The extent of the inhibition zonesbetween two oxides found to be concentration-dependent, These have beenobserved that ZnO nanoparticles have an extremely good bactericidal potential theInhibition Zone demonstrates 30 mm in dishes with 0.4 M for Staphylococcusepidermidis as a positive gram. Although CuO nanoparticles have less bactericidalcapacity in the Inhibition Region relative to ZnO and the maximum potential CuOhas been shown to be positive gram in 25 mm with 0.4 M for Staphylococcus aurus.INTRODUCTIONThe development of infectious diseases generally poses arisk to public health worldwide, especially with thecreation of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics. BothGram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains aregenerally thought to present a main public health problem.Antibiotics have been used over the years to treatcommunity-and hospital-derived infections (1,2).Nanotechnology is the research that makes it possible tocreate new nano-materials within a nanoscale of less than100 nm. This is commonly used in all areas due to thespecial and distinctive physical and chemical properties ofnano materials (3-13). Current Nano biotechnologicaldevelopments, particularly the ability to prepare metaloxide nanomaterials of specific size and shape, are likelyto lead to the development of new antibacterialagents(14).The particle size is primarily determined by the practicalbehavior of nanoparticles. Therefore, owing to theirunusual chemical and physical properties, nanoparticlesgained considerable interest (15,16). It is easy to modifythe properties of nanoparticles by reducing or modifyingtheir size, particularly when the nanometer scalemanipulations are finished. In light of these specialproperties, Nano sized organic and inorganic particles areproduced for ultimate use in medicinal products such asZnO and CuO (17,18). Bacterial cell size is usually in themicrometer range while its outer cell membranes alreadyhave pores in just the nanometer scale. Sincenanoparticles could be small in size than bacterial andfungal pores, they can cross the cell membrane in a specificmanner and damage the cell (19). Metal nanoparticleseasily diffuse through a successful wall of bacteria toconnect to internal proteins and organelles, which lead to1188Keywords: ZnO, CuO, PVP, AFM, SEM, antibacterial agent.Correspondence:Nibras Abdul-Ameer Aboud 11Department of Chemical Industrial, Institute of Technology/ Baghdad, MiddleTechnical University, Iraq.E-mail nibrasabdulameer@gmail.comdeath of the bacteria. While some surfactants enhance cellgrowth, others hinder cell growth and may cause death ofcells. The synthesis of nanoparticles with certainsurfactants will have the effect of encouraging orhindering cell proliferation respectively (20).The use of inorganic antimicrobials in pollution controlhas been highlighted as they provide important pointswhich correspond to natural antimicrobials, for example,reduced host damage, more stable microbial opposition,high selectivity (21).Metal oxide nanoparticles are widely considered byinorganic nanoparticles for their antibacterial activities.This is mostly because metal oxides have simple synthesisroutes that can be managed to change the nanoparticlessize and shape, and they are relatively cheap compared tometal nanoparticles like silver and gold. Zinc and Copperoxides are considered acceptable replacements to organicantimicrobials (22).Experimental Section1-Synthesis of ZnO nanostructureZnO Nanoparticles were prepared by the simple chemicalreaction of zinc salts at 100 C, typically (0.02, 0.05, 0.1and 0.4) M of Zinc nitrate hexahydrate Zn (NO3)2·6H2O.(BDH Chemicals Ltd Pool England) was dissolved in 50 mldeionized water in round bottom flask ,the solution wasstirred at 450 rpm for 15 min then added to 1 wt.% (PVP)(C6H9NO) n [MW 58,000 g mol 1 ]Used as a surfactantagent, dissolved in 25 ml of deionized water at roomtemperature. Next, NaOH was added to the above solutionin a 1: 2 ratio of highly stirred at 1500 rpm with anincreased reaction temperature consisting of the nanosuspension, the suspension stirred continuously at aconstant speed for 3 hours. White precipitate appearedSystematic Reviews in PharmacyVol 11, Issue 6, Jun-July 2020
