Women In Pakistan - HEC
Women in PakistanStatus in Socio-Cultural and Politico-Legal DomainsByDr. Naima TabassumArea Study Centre, Far East & South East AsiaFaculty of Social SciencesUniversity of Sindh, Jamshoro2016GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTANHIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSIONISLAMABAD1
Copyrights @ Higher Education CommissionIslamabadLahoreKarachiPeshawarQuettaAll rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any formor by any means – including, but not limited to, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or,otherwise or used for any commercial purpose what so ever without the prior written permission ofthe publisher and, if publisher considers necessary, formal license agreement with publisher maybe executed.Project: “Monograph and Textbook Writing Scheme” aims to develop a culture of writing and todevelop authorship cadre among teaching and researcher community of higher educationinstitutions in the country. For information please visit: www.hec.gov.pkHEC – Cataloging in Publication (CIP Data):Dr. Naima TabassumWomen in Pakistan Status in Socio-Cultural and Politico-Legal Domains 1.Sociology – women studies305.42-dc23 2016ISBN: 978-969-417-186-9First Edition: 2016Copies Printed: 500Published By: Higher Education Commission - PakistanDisclaimer: The publisher has used its best efforts for this publication through a rigorous system ofevaluation and quality standards, but does not assume, and hereby disclaims, any liability to any personfor any loss or damage caused by the errors or omissions in this publication, whether such errors oremissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause.
TABLE OF CONTENTSDedicationPrefaceAcknowledgementList of TablesList of FiguresList of Text BoxesList of AbbreviationsvviiixxixiiixvxviiChapter 1: About the book1PART- I: WOMEN’S STUDIESChapter 2: Introduction to Women’s StudiesChapter 3: Some Basic Concepts and Theories513PART-II: WOMEN, CULTURE & SOCIAL INSTITUTIONSChapter 4: Women and Culture in PakistanChapter 5: Women and Demographic Composition in PakistanChapter 6: Women and Marriage in PakistanChapter 7: Women and Family in PakistanChapter 8: Women and Education in PakistanChapter 9: Women and Health in PakistanChapter 10: Women and Work in Pakistan19293747536775PART-III: WOMEN AND VIOLENCEChapter 11: Defining Violence and Its TypesChapter 12: Violence and Crime against Women in PakistanChapter 13: Violence against Women in Family and MarriageChapter 14: Violence against Women in Public and WorkplaceChapter 15: Violence against Women by Social and Cultural PracticesChapter 16: Women and Acid Violence in PakistanChapter 17: Causes of Violence against Women in Pakistan879397109121130139PART-IV: WOMEN AND POLITICSChapter 18: Gender and Power in PakistanChapter 19: Women and Power in Family and CommunityChapter 20: Women in Formal Politics of PakistanChapter 21: Women Voters in PakistanChapter 22: Women in Political Parties in PakistanChapter 23: Women in Senate of PakistanChapter 24: Women in National Assembly of PakistanChapter 25: Women in Provincial Assemblies of PakistanChapter 26: Women in Local Government of PakistanChapter 27: Factors Effecting Women’s Political Participation in PakistanChapter 28: Impact of Women’s Increased Political Participation in Pakistan149155163170177181189199205211215PART-V: WOMEN, CONSTITUTION AND LAWChapter 29: Women and Constitution of PakistanChapter 30: Women, Citizenship and Family Laws in PakistanChapter 31: Women and Islamic Laws in PakistanChapter 32: New Laws, New Protections and New Challenges in Pakistan2192272352453
Chapter 33: Popular Perception on Women and Law in PakistanReferencesGlossaryIndex255259269273
DEDICATIONToMy Parents,Brothers and Sisters5
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PREFACEThe culture, violence, politics and law are interlinked and mutually conditioning domains ofa society. The four aspects play an important role in determining the respective status of differentgroups in a particular society. Men and women are two important groups universally inhabiting allthe societies. The cultural, social, political and legal aspects of society differentially affect the statusof men and women in it. Pakistani society is not an exception to this universal fact.Pakistani culture is combination of various ethnic, religious and sectarian sub-cultureswhere women’s place and status is very rigidly limited. Pakistan is a patriarchal society where mendominate women in all aspects of social life. The social, political, economic and religious structuresand processes serve as the main sources to strengthen and consolidate the authority of Pakistanimen in larger part of the society. The same social structures and processes, as dominated by men,do not equally provide for Pakistani women’s personal and social development and legalprotections. Pakistani women lag behind men in their educational, health, economic and politicalstatus. The lower level of personal and social development