American Association For Public Opinion Research
American Association for Public Opinion ResearchTrends: Twenty Years of Public Opinion about Global WarmingAuthor(s): Matthew C. Nisbet and Teresa MyersSource: The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 71, No. 3 (Autumn, 2007), pp. 444-470Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Association for PublicOpinion ResearchStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4500386Accessed: 16-02-2016 00:46 UTCYour use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at s.jspJSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of contentin a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.American Association for Public Opinion Research and Oxford University Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Public Opinion Quarterly.http://www.jstor.orgThis content downloaded from 129.174.21.5 on Tue, 16 Feb 2016 00:46:45 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Public OpinionQuarterly,Vol. 71, No. 3, Fall 2007, pp. 444-470THE POLLS-TRENDSTWENTYYEARSOF PUBLICOPINION ABOUT GLOBALWARMINGMATTHEWC. NISBETTERESAMYERSAbstractOver the past 20 years, there have been dozens of ionsurveyson globalwarming, yet there exists no authoritativesummaryof their collectivefindings. In this article, we provide a systematic review of trends inpublic opinion about global warming. We sifted through hundredsofpolling questions culled from more than 70 surveys administeredoverthe past 20 years.In compilingthe availabletrends,we summarizepublicopinion across severalkey dimensionsincluding(a) public awarenessofthe issue of global warming; (b) public understandingof the causesof global warming and the specifics of the policy debate; (c) publicperceptions of the certaintyof the science and the level of agreementamong experts;(d) public concernaboutthe impactsof global warming;(e) public supportfor policy action in light of potentialeconomic costs;and (f) public supportfor the Kyoto climate treaty.Perhapsno othercontemporaryissue portendsas many wide-rangingimpactsas global warming.Spanninglocal, national,and internationalpolitics, globalwarmingforcesconsiderationof contentiouspolicy measuresthatrequiremajorsocietal, economic, and lifestyle changes. Given the political stakes involved,the scientific findings specific to global warminghave been selectively interpreted in ways that fit the political goals of elected officials, interest groups,and even scientists. The use and abuse of public opinion data is no exceptionto this trend.Over the past 20 years, therehave been dozens of news organization, academic,and nonpartisanpublic opinion surveys on the topic, yet thereexists no authoritativesummaryof theircollective findings.As a consequence,surveyresultsoften become an ideological RorschachTest,with one side in thePh.D., is assistant professor in the School of Communication,AmericanMYERSis a doctoralstudent,School of Communication,University,Washington,DC, USA. TERESAThe Ohio State University,Columbus,OH, USA. Addresscorrespondenceto MatthewC. Nisbet;e-mail: nisbetmc@gmail.comMATTHEWC. NISBET,AdvancedAccess publicationAugust 23, 2007doi: 10.1093/poq/nfm031? The Author2007. Publishedby Oxford UniversityPress on behalf of the AmericanAssociation for Public Opinion Research.All rightsreserved.For permissions,please e-mail:journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.orgThis content downloaded from 129.174.21.5 on Tue, 16 Feb 2016 00:46:45 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Polls Trends:Public Opinion About Global Warming445policy debate citing polls as reflectiveof a public demandingaction on globalwarming,while the otherside claimingthatpolls revealan Americancitizenryunwilling to bear the economic costs of cuttinggreenhousegas emissions.In this paper,our goal is to providea reliableandsystematicreview of trendsin public opinion aboutglobal warming.We sifted throughhundredsof pollingquestionsculled frommorethan70 surveysadministeredoverthe past 20 years.In compiling the availabletrends,we summarizepublic opinion across severalkey dimensionsincluding(a) public awarenessof the issue of global warming;(b) public