Aboud et al. / Simple chemical synthesis of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles for biological protectionindicating the formation of ZnO, after cooling to roomtemperature the precipitate was centrifuged, separatedand several times washed with deionized water andethanol. Finally, the precipitate was dried in an oven at 120 C for 1h and calcination at 400 C for 3h.2- Synthesis of CuO nanostructureWhile For CuO preparations with concentration (0.02 ,0.05, 0.1 ,0.4) M, used starting material Copper (II) NitrateTrihydrate Cu(NO3)2.3H2O (BDH Chemicals Ltd PoolEngland) dissolved in 50 ml Deionized water (DI) , thesolution stirred at 450 rpm for 10 min. 1 wt.% PVPdissolved in 25 ml deionized water at room temperaturewas added then NaOH dropwise added With 1: 2- moleratio at vigorous stirring with 1500 rpm with increase inreaction temperature to 70 C then the solution wascontinuously stirred at a constant speed for 2h. When asuspension was formed. The color change to dark blue, theprecipitate was separated by centrifuge then washedseveral times with deionized water and ethanol, then driedin an oven at 80º C to remove moisture and calcination at250C for 3h black precipitate formed.Results and Discussion1- UV–VisibleBy using UV – Visible spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU UVVis 160v) within the range of 200–900 nm, the opticalproperties of ZnO and CuO have been identified in Fig. (1)Displays the zinc oxide and copper oxide UV absorptionspectra at room temperature. In 0.1 M ZnO spectra, anexpansive top at 345 nm related to the ZnO excitation bandwas observed while for 0.02 M CuO nanoparticlesexcitation band at 750 nm. The tauc plots were used tocalculate Photon Energy from ZnO and CuO wavelength.(𝛼ℎ𝑣) 1/𝑛 𝐴 (ℎ𝑣 𝐸𝑔) . (1)Where α is the absorption coefficient, h is the Planck’sconstant, ν is the photon’s frequency, Eg is the band gapand A is a proportionality constant, the exponent valueindicates the nature of Electronic transmission, forbiddenor allowed, direct or indirect: so for the direct allowedtransitions n 1/2. The planning (α h ν) 1/n versus (h ν) isa test issue of n 1/2 for an examination that gives asuperior fit, as utilized in search (23). The energy band gapof ZnO nanoparticles was estimated by plotting (αhv) 2versus (hv) as shown in fig. (1). The value of the opticalband gap of ZnO is about 3.6 eVThese results arecompatible with research findings (24).The value of theoptical band gap of CuO NPs is about (1.6) eV there wasgood agreement with the value of the energy published inthe literature (25).1189Figure 1. UV-Vis and energy gap of two the metal oxides2- X-ray diffraction analysisThe nanostructure (zinc oxide and copper oxide) wereexplored by x-ray diffraction type (SHIMADZU XRD-6000).The XRD utilizing CuKα radiation line of 1.54 A wavelength with 2θ run (10 -80 ) .The XRD analysis forZnO showed all samples with different concentrationswould be perfectly indexed as being hexagonal wurtzitestructure as compared with ZnO (JCPDS NO.36-1451)without any impurity as compared with data get in theliterature (26). That the diffraction peaks were sharp andwith different intensity, the 2Ɵ (deg) for ZnO 0.02 M isshown in fig. (2) appeared in 31.79 , 34.44 , 36.27 , 47.16 , 56.62 , 62.88 , 66.39 , 67.98 and 69.10 correspondingreflecting planes are (100), (002), (101), (102), (110),(103), (200), (112) and (201) respectively. While the ZnOXRD pattern for ZnO 0.05, 0.1 and 0.4 show the sameorientations, but at very little offsets in 2Ɵ (deg).Likewise, the average crystallite sizes (D) weredetermined by utilizing the Debye-Scherer equation.D (Kλ )/(B COSθ )--------------------------- (2)K is a consistent equivalent to 0.9; λ is wavelength ofCu Kα radiation,B is the Full width half maximum of the diffraction peakexpressed in theta then converted to radians and Ɵ is theBragg angles of the main planes.The average size of crystallites Estimated by applying theDebye-Scherer equation was about(20.18) - (49.51) nm for (0.02- 0.4) M of ZnO Table (1)illustrate the D with concentration. A broadeningdiffraction peaks of the crystalline pattern and reducedparticle size Revealed that nanosynthesis has a good product and These results areconsistent with the results published in the research(27).Systematic Reviews in PharmacyVol 11, Issue 6, Jun-July 2020