makes them more vulnerable to differentforms of violence and crime as compared to men. The prevailing and overarching patriarchal culturethrough socialization and strict control reduced any chance of raising voice for protest andretaliation by women to almost none. Rather, the socialization received throughout life makeswomen internalized the submissiveness and obedience as patriarchal bargaining strategies tomaximize their interests within the existing social structures.The power dynamics show the differential social and cultural upbringing and status ofindividuals and groups in a society. Pakistani culture through its manifestations in the form of socialinstitutions is responsible for prevailing gender inequalities in the country. Women have to facesocio-cultural constraints and they are culturally pushed to stay in home remain mostly busy doingunpaid domestic chores. This way of social organization curtails their chances to enter the public,economic and political spheres of the society. Although, the discriminating social and culturalframework can possibly be altered through focused legal reforms but the law serves the interest ofthe groups who dominate the law making institutions. As a consequence of their low level ofparticipation in public and political life, Pakistani women are marginally represented in law makinginstitutions. Therefore, the laws formulated in the men dominated institutions are not sufficient tolaunch the reforms needed for altering the harmful aspects of culture conditioning of differentialstatus of men and women, making the later more vulnerable to violence and crime.The vicious cycle starts with cultural conditioning of social institutions, assigning differentialstatus to men and women in them, leading to unequal distribution of political power, resulting informulation of discriminatory laws which again end up in preserving and fostering a culture thatdifferently conditions the status of men and women in society. Therefore, there is a dire need tostudy, explore and alter the four aspects of culture (in it manifestations in social institutions),violence, politics and law to improve the status of women by curbing the prevailing discriminationand violence against women in society.Pakistani women’s poor education, health and workforce participation leads to theirsubordinate status making them vulnerable to violence and crime. It further reduces women’schances to reach the decision making and authority positions in society. Thus, women aremarginally represented in political and legislative forums. The laws and policies formulated in thesepolitical institutions are not sufficiently serving women’s interest to improve their educational, socialand economic status in society. Therefore, the need is to break this vicious cycle by deliberatelygiving an equal participation to Pakistani women in political and legislative institutions forformulation of gender sensitive policies and laws that may ensure women’s improved participationin social institutions by legally curbing discriminatory social practices and violence against womenin broader society.7
This book is written as an effort to explore and analyse these interlinked aspect of Pakistanisociety for better understanding of students and scholars. The book focuses on the impact ofculture, social institutions, violence, politics and laws on women in the context of Pakistani society.It provides detailed description of structures and processes with the help of statistics, suitable casestudies, and other texts to portray overall status and role of women in social, cultural, political andlegal domains of Pakistani society.Dr. Naima TabassumCommented [d1]: the name is added
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTHuman beings are social animals. We, as human beings, cannot live in isolation. We aresocial beings, living and building social networks around us. The people embedded in our socialnetworks are the precious social capital making us enable to perform better. They work as our lifesupport system. There are several people in my social networks who always encouraged me to dogood and meaningful things in my life. Their support has also enabled me to accomplish the projectof writing this book.I am fortunate to have most loving parents, very good teachers, precious siblings,supportive co-workers, and a plenty of valuable students. First of all, I want to thank my family; myfather, mother, sisters, brothers, niece and nephews, whose support enabled me to reach this placein my life. I could not be what I am, without their precious emotional and moral companionship. Ipay gratitude to all my teachers. The most important one of them is Prof. Dr. Yakin Ertürk, who ismy academic mother. I feel honour to acknowledge the grooming of my mind and skills on the topicsof women, feminism, and research under her guidance.Being a teacher, I always want to remain as a perpetual learner. This cannot happenwithout the presence of students in the life of a teacher. I am thankful to all students, I