understandingof the causes of global warmingand the specifics ofthe policy debate; (c) public perceptionsof the certaintyof the science andthe level of agreementamong experts; (d) public concern about the impactsof global warming;(e) public supportfor policy action in light of potentialeconomic costs; and (f) public supportfor the Kyoto climate treaty.Awarenessof GlobalWarmingas a ProblemAcross dimensionsof public opinion,we observedstrongconnectionsbetweenpatternsin media attentionto global warmingand shifts in poll trends.In noareais the connectionclearerthanthe public's "discovery"of global warmingas a problem.Given minimal news attention1to the issue duringthe firsthalfof the 1980s, it is not surprisingthat when surveyedin 1986, only 39 percentof the public reportedhaving "heardor read anythingabout the greenhouseeffect." However, by September 1988, following record summer heat and amajor upswing in media attention,awareness of the issue had spread to 58percent of the public. As media attentionto the issue increased,by the early1990s, the segmentof the public who had heardor read aboutglobal warmingreacheda stable upperlimit, as responsesvariedslightly within the 80 percentrange for the next decade, topping90 percentin 2006 (table 1).Featuringslightly differentquestionwordingand responsecategories,otherpolls offer alternativeindicatorsof public awareness.In 1997, a combined 65percentof the publicreportedhearingeithera lot or some aboutglobalwarming.Following up and down swings in media attention,duringthe summerof 2001,awarenessof globalwarminghadincreasedto a combined75 percentof thepublic, with this figuredroppingto 66 percentin 2003 andthenrising to 78 percentin 2006 and 89 percentin 2007 (table2). Measuredslightly differently,surveysconductedby the Programon InternationalPublic Attitudes(PIPA)found thata combined 63 percentof Americansin 2004 and 72 percentof Americansin2005 reportedhearingeithera greatdeal or some aboutglobal warming.21. Throughoutthis analysis, when we refer to shifts in media attentionto global warming, werely on several historical studies of patternsin news coverage (McComas and Shanahan,1999;Shanahanand Nisbet, 2002; Trumbo, 1995). These studies have trackedcoverage in the majornewspapersas well as at the broadcasttelevision networks.2. PIPA asked: "How much have you heard about global warmingor climate change? A greatdeal, a fair amount, only a little, or nothing at all?" In June 2004, 15 percent reporteda greatThis content downloaded from 129.174.21.5 on Tue, 16 Feb 2016 00:46:45 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Table I. Have you heard or read anything about the "greenhouse effect," or not?Cambridgea Harrisb Parentsc Analysisd Cambridgee Cambridgef Cambridgea,g CBSh HaYes (%)No 455558405842682874228217851445111,5021,2502608sure (%)N1,5001,2731,0001,0011,2509531aSample size is approximate.bHave you heardor read much about . greenhouse effect?cHave you heardor read anything about the greenhouseeffect?dHave you heardanythingabout a "greenhouse effect"?eHave you heardanything about the greenhouse effect in the atmospherethatcould cause global warming?fOn the subject of environment,have you heard anythingaboutthe greenhouseeffect in the atmospherethat couldgHave you heardor read anything about the enhanced greenhouseeffect, also called global warming?hGlobal warmingis a term used to describe changes in the earth'sclimate. How much have you heard or read abnothing at all?'Have you ever seen, heard, or read about the theory of global warming-that average temperaturesare rising slowthe burningof coal, oil, and other fuels?JHaveyou heardor read anythingabout the issue of global warming?*Less than .5%.This content downloaded from 129.174.21.5 on Tue, 16 Feb 2016 00:46:45 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