Aboud et al. / Simple chemical synthesis of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles for biological protection1110 Card No.(00-036-1451)0.02 M(101)(100)(002)740(102)370(110) (103)(112)01260Card No.(00-036-1451)0.05 M840I(CPS)42001830Card No.(00-036-1451)0.1 M122061002190 Card No.(00-036-1451)0.4 M146073001020304050607080Theta - 2 Theta ( deg )Figure 2. XRD pattern of ZnO with 0.4Maveragecrystallites size(D) nm20.1832.8943.4249.51Table 2. Concentration and average crystalline size ofCuOTable (1) concentration and average crystalline size ofZnOThe XRD of CuO patterns show that all of the diffractionpeaks are in good agreement with the standard diffractiondata for CuO (JCPDS NO.48-1548), no characteristic peakswere observed for other oxides (such as Cu2O or Cu2O3)This was also explained by the researcher inreference(28). The 2Ɵ (deg) for CuO is shown in fig. (3)The diffraction peaks for 0.02 M Show the most broodingpattern at 32.42 , 35.50 , 38.71 , 48.84 , 58.31 , 61.56 ,66.32 and 67.90 corresponding reflecting planes are(110), (002), (200), (20-2), (202) (11-3), (31-1) and (113)respectively. As for the rest of the (0.05, 0.1, 0.4 M), thecopper nanoparticles were given identical peaks with thecard, but with very little displacement, as shown by thevalues and transitions on the pattern.1190Figure 3. XRD pattern of CuO with differentconcentration.The average sample crystallite sizes (D) were determinedusing the Debye-Scherer equation (2) for (0.02, 0.05,0.1and 0.4) M CuO, respectively, tabled in table (2)Concentrationaverage crystallites size(D) nm0.02M0.05M0.1M0.4M13.5623.9425.6026.923- AFM and SEM analysisCoated surface morphology were described by using theatomic force microscopy (model AA3000, AngstromAdvanced Inc., USA). The nanostructure (ZnO and CuO)has a hemispherical shape with perfect and verticallycomparable grains. Evaluated grain size and mean squareroughness were determined and listed in the tables (3-4).The results of the AFM analysis of ZnO showed thishomogeneity of the surface. It is seen that the graincharacters of the samples increase with increasingmolarity, causing the different in roughness and in thesquare root probably due to the diffusion mechanism. 0.02M ZnO showed with average grain size 31.63 nm while theaverage grain size of 0.4 M ZnO is 84.80 nm, grain Size,roughness and root mean square (rms)of ZnO shown inthe table (3).Systematic Reviews in PharmacyVol 11, Issue 6, Jun-July 2020
Aboud et al. / Simple chemical synthesis of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles for biological protectionTable 3. Grain Size, roughness and root mean square 184.24.943-0.179.019.7511.340.484.805.326.03In addition, 3D image fig. (4, a) show histograms of the ZnOnanoparticles, illustrate that the different in homogeneityof the surface with different concentration. FromGranularity accumulation distribution chart. Fig. (4, b)ZnO show the lowest and highest value of the granularvolume was ranging from (22-55), (45-82), (43-140) and(42-100) nm for 0.02, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.4 M respectively, thesurface morphology of the oxide, as seen in Fig. (4),indicates that the grains were evenly dispersed. The grainsize increases with the molar concentration whenincreased the presence of high nanoscale sizes be close to100 nanometers.Table 4. Grain Size, roughness and root mean square 32.413-0.147.018.209.4140.460.238.319.8Fig. (5, a) 3D image of the CuO nanoparticles shows thatthe grains are distributed between (25-45), (5 -50), (20 70) and (47-80) nm for 0.02, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.4 MrespectivelyFrom 3D image , histograms for CuO exhibits that theparticle size in nanoscale with relative increase in grainsize although increase in molar concentration that due topresent of PVP as surfactant agent that prevent theparticle aggregation (29,30).Figure 4. The AFM of ZnOCuO surface morphology showed roughness , root meansquare(rms) and grain size Explained in the table ) 4 ) ,average grain size for 0.02 M CuO is 32.34 nm while for0.4 M CuO is 60.23 nm .Figure 5. The AFM of CuOSize and shape ZnO and CuO were described by theutilization of an electron emission-scanning microscopy((FE-SEM) TESCAN, MIRA3, France). The SEM pictures ofthe nanoparticles appear in Figs. (7, 9) the morphology1191Systematic Reviews in PharmacyVol 11, Issue 6, Jun-July 2020
