Field Identification Guide To The Sharks And Rays Of The Mediterranean .
FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE FOR FISHERY PURPOSESISSN 1020-6868FIELD IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO THE SHARKS ANDRAYS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN AND BLACK SEA
FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE FOR FISHERY PURPOSESFIELD IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO THE SHARKS AND RAYSOF THE MEDITERRANEAN AND BLACK SEAbyFabrizio SerenaEnvironmental Protection Agency – Tuscany RegionLivorno, ItalyFOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSRome, 2005
The designations employed and the presentation of material inthis information product do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United Nations concerning the legal or development statusof any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, orconcerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.ISBN 92-5-105291-3All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in thisinformation product for educational or other non-commercial purposes areauthorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holdersprovided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in thisinformation product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibitedwithout written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for suchpermission should be addressed to the Chief, Publishing Management Service,Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italyor by e-mail to copyright@fao.org FAO 2005
iiiPREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENTThis document was prepared under the coordination of the Species Identification and Data Progrmme ofthe Marine Resources Service, Fishery Resources and Environment Division, Fisheries Department,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).At a meeting of the Sub-Committee on Marine Environment and Ecosystems of the General Fisherycommission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) in February 2001 in Palma de Majorca, some membercountries concerned with the protection of sharks and other cartilaginous species suggested that a fieldguide for the identification of cartilaginous species be prepared. At its fourth session in June 2001 inAthens, the Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) endorsed the suggestion and asked the COPEMEDProject GCP/REM/O57/SPA to support the preparation of the field guide.This increasing recognition of the significance of sharks and batoid fishes as ecosystem healthindicators, as well as their particular importance in exploited ecosystems in the Mediterranean, havebeen key considerations to promote the preparation of this field guide.Project managers: M. Lamboeuf, J. Lleonart (FAO, Rome).Scientific reviser: N. De Angelis (FAO, Rome).Editorial assistance, page composition and indexing: M. Kautenberger-Longo (FAO, Rome).Scientific illustrator (for material presented here for the first time): E. D’Antoni (FAO, Rome).Cover: E. D’Antoni (FAO, Rome).Serena, F.Field identification guide to the sharks and rays of the Mediterranean and Black Sea.FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes.Rome, FAO. 2005. 97p. 11 colour plates egg cases.AbstractThis volume presents a fully illustrated field guide for the identification of the sharks and raysmost relevant to the fisheries of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. An extensive literature reviewwas carried out for the preparation of this document. A total of 49 sharks, 34 batoids and1 chimaera are fully treated. The presence of 5 sharks and 2 batoids included in this field guide,need, however, to be confirmed. The guide includes sections on technical terms andmeasurements for sharks and batoids, and fully illustrated keys to those orders and families thatoccur in the region. Each species account includes: at least one annotated illustration of thespecies highlighting its relevant identification characters; basic information on nomenclature,synonyms and possible misidentifications; FAO common names; basic information on size,habitat and biology, distribution, importance to fisheries, and conservation and exploitationstatus. Colour plates for a large number of the species are included as well as two plates showingthe egg cases.
ivACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI would especially like to thank Amor El Abed (Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer,Salammbô, Tunisie) for his support regarding my efforts to produce this guide and the COPEMED projectwhich sponsored the publication. Very large thanks to Giulio Relini (University of Genoa, Italy) and myresearch colleague Marino Vacchi (ICRAM Rome, Italy) for their encouragement to produce this guideand for their precious suggestions, useful information and critical reading of the draft. I am grateful toLeonard J.V. Compagno (Shark Research Center, Iziko Museum of Cape Town, South Africa) for ourdiscussion in Paris in 2002 and further in Tenerife in 2004 aimed at the definition of the systematiccatalogue structure and to solve taxonomic problems as well as for his critical reading of the systematicarrangement of the species. Many thanks to Bernard Séret (Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, ParisFrance) for his critical reading of the previous draft, continuous exchange of ideas and finally for hiscourtesy. My most sincere thanks go to Pere Oliver (IEO, Barcelona), who has believed in the usefulnessof this field guide since the SAC-SCMEE meeting (Palma de Mallorca, 2001). I appreciate his advice andencouragement during the preparation of this publication.Thanks also to: John D. McEachran (Texas A & M University, USA), Kent E. Carpenter (Old DominionUniversity - Department of Biological Sciences, Norfolk, Virginia, USA) and Peter Last (CSIRO, Divisionof Fisheries Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) for suggestions provided during the Batoids-FAOmeeting in Paris in March 2002; Gian Pietro Gasparini and Mario Astraldi (Istituto di OceanografiaFisica-CNR, Lerici, Italy) for advice on the dynamics of the water masses in the Mediterranean Sea. Avery special thanks goes to Claude Millot for his knowledgeable help in updating the information on thecurrent pattern in the Mediterranean basin and also for letting me use his latest papers, still in press. Tomy colleagues Alvaro Juan Abella, Romano Baino, Monica Barone, Enrico Cecchi and AlessandroVoliani (ARPAT, Livorno, Italy) for their support and suggestions and also to Marco Costantini (WWF,Italy); to Adib Ali Saad (Marine Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia,Syria) for his collaboration; Giulia Mò (ICRAM Rome, Italy) for helping me with aspects related to theConventions for the protection of marine organisms and environment; to Cecilia Mancusi (ARPAT,Livorno, Italy) for help in the preparation of the single species sheet and in the chapter related toConservation and Ian K. Ferguson (The Shark Trust, London, UK). This last chapter has been producedwith the important help of Sarah Fowler, Rachel Cavanagh and Imène Meliane (IUCN Shark SpecialistGroup c/o Naturebureau International, UK and Centre de Cooperation pour la Méditerranée) and I alsothank them very much. Sincere thanks to Francesco Ferretti and Ransom A. Myers of the DalhousieUniversity (Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada) for their innovative suggestion on the conservation statusanalysis of cartilaginous fishes. Thanks also to Ramón Bonfil (International ConservationPrograms-Wildlife Conservation Society, NY, USA), Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara (Tethys ResearchInstitute, Italy), Daniel Golani (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel) for their important suggestions;Temel Oguz (Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences Erdemli 33731, Icel, Turkey)for his collaboration; Franco Biagi (European Commission, Fisheries Directorate-General, Brussels,Belgium) for his support. I acknowledge the helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript ofJohn Stevens (CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) and Peter Last given during thePre-Conference of Deep Sea Chondrichthyan Fishes in Dunedin, New Zealand in 2003. Many thanks toPiero Mannini and Caroline Bennett (ADRIAMED-FAO, Rome, Italy) respectively for their collaboration inparticular for providing many useful bibliographical references and helping with manuscript editing.Finally, thanks also to all colleagues who kindly allowed me to use their pictures: R. Bonfil (ICP-WCS NY,USA), P.H.F. Bor (Netherlands), M.N. Bradai (INSTM Sfax, Tunisia), G.H. Burgess (MNH, Gainesville, FL,USA), R. Carlucci (Univ. Bari, Italy), P. Consoli (IST-CNR, Messina, Italy), M. Costantini (WWF, Trieste, Italy),M. Dalu (ICRAM, Roma, Italy), M. Dicken (Port Elizabeth Museum, Port Elizabeth, South Africa), M. Ducrocq(IUCN, Mauritania), F. Cigala Fulgosi (Univ. Parma, Italy), F. Hemida (USTHB/ISN, Algiers, Algeria),S.P. Iglesias and E. Luchetti (MNHN, Concarneau, France), H. Ishihara (Tokyo University of Fisheries,Japan), R. McAuley (WA Marine Research Laboratory, Department of Fisheries, North Beach, WA, USA),P. Micarelli (Acquario Mediterraneo dell’Argentario, Porto Santo Stefano, Italy), V. Moore (University ofDorset, UK), G. Morey, (CSIC/UIB, Mallorca, Spain), P. Psomadakis (ICRAM, Rome, Italy), J. Rey (IEO,Malaga, Spain); RV DR. FRIDTJOF NANSEN (Research Vessel Staff), B. Séret (MNHN, Paris, France),R. Silvestri (ARPAT, Livorno, Italy), C. Simpfendorfer (Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA), L. Sion(Univ. Bari, Italy), J. Stafford-Deitsch (The Shark Trust, UK), V. Taylor (USA), N. Ungaro (LBM, Bari, Italy),M. van Tienhoven (CSIRO, Pretoria, Australia).