447Polls Trends: Public Opinion About Global WarmingTable 2. Global warming is a term used to describe changes in the earth'sclimate. How much have you heard or read about global warming-a lot,some, not much, or nothingat all?CBSA lot (%)Some(%)Notmuch(%)Nothingat all obalwarmingis a termused to describechangesin the temperatureof the earth'satmospherewhich could result in changes in the environment.How much have you heardor read aboutglobalwarming-a lot, some, not much, or nothingat all?In contrast to global warming generally, public awareness of the KyotoProtocolhas remainedrelativelylow. Considerthatin November1997, a monthbeforethe Kyoto meetings,just 7 percentof the publicreportedhearingeitheralot or a fairamountaboutthe pendingconference.Even in the monthsfollowingthe meeting, accordingto a PIPAsurveyemploying slightly differentquestionwording,only a combined25 percentof the publichad eitherhearda greatdealor some aboutKyoto (table 3).Public Knowledge of Global WarmingTwenty years after scientists and journalistsfirst alertedthe public to the potentialproblemof global warming,few Americansareconfidentthatthey fullygraspthe complexities of the issue, and on questionsmeasuringactualknowledge abouteitherthe science or the policy involved,the public scores very low.As of 1992, only 11 percent of the public answeredthat they understoodtheissue of global warming "very well," and across Gallup surveys taken eachyear between 2001 and 2005, this figurerangedbetween only 15 percent and18 percent of respondents,increasing to 22 percent of respondentsin 2007(table 4). Asked slightly differently,in separatepolls taken in 2006 and 2007,ABC News found that only 11 percent of Americans felt they knew "a lot"aboutglobal warming,an increasefrom 5 percentin 1997 (table 5).deal, 48 percenta fair amount,28 percentonly a little, and 10 percentnothing all. In June 2005,responsesbrokedown in the same orderas 22 percent,50 percent,20 percent,and 8 percent.(N 688; N 812). Surveyswere conductedby KnowledgeNetworksusing a RDD recruitedsampleofits nationallyrepresentativepanelof citizens providedWebTV access to completeon-line surveys.This content downloaded from 129.174.21.5 on Tue, 16 Feb 2016 00:46:45 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
448Nisbet and MyersTable 3. Laterthis year(1997) an internationalconferenceon global warming,includingrepresentativesfrom governmentsaroundthe world, will be held inKyoto, Japan.How much, if anything,have you heardabout this conference,known as the Kyoto conference?A lot, a fair amount,not very much, not at all.Gallup 11/97PIPAa,b02/98-04/98A lot/greatdeal(%)A fairamount/some(%)Notverymuch(%)at all (%)Not/nothing2522705203935Don't know/refused(%)*21,0042,747NaAsyou mayknowrecentlytherewasa worldconferencein Kyotoon theproblemof globalHowmuchhaveyouheardaboutthisconference. a greatdeal,some,notverymuch,warming.ornothingat all?bThepoll was conductedin threewaves:a firstwaveof 1,201respondentsFebruary13-17,March15-17, 1998,anda thirdwaveof 946April16-20,1998,a secondwaveof 600respondents1998.*Lessthan.5%.Table 4. Next, thinkingaboutthe issue of global warming,sometimes calledthe "greenhouseeffect",how well do you feel you understandthis issue-wouldyou say very well, fairy well, not very well, or not at all?Gallup01/92 11/97 03/01 03/02 03/03 03/04 03/05 03/11-03/14/07Verywell (%)Fairlywell (%)Not verywell (%)Not at all (%)No opinion 19223101616*5-6-6*41,032 1,003 1,060 1,006 1,003 1,005 1,0041,009*Lessthan.5%.Table 5. How much do you feel you know about global warming, a lot, amoderateamount,a little, or nothing?ABCOSUA lot 751Little(%)51463633710646887531,0021,002Nothing (%)NThis content downloaded from 129.174.21.5 on Tue, 16 Feb 2016 00:46:45 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
449Polls Trends:Public Opinion About Global WarmingTable 6. (And for each these statements,just check the box thatcomes closestto your opinion of how true it is--definitely true, probablytrue, probablynottrue, definitely not true. In your opinion, how true is this?) . Every time weuse coal or oil or gas, we contributeto the ly true 44195152,9922,817Table 7. (And for each these statements,just check the box thatcomes closestto your opinion of how true it is-definitely true, probablytrue, probablynottrue,definitelynot true.In your opinion,how trueis this?) . The greenhouseeffect is caused by a hole in the ely true efinitelynottrue(correct)(%)411611371812Can't choose (%)17162,9922,817NIn terms of measures of actual