Aboud et al. / Simple chemical synthesis of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles for biological protectionarrangement of the nano oxide of numerous littlenanoparticles, they look like a sphere,Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) was used toutilize the chemical composite for each ZnO and CuODepends on the atomic mass of the elements beingdetected was calculated by using the atomic percentage isthe number of atoms of that element, at that weightpercentage, divided by the total number of atoms in thesample multiplied by 100.0.02 M0.05 M0.1 M0.4 MThe (EDS) obtained for ZnO shown in the Fig. (6). ShowThree main peak related to zinc with a dominant ratiowere found alongside percent of oxygen peak, as shown inTable (5). Theoretical material ratio calculated for ZnOwas 80.347, Zn % and 19.652, O%.Table 5. Practical EDS percentage of ZnOSampleEDSNo.Conc.Zn M84.2315.77Figure 7. The SEM of ZnOfor CuO NPs in comparison, the practical values of CuO EDSwith calculated 79.89 Cu% , 20.11, O% strengthen theprepared nano formula as show in table (6 ) is correctcorresponds to the nano CuO that agreed with theliterature (32).Table 6. The practical EDS percentage of CuOFigure 6. The EDS of 0.02 M ZnOAs comparison the peak values that calculated theoreticalwith values of EDS from SEM shown in table (5) was veryclose to calculated values that enhances the preparationresults for ZnO nanoparticle (31) SEM images show thatthe ZnO with an average size that varies from (40- 80) nmfor concentration from (0.02-0.4)M.Figure 8. The EDS of 0.02M CuO1192Systematic Reviews in PharmacyVol 11, Issue 6, Jun-July 2020
Aboud et al. / Simple chemical synthesis of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles for biological protectionSEM images of the CuO NPs are shown in the fig. (9). as canbe seen, the average particle size of CuO is about (35-50)nm, the nanoparticles have a good homogeneity, aspherical shape and an Appropriate separation. However,tine aggregates have also been observed because PVP usedduring the growing of nano that work as surfactant agentthat aggregates due to highly activated copper to react dueto its electronic d orbital, the particle size estimated fromthe SEM analysis is in good agreement with the XDR data.This small difference can be explained by the global visionrepresented by the XRD and the local characteristicsdemonstrated by SEM analysis that agree with theliterature (33).0.02 M0.1 M0.05 M0.4 MImages 1. the inhibition zone for ZnO with differentconcentration where1 0.1 M, 2 0.02 M, 3 0.05 M.From the antibacterial dish, the growth of selectedbacteria can be explained by the above predominatesdescribing that ZnO is more active in highly concentratedand effective areas more to inhibit the first two types ofbacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcusepidermidis). Which is gram positive as a result, as can seein table (7). Nano ZnO can be used to effectively treat skindiseases(35).Table 7. types of bacteria, fungi and inhibition zones withdifferent concentration of nano ZnOInhibition Zone richia coil141310----45Klebsiella sppCandida albicans11161216111011101Figure 9. the SEM of CuOAntibacterial testDissolving (28) g of nutrient agar into each (1000) mlof distilled water in a flask formed the agar medium. At(121) C for (15) minutes, the agar medium was sterile byautoclave and poured into a Growth medium close theburner in a laminar airflow chamber. Then kept this toform a gel for 24 hours. Almost every microorganismcompletely immersed in pure liquid hot broth using a wireloop and therefore the flasks certainly kept for 24 hours inan incubator to enhance microorganisms of growth. Thevarious concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles wereput on growth dish (34), ZnO used with differentconcentrations in five dishes the Images bellow showedthe inhibition zone,1193Types of bacteria andfungi2For CuO the growth of bacteria selected in the images (2).describing the behavior of CuO, can be explained by thefact that the sample is much more influential in areas ofhigh concentration CuO and more effective for hylococcus epidermidis which gram positive andEscherichia coli as gram negative so CuO can consideredas active antibacterial agent (36,37) as showed in table (8) inhibition zones for CuO.Systematic Reviews in PharmacyVol 11, Issue 6, Jun-July 2020