have evertaught, for giving me a forum for discussions, explorations and learning during teaching. Iacknowledge the support of Ms. Farkhanda Warsi for helping me to get some case studies andstatistics composed on computer to be reproduced in this book. I am also thankful to all the authors,scholars, and organizations consented for their research material to be included in this book.Of course, this task could have not been completed without the most precious inspirer,contributor and stakeholder of this book that is Pakistani women. Pakistani women give meinspiration and courage to continuously bear, struggle, compete and win the world. Their livesprovide me opportunities to build hypotheses, make observation of real life and conclude andrecommend better prospects for an egalitarian society.I am especially thankful to the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC) forproviding me this opportunity to conceive and accomplish this book under its unique initiative of theTextbook and Monograph Writing Scheme. I am thankful to all the reviewers of the book forproviding valuable comments and feedback.9
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LIST OF TABLESTable 4.1: Women’s mobility by purpose and province in PakistanTable 4.2: Major factors negatively affecting women’s statusTable 5.1: Proportion of female and male population of Pakistan (1998-2013)Table 5.2: Region wise male female population and sex ratio in Pakistan (1998)Table 5.3: Region wise male female population and sex ratio in Pakistan (2013)Table 5.4: Gender wise percentage of children population in Pakistan (1998-2013)Table 5.5: Gender wise percentage of young population of Pakistan (1998-2013)Table 5.6: Gender wise percentage of middle aged people in Pakistan (1998-2013)Table 5.7: Gender wise percentage of elderly population in Pakistan (1998-2013)Table 6.1: Child marriage negatively effects girl child in PakistanTable 6.2: Age and gender wise marital status of population in Pakistan (2012-13)Table 7.1: Percentage of households by headship in Pakistan (2011-2012)Table 8.1: Literacy ratio by sex in Pakistan (1981 and 1998)Table 8.2: Gender and province wise literacy rate (10 years and above) in PakistanTable 8.3: Gender wise educational intitutions in Pakistan (2013-14)Table 8.4: Educational institutions by province, level, gender and location (2013-14)Table 8.5: Gender wise enrolment in educational institutions in Pakistan (2013-14)Table 8.6: Gender wise number of technical institutions (2013-14)Table 8.7: Gender wise enrolment in technical institutions (2013-14)Table 8.8: Gender wise number of teachers in technical institutions (2013-14)Table 9.1: Deliveries by skilled health providers and in health facility (2012-13)Table 10.1: Percentage of working age (15-59 years) population (1998-2013)Table 10.2: Labour force participation rate in Pakistan (1981 and 1998)Table 10.3: Gender wise crude labour force participation rate (2013-14)Table 10.4: Gender wise number of employed people (in Millions) (2013-2014)Table 10.5: Distribution of formally employed persons in industrial divisions (%)Table 10.6: Distribution of informally employed persons in industrial divisionsTable 10.7: Distribution of employed persons by occupational groups (2013-2014)Table 10.8: Employment status wise distribution of employed persons (2013-2014)Table 10.9: Share in status groups of wage and salaried employmentTable 12.1: Year wise number of crimes committed against women in PakistanTable 13.1: Watta Satta marriages result in victimization of women in PakistanTable 13.2: Vani is crime against womenTable 13.3: Swara is crime against womenTable 13.4: Walwar is crime against womenTable 13.5: Marriage with Quran is crime against womenTable 13.6: Dowry fosters crime against women in PakistanTable 15.1: Honour killing gives rise to crime against women more than menTable 15.2: Jirga plays important role in fostering anti-women social practicesTable 15.3: Jirga should be accepted as decision making authorities in PakistanTable 16.1: Number of acid attacks on different categories of victims (2007-2015)Table 17.1: Patriarchy (male domination) is responsible for women's victimizationTable 17.2: Women's segregation in home results in their vulnerable conditionsTable 17.3: Women's lack of education and awareness makes them victim to crimeTable 17.4: Anti women social practices are result of cultural normsTable 17.5: Women's less participation in political and law making institutions (e.g.Parliament) is a reason for making victimizing laws for womenTable 17.6: The law enforcing agencies (e.g. police and court) do not have favourableattitude towards women victimsTable 17.7: Violence against women mostly not reported to law enforcing 33140141142143143145146