knowledge, when quizzed by the GeneralSocial Survey (GSS) in 1994 and again in 2000, 61 percentand 62 percentofthe publiccould at least answercorrectlythatusing coal or gas contributedto thegreenhouseeffect (table6). Yet in 1994, when askedby the GSS, 57 percentofthe public still confused the issue with ozone depletion,erroneouslybelievingthat the greenhouse effect was caused by a hole in the earth's atmosphere.This erroneousbelief remainedat 54 percent in 2000 (table 7).3 Beyond thebasic science of global warming,the public is similarly in the dark when it3. Confusionoverthe linkagesbetweenthe greenhouseeffectandozonedepletionarealso ap1994questionaskedby Harris:"TheOzonehole is dueto ."parentin thefollowingFebruarywith 5 percentanswering"thegreenhouseeffect,"13 percentansweringan "increasein chlo2 percentrofluorocarbonsor CFCs,"13 percentansweringthe"burningof tropicalrainforests,""allof theabove,"and24of tropicalrainforests,"56 percentansweringansweringthe"burning"Notsure,"(N 1,255).percentansweringThis content downloaded from 129.174.21.5 on Tue, 16 Feb 2016 00:46:45 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
450Nisbet and MyersTable 8. Justbased on your impressions,do you thinkPresidentBush favorsor opposes the United States participatingin the Kyoto agreementto reduceglobal rectanswer)(%)OpposesUnitedStatesparticipatingNo answer(%)N10/02 09/04a 06/05a4842434248431114111,091 1,195 812aSurvey conducted by Knowledge Networks using a RDD recruitedsample of its nationallyrepresentativepanel of citizens providedWeb TV access to complete on-line surveys.comes to understandingthe U.S. position on the Kyoto Protocol. In surveystaken in 2002, 2004, and 2005, when asked about the specifics of the Bushadministration'sdecision on whetheror not to participatein the Kyoto Treaty,less than half of Americanscorrectly answered that the Bush administrationhad decided to withdrawU.S. support(table 8).Beliefin the Realityof GlobalWarmingand in ScientificConsensusAlthough a strongmajorityof Americansbelieve that global warmingis real,that temperaturesare rising, and that the release of carbondioxide is a cause,the public remainsrelativelyuncertainaboutwhetherthe majorityof scientistsagree on the matter. Depending on how the question is asked, belief thatscientistshavereacheda consensusview rangesfromonly a thirdof Americansto more than60 percent.Specific to judgmentsabout whetheror not the greenhouseeffect or globalwarmingis real, as early as 1992, 68 percentansweredin the affirmative.Yetthis numberdeclined in 1994 to 57 percent, a trend likely promotedby thestrategiccommunicationeffortsof conservativethinktanksto boost skepticismaboutthe problem(McCrightand Dunlap,2000).4 However,when askedaboutthe topic slightly differently,in 2000, 2001, and 2002, more than70 percentof4. CambridgeReports/ResearchInternationalasked: "Some people believe that the enhancedgreenhouseeffect-or the gradualwarmingof the earth'satmosphere-is causedby carbondioxideand othergases accumulatingin the atmosphereand preventingheat from the earth'ssurfacefromescaping into space. They also believe thatglobal warmingcould lead to harmfulchangesin oceanlevels and weatherpatterns.Otherpeople think the evidence that points to a gradualwarmingofthe earth'satmosphereis far from conclusive and feel that predictionsaboutharmfulchanges inocean levels and weatherpatternsare exaggerated.Given what you have heardand know, do youthink the enhancedgreenhouseeffect or global warmingreally exists? (N 1,250 for both years).This content downloaded from 129.174.21.5 on Tue, 16 Feb 2016 00:46:45 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Polls Trends:Public Opinion About Global Warming451Table 9. Do you believe the theory that increasedcarbondioxide and othergases released into the atmospherewill, unchecked, lead to global warmingand an increasein averagetemperatures,or not?Believe(%)Do islT HarrislT08/0109/0274751919761,0171,011Table 10. How convinced are you that global warming or the greenhouseeffect is actuallyhappening-would you say thatyou arecompletelyconvinced,mostly convinced,not so convinced,or not convincedat all?ABCCompletelyconvinced(%)Mostlyconvinced(%)Not