Aboud et al. / Simple chemical synthesis of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles for biological protection4.5.Images 2. the inhibition zone for CuO with differentconcentration where1 0.1 M, 2 0.02 M ,3 0.05 M.Table 8. Types of bacteria, fungi and inhibition zoneswith different concentration of nano CuO.Inhibition Zone (mm)Types of bacteria and CuO CuO CuO CuOfungi0.40.10.05 0.0212345Staphylococcus aurousStaphylococcusepidermidisEscherichia coilKlebsiella sppCandida --10----ConclusionThe results of the characterization showed that thesynthesized nano metal oxides were absent of impuritiesand exhibited a high degree of crystalline nature with wellindexed diffraction peaks to established and hypothesizedpatterns, Crystallites size from X-ray diffraction exhibits(20.18, -49.51), (13.56-26.92) nm. The average grain sizefrom AFM shows (31.63-84.80), (32.34-60.23) nm whilefrom SEM (40-80), (35-50) for (0.02-0.4) M. The simplesynthesized particles obtained optical properties withparticle size below 100 nm, which categorizes them asnanoparticles, conforming to their established kinds.Copper oxide and zinc oxide may inhibit theconcentration-dependent behavior of the bacteria. Thehighest rate of inhibition of zinc oxide is 30 mm for(Staphylococcus epidermidis )Whereas CuO nanoparticlesshow relatively less germicidal activity about 20mm. Thenano arranged to be the nearest size to one another, in thismanner, the high focus is progressively viable asantibacterial, On the other hand, unique molecule sizesshow the capacity of these particles to lessen developmentpaces of a few pathogenic microscopic organismsREFERNCES1. Qiu, S., Zhou, H., Shen, Z., Hao, L., Chen, H., & Zhou, X.(2020). Synthesis, characterization, and comparisonof antibacterial effects and elucidating the mechanismof ZnO, CuO and CuZnO nanoparticles supported onmesoporous silica SBA-3. RSC Advances, 10(5), 27672785. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA09829A2. Ismail AH, Al-Bairmani HK, Abbas ZS, Rheima AM.Nanoscale Synthesis of Metal (II) TheophyllineComplexes and Assessment of Their BiologicalActivity. Nano Biomed. Eng. 2020;12(2):139-47.3. Rheima, A. M., Mohammed, M. A., Jaber, S. H., &Hameed, S. A. (2019). Synthesis of silver11946.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.nanoparticles using the UV-irradiation technique inan antibacterial application. Journal of SouthwestJiaotongUniversity, 34Mohammed, M. A., Rheima, A. M., Jaber, S. H., &Hameed, S. A. (2020). The removal of zinc ions fromtheir aqueous solutions by Cr2O3 nanoparticlessynthesized via the UV-irradiation method. EgyptianJournal of Chemistry, 63(2), 003.2042Rheima, A. M., Mohammed, M. A., Jaber, S. H., & Hasan,M. H. (2019). Inhibition effect of silver-calciumnanocomposite on alanine transaminase enzymeactivity in human serum of Iraqi patients with chronicliver disease. Drug Invention Today, 12(11), 28182821.Ali, A. A., Al-Hassani, R. M., Hussain, D. H., Rheima, A.M., & Meteab, H. S. (2020). Synthesis, spectroscopic,characterization, pharmacological evaluation, andcytotoxicity assays of novel nano and micro scale ofcopper (II) complexes against human breast cancercells. Drug Invention Today, 14(1).Hussain, D. H., Rheima, A. M., Jaber, S. H., & Kadhim, M.M. (2020). Cadmium ions pollution treatments inaqueous solution using electrochemically synthesizedgamma aluminum oxide nanoparticles with DFTstudy. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 63(2), 882.2026Ali, A. A., Al-Hassani, R. M., Hussain, D. H., Rheima, A.M., Abd, A. N., & Meteab, H. S. (2019). Fabrication ofSolar Cells Using Novel Micro-and Nano-Complexes ofTriazole Schiff Base Derivatives. Journal of SouthwestJiaotong University, 13Hussain, D. H., Abdulah, H. I., & Rheima, A. M. (2016).Synthesis and Characterization of ɣ-Fe2O3Nanoparticles Photo Anode by Novel Method for DyeSensitized Solar Cell. International Journal of Scientificand Research Publications, 6(10), 26-31.Jabber, S. H., Hussain, D. H., Rheima, A. M., & Faraj, M.(2019). Comparing study of CuO synthesized bybiological and electrochemical methods for biologicalactivity. Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science, 30(1),94-98.Ismail AH, Al-Bairmani HK, Abbas ZS, Rheima AM.Synthesis, characterization, spectroscopic, andbiological activity studies of Nano scale Zn(II), Mn (II)and Fe (II) theophylline complexes. Journal of Xi'anUniversity of Architecture & Technology. 