Table 17.8: Anti women cultural practices rarely reported to law enforcing agenciesTable 17.9: Women victims do not report crime against them due to bringing badreputation and dishonour to the familyTable 17.10: Women victims do not report crime against them due to lengthy legalprocedures and exploitation by policeTable 19.1: Percentage of women being consulted in key decisionsTable 20.1: International standing of women’s representation in both houses ofparliament in PakistanTable 21.1: Gender wise breakdown of voters in Pakistan (1993-2012)Table 21.2: Gender wise number of voters enlisted in final electoral roll of 2012Table 21.3: Percentage of registered voters and votes polled in elections for the nationalassembly of Pakistan (1970-2013)Table 21.4: Reasons stated for not voting in elections (%)Table 21.5: Reason for voting in particular wayTable 21.6: Voter turnout in local government elections 2005 (Phase I & II)Table 22.1: Percentage of candidates from political parties (2013 elections)Table 23.1: International standing of women’s representation in senate of PakistanTable 23.2: Gender wise composition of senate in Pakistan (1973-2012 onwards)Table 23.3: Quota and women’s representation on general and reserved seatsTable 24.1: International standing of women’s representation in National AssemblyTable 24.2: Elected members of national assembly in Pakistan (1990-2013)Table 24.3: Number of reserved seats for women in national assembly (2002)Table 25.1: Percentage of quota reservation for women in provincial assembliesTable 25.2: Women elected on general seats in provincial assemblies (1977-2013)Table 25.3: Reserved seats for women in provincial assemblies (after 2002)Table 25.4: Elected members of provincial assemblies (2013)Table 26.1: Women’s representation in local governments (1959-2008)Table 28.1: Opinion on why women should contest electionsTable 33.1: Pakistani laws are not sufficient to curb anti-women social practicesTable 33.2: Pakistani law promotes gender inequalityTable 33.3: Hudood ordinances long served as source of victimization in PakistanTable 33.4: Zina ordinance has long victimized women in PakistanTable 33.5: The law of evidence fosters gender inequalityTable 33.6: There is no law to curb marital rape in 187190191195201201202202206217255256256257257258
LIST OF FIGURESFigure 6.1: Rituals performed during an incidence of child marriageFigure 6.2: Gender wise marital status of population in Pakistan (2012-2013)Figure 7.1: Gender wise percentage of household headship in Pakistan (2011-12)Figure 8.1: Progress of literacy ratio among rural women in Pakistan (1981-2014)Figure 8.2: Gender wise percentage of educational institutions (2013-14)Figure 8.3: Gender and educational level wise educational institutions (2013-14)Figure 8.4: Gender wise percentage of enrolment in Pakistan (2013-14)Figure 8.5: Female enrolment (public) by year and class (2004-05 to 2013-14)Figure 8.6: Gender wise percentage of technical institutions in Pakistan (2013-14)Figure 8.7: Gender wise percentage of enrolment in technical institutions (2013-14)Figure 8.8: Gender wise teachers in technical institutions (2013-14)Figure 9.1: Total fertility rate by region/area in Pakistan (2012-13)Figure 9.2: Rate of contraceptive use among married women (2012-13)Figure 9.3: Antenatal care provided by skilled persons in Pakistan (2012-13)Figure 9.4: Comparison of women’s literacy and health indicators (2013-14)Figure 9.5: Link between women’s educational level and health indicators (2012-13)Figure 10.1: Gender wise labour force participation rate in Pakistan (2013-14)Figure 13.1: Number of reported cases of domestic violence in Pakistan (2008-12)Figure 15.1: Number of reported cases of honour killing in Pakistan (2008-12)Figure 16.1: Year and gender wise number of cases of acid attacks in PakistanFigure 16.2: Area wise number of acid attack victims in Pakistan (2013-2015)Figure 16.3: Advertisement published for awareness against acid crimesFigure 20.1: Comparison of political quota (%) for women in different time periodsFigure 22.1: Percentage of women validated candidates in 2013 electionsFigure 23.1: Gender wise composition of senate in Pakistan (1973-2012 onwards)Figure 24.1: Percentage of elected women in national assembly of PakistanFigure 24.2: Number of elected women on reserved, general & minority seats in NAFigure 24.3: Percentage of women elected on general seats in national 31132133165179186194196197
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LIST OF TEXT BOXESText Box 4.1: The Endless Cycle of DisregardText Box 14.1: Listing of Sexual Harassment in HEI'sText Box 14.2: Sexual Harassment: Types and ExamplesText Box 14.3: Sexual Harassment Case Study 1Text Box 14.4: Sexual Harassment Case Study 2Text Box 14.5: Sexual Harassment Case Study 3Text Box 14.6: Sexual Harassment Case Study 4Text Box 14.7: Sexual Harassment Case Study 5Text Box 15.1: Karo Kari, Kala Kali, Tor ToraText Box 15.2: Statistics on Honour Killing in PakistanText Box 15.3: Honour Killing Case Study 1Text Box 15.4: Honour Killing Case Study 2Text Box 15.5: Honour Killing Case Study 3Text Box 15.6: Honour Killing Case Study 4Text Box 15.7: Honour Killing Case Study 5Text Box 15.8: Jirga Case Study 1Text Box 15.9: Jirga Case Study 2Text Box 15.10: Jirga Case