vTABLE OF CONTENTSPREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ivINTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Geology and Physical Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Oceanographic Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Biodiversity and Biogeographical Characteristics of the Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3The Fishery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Fishery Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Conservation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Codes for Conservation and Exploitation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11CLASSIFICATION AND SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13SHARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Picture key of shark-like fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Technical Terms and Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16List of Orders, Families and Species Occurring in the Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Guide to the Orders and Families of Sharks Occurring in the Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Order HEXANCHIFORMES – Cow and frilled sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18HEXANCHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Order SQUALIFORMES – Dogfish sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18ECHINORHINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18SQUALIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18CENTROPHORIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19ETMOPTERIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19SOMNIOSIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19OXYNOTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19DALATIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Order SQUATINIFORMES – Angel sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21SQUATINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Order LAMNIFORMES – Mackerel sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21ODONTASPIDIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21ALOPIIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22CETORHINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22LAMNIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
viField Identification Guide to the Sharks and Rays of the Mediterranean and Black SeaOrder CARCHARHINIFORMES – Ground sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22SCYLIORHINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23TRIAKIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23CARCHARHINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23SPHYRNIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Guide to Families and SpeciesHEXANCHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Heptranchias perlo (Bonnaterre, 1788) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Hexanchus nakamurai Teng, 1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25ECHINORHINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25SQUALIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Squalus blainvillei (Risso, 1826). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Squalus cf. megalops (Macleay, 1881) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27CENTROPHORIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Centrophorus uyato (Rafinesque, 1810) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28ETMOPTERIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28SOMNIOSIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Centroscymnus coelolepis Bocage and Capello, 1864 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Somniosus (Rhinoscymnus) rostratus (Risso, 1810) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29OXYNOTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Oxynotus centrina (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30DALATIIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30SQUATINIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Squatina aculeata Dumeril, in Cuvier, 1817. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Squatina oculata Bonaparte, 1840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32ODONTASPIDIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Odontaspis ferox (Risso, 1810) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
viiALOPIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1839) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34CETORHINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus, 1765) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34LAMNIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Isurus paucus Guitart Manday, 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Lamna nasus (Bonnaterre, 1788) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36SCYLIORHINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Galeus atlanticus (Vaillant, 1888) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Scyliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38TRIAKIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Mustelus asterias Cloquet, 1821 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Mustelus punctulatus Risso, 1826 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40CARCHARHINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Carcharhinus altimus (Springer, 1950) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther, 1870) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Carcharhinus brevipinna (Müller and Henle, 1839) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Carcharhinus falciformis (Bibron, in Müller and Henle, 1839) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes, in Müller and Henle, 1839) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Carcharhinus obscurus (Lesueur, 1818) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron and Lesueur, in Lesueur, 1822) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46SPHYRNIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Sphyrna (Mesozygaena) tudes (Valenciennes, 1822). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Sphyrna (Sphyrna) lewini (Griffith and Smith, in Cuvier, Griffith and Smith,1834) . . . . . 47Sphyrna (Sphyrna) mokarran (Rüppell, 1837) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Sphyrna (Sphyrna) zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
viiiBATOID FISHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Picture key of skates, rays and guitarfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Technical Terms and Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50List of Families and Species Occurring in the Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Guide to the Order and Families of Batoid Fishes Occurring in the Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Order RAJIFORMES - Batoids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Suborder PRISTOIDEI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52PRISTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Suborder RHINOBATOIDEI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52RHINOBATIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Suborder TORPEDINOIDEI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53TORPEDINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Suborder RAJOIDEI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53RAJIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Suborder MYLIOBATOIDEI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54DASYATIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54GYMNURIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54MYLIOBATIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55RHINOPTERIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55MOBULIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Guide to Families and SpeciesPRISTIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Pristis pectinata Latham, 1794 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Pristis pristis (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56RHINOBATIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Rhinobatos (Glaucostegus) cemiculus Geoffroy St-Hilaire, 1817 . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Rhinobatos (Rhinobatos) rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57TORPEDINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Torpedo (Tetronarce) nobiliana Bonaparte, 1835 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Torpedo (Torpedo) marmorata Risso, 1810 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Torpedo (Torpedo) sinuspersici Olfers, 1831 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Torpedo (Torpedo) torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59RAJIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Dipturus batis (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Leucoraja circularis (Couch, 1838) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Leucoraja fullonica (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
ixLeucoraja melitensis (Clark, 1926) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Leucoraja naevus (Müller and Henle, 1841). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Raja brachyura Lafont, 1873 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Raja montagui Fowler, 1910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Raja polystigma Regan, 1923 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Raja radula Delaroche, 1809. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Raja undulata Lacépède, 1802. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Rostroraja alba (Lacépède, 1803) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67DASYATIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Dasyatis centroura (Mitchill, 1815) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Dasyatis marmorata Steindachner, 1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Himantura uarnak (Forsskål, 1775) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Taeniura grabata (Geoffroy St-Hilaire, 1817) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70GYMNURIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70MYLIOBATIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Pteromylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy St-Hilaire, 1817) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71RHINOPTERIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy St-Hilaire, 1817) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72MOBULIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72CHIMAERAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Technical Terms and Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Order, Family and Species of Chimaera Occurring in the Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Order CHIMAERIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73CHIMAERIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73-74Chimaera monstrosa Linnaeus, 1758 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC AND VERNACULAR NAMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85LIST OF COLOUR PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Introduction1INTRODUCTIONAfter a long period of adaptation starting 450million years ago, since the Cretaceous (about100 million years) the cartilaginous fish have notexperienced any further noticeable morphologicalor physiological changes. Today the group occupiesalmost all aquatic environments: rivers, lakes,estuaries, coastal lagoons, coastal waters, openseas and deep seas, extending as far as theAntarctic convergence. This may be facilitated bythe fact that sharks are mostly predators, and haveadapted to all sort of diets, some being scavengers.The few species that are plankton-feeders arecharacterized by large dimensions, whichdiscourages predation.This guide provides a list and brief description ofthe species of sharks, batoid fishes and chimaerasliving in the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Whilefor some species there are no doubts regardingtheir presence in the area, for other rare species,their presence remains doubtful pending furtherinformation.Commercial fishing samples constitute the mainsource of cartilaginous specimens, in particular, forrare species. Some species, once considered rare,may become common due to the increased use ofa particular gear or during fishing on new grounds.Fishing may produce negative effects onbiodiversity: overexploitation of resources maydirectly or indirectly lead to the depletion of somespecies, especially those that do not have a goodresilience as regards to fishing disturbance, suchas the cartilaginous fish. In these cases it is quitefrequent to observe the disappearance, albeitlocally, of some species.One major problem using official landing statisticsin any analysis is the difficulty to secure correctidentification of the species of cartilaginous fish, asthey are often grouped in collective codes. Apartfrom spotted dog sharks, thorn rays and a few otherspecies, caught as bycatch, a targeted fisheryaiming at catching cartilaginous species does notexist in the Mediterranean and Black Sea, and forthe time being, finning is not mentioned either. Intrawl fisheries discard may be a critical aspectespecially for juveniles of some species.Physical and ChemicalCharacteristics of the RegionGeology and Physical FeaturesThe Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea excluded,constitutes 0.81% (2.514 million km2) of the totalwater surface of the planet. Twenty-two differentcountries border its coastline. It extends from theStraits of Gibraltar to the Bosphorus for about4 000 km. The Mediterranean reaches its maximumdepth (5 121 m) in the Ionian Sea.The birth of the Mediterranean was caused by thecollision of the African and European continentsabout 50–60 million years ago in the area presentlycalled Gibraltar. During the “Messinian regression”the Mediterranean basin became completelyclosed and the water level descended reaching itsminimum 6 million years ago. About 5.5 millionyears ago, communication through the Straits ofGibraltar opened again and Atlantic waters invadedthe Mediterranean basin. From then on theMediterranean Sea began a new life and assumedthe characteristics of a temperate sea.The Mediterranean Sea can be divided into twomain basins: western and eastern separated by theSicily-Tunisia ridge. Within these basins, regionalseas may be defined, connected by channels andstraits (Fig. 1). The eastern basin is characterizedby a great oceanographic variability on the surfacewith temperatures of 16 C in winter and up to 29 Cin summer, as opposed to 12 and 23 C in thewestern basin and salinities of 39‰ to the east asopposed to 36‰ in the west.Currently the Gibraltar threshold, with a maximumdepth of about 320 m and a distance of only 25 kmbetween the European and African continentalmasses, allows the passage of the Atlantic upperlayers with an average temperature of about 15 C.The slow circulation of water masses, the rate ofexchange of Mediterranean waters and theconsequent poor water replacement, contributes inke
1 chimaera are fully treated. The presence of 5 sharks and 2 batoids included in this field guide, need, however, to be confirmed. . Australia) and Peter Last given during the Pre-Conference of Deep Sea Chondrichthyan Fishes in Dunedin, New Zealand in 2003. Many thanks to taly .
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
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̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