2020; XII(II): 2775-2789.Ali, A. A., Al-Hassani, R. M., Hussain, D. H., Rheima, A.M., Abd, A. N., & Meteab, H. S. (2019). Fabrication ofSolar Cells Using Novel Micro-and Nano-Complexes ofTriazole Schiff Base Derivatives. Journal of SouthwestJiaotong University, 13Rheima, A. M., Hussain, D. H., & Abdulah, H. I. (2016).Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization andtheir used a counter electrodes in novel dye sensitizersolar cell. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 9(10), 69. https://doi.org/10.9790/5736-0910010609Zhao, X., Zhao, H., Yan, L., Li, N., Shi, J., & Jiang, C.(2020). Recent developments in detection usingnoble metal nanoparticles. Critical Reviews inAnalytical Chemistry, 50(2), 96Systematic Reviews in PharmacyVol 11, Issue 6, Jun-July 2020
Aboud et al. / Simple chemical synthesis of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles for biological protection15. Deng, Y., Handoko, A. D., Du, Y., Xi, S., & Yeo, B. S.(2016). In situ Raman spectroscopy of copper andcopper oxide surfaces during electrochemical oxygenevolution reaction: identification of CuIII oxides ascatalytically active species. ACS Catalysis, 6(4), 24732481. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b0020516. Hashmi, M., Ullah, S., & Kim, I. S. (2019). Copper oxide(CuO) loaded polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibermembranes for antimicrobial breath maskapplications. Current Research in Biotechnology, 1, 110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbiot.2019.07.00117. Velsankar, K., Sudhahar, S., Parvathy, G., & Kaliammal,R. (2020). Effect of cytotoxicity and aAntibacterialactivity of biosynthesis of ZnO hexagonal shapednanoparticles by Echinochloa frumentacea grainsextract as a reducing agent. Materials Chemistry andPhysics, 239, 12197618. Rosendo, F. R., Pinto, L. I., de Lima, I. S., Trigueiro, P.,Honório, L. M. D. C., Fonseca, M. G., . & Osajima, J. A.(2020). Antimicrobial efficacy of building materialbased on ZnO/palygorskite against Gram-negativeand Gram-positive bacteria. Applied Clay Science, 49919. Kumar, S. V., Bafana, A. P., Pawar, P., Faltane, M.,Rahman, A., Dahoumane, S. A., . & Jeffryes, C. S.(2019). Optimized production of antibacterial copperoxide nanoparticles in a microwave-assistedsynthesis reaction using response surfacemethodology. ColloidsandSurfacesA:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 573, 170178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.04.06320. Zare, M., Namratha, K., Byrappa, K., Surendra, D. M.,Yallappa, S., & Hungund, B. (2018). Surfactant assistedsolvothermal synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles andstudy of their antimicrobial and antioxidantproperties. Journalofmaterialsscience&technology, 34(6), 1421. Saleh, T. A., Fadillah, G., & Saputra, O. A. (2019).Nanoparticles as components of electrochemicalsensing platforms for the detection of petroleumpollutants: A review. TrAC Trends in AnalyticalChemistry, 118, 22. Asamoah, R. B., Yaya, A., Mensah, B., Nbalayim, P.,Apalangya, V., Bensah, Y. D., . & Annan, E. (2020).Synthesis and characterization of zinc and copperoxide nanoparticles and their antibacteriaactivity. Results in Materials, 23. Escobedo-Morales, A., Ruiz-López, I. I., Ruiz-Peralta,M. D., Tepech-Carrillo, L., Sánchez-Cantú, M., &Moreno-Orea, J. E. (2019). Automated method for thedetermination of the band gap energy of pure andmixed powder samples using diffuse reflectancespectroscopy. Heliyon, 5(4), 0524. Matysiak, W., Tański, T., & Zaborowska, M. (2019).Manufacturing process and characterization ofelectrospun PVP/ZnO NPs nanofibers. Bulletin of thePolish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences, 5. Kamila, S., & Venugopal, V. R. (2017). Synthesis andstructural analysis of different CuO nano particles. Int.J.Appl.Sci.Eng, 7.14(3).13326. Kumar, S. S., Venkateswarlu, P., Rao, V. R., & Rao, G. N.(2013). Synthesis, characterization and opticalproperties of zinc oxide nanoparticles. InternationalNano Letters, 3(1), 30.https://doi.org/10.1186/2228-5326-3-3027. Goswami, M., Adhikary, N. C., & Bhattacharjee, S.(2018). Effect of annealing temperatures on thestructural and optical properties of zinc oxidenanoparticles prepared by chemical precipitationmethod. Optik, 158, 17428. Tamaekong, N., Liewhiran, C., & Phanichphant, S.