Study 3Text Box 15.11: Jirga Case Study 4Text Box 16.1: Acid Crime Incidence Case Study 1Text Box 16.2: Acid Crime Incidence Case Study 2Text Box 16.3: Acid Crime Victim: Case Study 1Text Box 16.4: Acid Crime Victim: Case Study 2Text Box 16.5: Acid Crime Victim: Case Study 3Text Box 19.1: Case Study of First Women's Jirga in SwatText Box 20.1: Legal Framework Order 2002 (Excerpt)Text Box 23.1: Patterns of Women’s Representation in Senate of PakistanText Box 24.1: Legal Framework Order, 1970: Composition of National AssemblyText Box 24.2: Patterns of Women’s Representation in National AssemblyText Box 25.1: Legal Framework Order, 1970: Provincial AssembliesText Box 29.1: The 1973 Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Chapter 1:Fundamental RightsText Box 29.2: The 1973 Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Chapter 2:Principles of PolicyText Box 30.1: The Pakistan Citizenship Act, 1951Text Box 30.2: The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961Text Box 31.1: Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 (Excerpt)Text Box 31.2: The Offence of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) OrdinanceText Box 31.3: Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984Text Box 32.1: Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 (Excerpt)Text Box 32.2: The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2010Text Box 32.3: The Protection against Harassment of Women at the Workplace 228230237238242247248249
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LIST OF BHDIHECHEIsHODHRCPICTID WFPP.B.U.HPCOPhDPML(N)PML-JPPCPPPPPPPPTISMSVAWAzad Jamu and KashmirAzad Jamu KashmirAcid Survivor FoundationAnti Terrorist ActAnti Terrorist CourtBachelor of ArtsBachelor of ScienceElection Commission of PakistanFree and Fair Election NetworkFederally Administered TerritoryFirst Information ReportGilgit BaltistanHuman Development IndexHigher Education CommissionHigher Education Institution(s)Head of DepartmentHuman Rights Commission of PakistanIslamabad Capital TerritoryIdentity CardKhyber PakhtoonkhwaKhyber PakhtoonkhwaKawish Television NetworkMaster in Public AdministrationMaster of PhilosophyMutahida Qaumi Movement/Muhajir Qaumi MovementMaster of ScienceNational AssemblyNational Database and Registration AuthorityNational Commission for Human DevelopmentNational Education Management Information SystemNon Government Organization(s)National Institute of Population StudiesNorth West Frontier ProvincePeace Be Upon HimPakistan Census OrganizationDoctor of PhilosophyPakistan Muslim League (Nawaz)Pakistan Muslim League-JunejoPakistan Penal CodePakistan People’s PartyPakistan People’s Party ParliamentarianPakistan Tehreek-e-InsafShort Messaging ServiceViolence Against Women17
CHAPTER - 1ABOUT THE BOOKThis book is aimed to provide the contextualized knowledge in comprehensive wayregarding social, cultural, legal and political structures and processes determining and effectingstatus of women in Pakistan. This chapter aims to give a nut shell introduction to the background,purpose, methodology and structure of this book. It highlights the aim of writing the book and clearlyexplains the types of primary and secondary data, methods of its collection, and techniquesemployed for analysis used in writing this book.As the multidisciplinary field of women’s studies is relatively new in Pakistan, it is forced toaccommodate the existing lack of context specific researches, studies and books to include incurriculum for students by relying on foreign authored books or the sporadic topic specific materialproduced by NGOs and interest groups to satisfy donor’s interests. Therefore, there is a need toinvest in and produce the local contextualized knowledge based on Pakistan’s national ideologies,philosophies, and local realties with an honest criticism of that all.Accordingly, the intention of writing this book was to provide basic text resource for teachingand learning at postgraduate level in women’s studies departments of universities in Pakistan.Accordingly, following the outline provided for several courses offered in Higher EducationCommission (HEC) of Pakistan’s approved curriculum of post graduate level in women’s studies,the book mainly deals with the broader areas of social institutions, socio-cultural and legal violence,the political system, and legal framework determining and conditioning women’s place in Pakistanisociety. In general, this book covers a variety of aspects taught in women’s studies discipline. Inparticular, it addresses following four courses offered in HEC approved curriculum for MS inwomen’s studies according to the prescribed course outline: 1) Violence, human rights and justice;2) Women, Islamic laws and human rights; 3) Women and the law in the context of Pakistan; and4) Politics and feminist theory.Besides this main aim, the book is also helpful for teaching and learning of the followingcourses offered at the level of BS in women’s studies: 1) Introduction to women’s studies/genderstudies, 2) Feminist/gender theories, 3) Women and gender in Islam, 4) Women, gender and lawin Pakistan, 5) Women gender and politics (with focus on Pakistan). These courses are alreadyprescribed in HEC approved curriculum for 4 years graduate level degree of BS in women’s studies.Further, the book is helpful for teaching and learning of a course on “Gender Studies” as prescribedin HEC approved curriculum of four years BS in Sociology. It also helps the teaching and learningof the courses of sociology as it offers a great deal of critical analysis and discussion on socialinstitutions, culture, and social problems. It also can be utilized for teaching some parts of thecurriculum set for the discipline of social work as well.The scope of this book includes exploration and comparison of theoretical knowledge andempirical evidences regarding cultural violence against women, laws and law enforcing institutionsand women’s participation in politics to highlight a potential relationship between the three aspects.The geographical scope includes whole of the Pakistan including all provinces. A time to timecomparison of culture, crime, violence, laws, human rights conditions and the political systemswithin provinces is also made to make the arguments more clear. The time span of the study coversfrom post independence period till today. Utmost effort is taken to ensure giving local and contextspecific primary and secondary data collected through interviews and surveys (from secondarysources as well as done by authors) and examples and case studies (available in literature andresearches) for supporting arguments and explanations.
The theoretical contribution of the book to existing knowledge is to explore a potentialrelationship between women’s political participation and legislative appropriation to curb violenceagainst women in the country. There is no book covering the topics of culture, social institutions,violence, Pakistani laws and the political participation of women in Pakistan in an interlinked andintegrated way. The three aspects are dealt separately either in the form of research articles or inthe form of edited books in a large bulk of available literature. The aspect of violence against womenis explored in works published in the form of research papers which are dealing with separate typesof violence. Ali, Árnadóttir and Kulane (2013) have studied dowry practice and its negativeconsequences on women in Karachi. Similarly, Anjum, Malik, and Khan (1995) dealt with dowry inmarriage arrangements in Faisalabad. Gulzar, Nauman, Yahya, Ali, and Yaqoob (2012) wrote ondowry system in Pakistan. Bukhari (2010) wrote on violence against women (VAW) in SouthernPunjab. Jilani and Ahmed (2004) in a chapter of edited book wrote about VAW and legal responses.Andersson et al. (2010) dealt with the barriers to disclosing and reporting violence in Pakistan. NGOreports written by Azhar (2012) and Perveen (2013) provide a nut shell summary of statistics onviolence cases. Shaheed, Warraich, Balchin, and Gazdar (1998) in an edited book wrote on lawpractices and strategies related to women in Pakistan. The report on the Commission of Inquiry forWomen (1997) published by the government of Pakistan is also providing patches of informationon a variety of topics related to women. These are few works to name and give the reader an ideaof existing literature on this topic.The same sporadic material is available on women’s political participation. Bano (2009)wrote on problems of women in parliament in Pakistan. Syed and Tabassum (2014) wrote onwomen’s political participation in Pakistan. Several studies discuss different aspects and levels ofwomen’s political participation in Pakistan (Shaheed, Zia, & Warraich, 1998; Shirkat Gah, 2009;Syed, Tabassum, & Afzal, 2015; Tabassum, 2011; Tabassum, Afzal, & Tabassum, 2015;Tabassum, Afzal, Taherani, & Tabassum, 2014). The link between women’s political participationand the amendments of laws has also been discussed (Syed, Tabassum, & Afzal, 2013). The legalsystem and laws are also separately dealt in isolation from political aspects in different researchpapers. Weiss (2012) wrote on legal empowerment of Pakistan. In the legal descriptions, we findWeaver (2007) writing on shariah laws. Chadbourne (1999) wrote on Zina ordinance in Pakistan.Abbas and Riaz (2013) wrote on legal protection for women. Most of these studies are either writtenon theoretical or descriptive explorations or on secondary data.The author has adopted both quantitative and qualitative approaches to data collection andanalysis for writing this book. It is based on primary and secondary data. The quantitative andqualitative secondary data is collect
Table 6.1: Child marriage negatively effects girl child in Pakistan 40 Table 6.2: Age and gender wise marital status of population in Pakistan (2012-13) 43 Table 7.1: Percentage of households by headship in Pakistan (2011-2012) 50 Table 8.1: Literacy ratio by sex in Pakistan (1981 and 1998) 54
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