(2014). Synthesis of thermally spherical CuOnanoparticles. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2014.https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/50797829. Davarpanah, S. J., Karimian, R., & Piri, F. (2015).Synthesis of copper (II) oxide (CuO) nanoparticlesand its application as gas sensor. Journal of AppliedBiotechnology Reports, 2(4), 329-332.30. Levkevich, E. A., Yukhnovets, O., Moshnikov, V. A., &Maximov, A. I. (2019, January). PhotocatalyticProperties of ZnO/CuO Heterostructures. In 2019IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers inElectrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus) (pp.777-779). 31. Vasile, E., Plugaru, R., Mihaiu, S., & Toader, A. (2011).Study of microstructure and elemental microcomposition of ZnO: Al thin films by scanning andhigh resolution transmission electron microscopyand energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. RomanianJournal of Information Science and Technology, 14(4),346-355.32. Deki, S., Akamatsu, K., Yano, T., Mizuhata, M., &Kajinami, A. (1998). Preparation and characterizationof copper (I) oxide nanoparticles dispersed in apolymer matrix. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 8(8),1865-1868. https://do
particle size Revealed that nano Figure 1. UV-Vis and energy gap of two the metal oxides 2- X-ray diffraction analysis The nanostructure (zinc oxide and copper oxide) were explored by x-ray diffraction type (SHIMADZU XRD-6000). The XRD utilizing CuKα radiation line of 1.54 A wavelength with 2θ run (10 -80 ) .The XRD analysis for
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Cumulative Zinc Exposure, ppb-months Cumulative Dose Rate Reduction Fraction Alloy 800 w/Depleted Zinc Alloy 600 & 690 w/Depleted Zinc Alloy 600 & 690 w/Natural Zinc Log Alloy 800 Plants w/Depleted Zinc Log Alloy 600 & 690 w/Depleted Zinc Log Alloy 600 & 690 w/Natural Zinc
Iron, zinc plating 2 E3C-S50 (8) E39-L40 Iron, zinc plating 1 Phillips screws M4 25 (with spring and plain washers) Iron, zinc plating 2 E3JK Nuts M4 Iron, zinc plating 2 E39-L41 Iron, zinc plating 2 Phillips screws M3 14 (with spring washers) Iron, zinc plating 4 6 E3C-1 (10) Plain washer M3 Iron, zinc plating 4 E39-L42 Iron, black coating 2
Chapter 6 Zinc, folate and other B vitamins, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, selenium and fluoride 124 6.1 Zinc 124 6.1.1 Choice of zinc fortificant 124 6.1.2 The bioavailability of zinc 124 6.1.3 Methods used to increase zinc absorption from fortificants 125 6.1.4 Experience with zinc fortification of specific foods 125
of zinc in various poultry diets ranges from 40 to 75 ppm [17]. Zinc oxide is the most commonly used zinc . supplement with high antibacterial activity, antifun-gal, and growth promoter ability [18]. Zinc oxide generates hydrogen peroxide which can pass through the cell wall, disrupt metabolic process, and, in turn, inhibit the microbial growth.
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the weight [mass] of coating on iron or steel sheet, wire, and other articles in which the coating is zinc or a zinc alloy, such as zinc-5 % aluminum (including zinc-5 % aluminum-mischmetal and zinc-5 % aluminum-0.1 % magnesium) or 55 % aluminum-zinc. In the body of this test method, reference
Production of zinc tablets and zinc oral solutions: guidelines for programme managers and pharmaceutical manufacturers. Produced by the World Health Organization [et al.]. 1.Zinc - standards. 2.Zinc - therapeutic use. 3.Diarrhea - drug therapy. 4.Child. 5.Guidelines. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 92 4 159494 2 (NLM classification: WS 312)
acid zinc and neutral zinc plating baths disclosed in these patents relate to electroplating of zinc, rather than a zinc-nickel alloy, and the deposited zinc plate is neces sarily thin and has poor corrosion resistance unless it is protected by appropriate post treatment. The estab lished products in the plating industry is to post treat all
Zinc metal battery systems are attractive due to the low cost of zinc and its high charge-storage capacity. However, under repeated plating and stripping, zinc metal anodes undergo a well-known problem, zinc dendrite formation, causing internal shorting. Here we show a backside-plating configuration that enables long-term cycling of zinc metal