so convinced(%)Not at all convinced(%)No mericanssaid that they believed that if left unchecked,the release of carbondioxide would lead to global warmingand a rise in temperature(table 9).More recent polling asks the public how convinced they are that globalwarmingandthe greenhouseeffect are actuallyhappening.In these ABC pollstaken in June and September2005, in both surveys, 23 percentof Americansansweredthey were completely convinced;whereas36 percentand 33 percentansweredthey were mostly convinced (table 10). In alternativemeasures,surveys conductedby Ohio StateUniversityand ABC News in 1997, 1998, 2006,and 2007 asked respondentswhetherthey believed that the world's temperatureshave been going up slowly over the past century.Across the four surveys,76 percent,80 percent,85 percent,and 84 percentansweredin the affirmative(table 11).The public, however, is less certainabout where scientists stand on globalwarming. Examining consistent question wording posed in CambridgeandGallup surveys, the percentageof the public answeringthat "most scientistsbelieve thatglobal warmingis occurring"increasedfrom 28 percentin 1994 to46 percentin 1997 to 61 percentin 2001 andthento 65 percentin 2006. DuringPanel on climate changethis period, statementsfrom the Inter-GovernmentalThis content downloaded from 129.174.21.5 on Tue, 16 Feb 2016 00:46:45 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Nisbet and Myers452Table I I. You may have heard about the idea that the world's temperaturesmay have been going up slowly over the past 100 years. Whatis your personalopinion on this--do you think this has probablybeen happening,or do youthinkit probablyhasn't been 2226881827531321331,0021,002Table 12. On the environmentalissue known as global warming,just yourimpression,which one of the following statementsdo you think is most accurate:Most scientists believe that global warmingis occurring,most scientistsbelieve thatglobal warmingis not occurring,or most scientistsareunsureaboutwhetherglobal warmingis occurringor not?Cambridge09/94aMostbelieveis occurring(%)Mostbelieveis notoccurring(%)Mostunsure(%)No 43056532931,2501,0191,0601,000aSamplesize is approximate.bJustyourimpression,whichone of the following statementsdo you thinkis most accurate?Mostscientists believe thatglobal warmingis occurring.Most scientists believe that global warmingisnot occurring.Most scientists are unsureaboutwhetherglobal warmingis occurringor not.shifted in 1995 from a tentative"balanceof evidence"view thathumanswereinfluencingglobal climate to a much strongerconsensus view issued in 2001(table 12). Yet in 2004 and 2005, when PIPA asked about the perceptionofexpert agreementslightly differently,they found that only 43 percent and 52percentof the public across the two yearsbelieved thattherewas a "consensusamong the greatmajorityof scientists thatglobal warmingexists and could dosignificantdamage"(table 13). Similarly,accordingto polls by OSU and ABCNews only 35 percentof respondentsin 1997, 30 percentin 1998, 35 percentin 2006, and 40 percentin 2007 believed that "most scientists agree with oneanother about whether or not global warming is happening,"compared to62 percent, 67 percent and 64 percent of respondentsacross the two surveyswho perceived "a lot of disagreement"(table 14). Trust in scientists likelyThis content downloaded from 129.174.21.5 on Tue, 16 Feb 2016 00:46:45 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
453Polls Trends:Public Opinion About Global WarmingTable 13. Which of the following statementsis closest to your own opinion?Thereis a consensusamongthe greatmajorityof scientiststhatglobal warmingexists and could do significantdamage.There is a consensus among the greatmajorityof scientists that global warmingdoes not exist and thereforeposesno significantthreat.Scientistsaredividedon the existences of global warmingand its onsensusthatGWdoesnotexistandposesno threat(%)Scientistsaredividedon existenceandimpact(%)No nductedby KnowledgeNetworksusinga RDDrecruitedsampleof its nationallyrepresentativepanelof citizensprovidedWebTV accessto completeon-linesurveys.Table 14. Do you thinkmost scientistsagree with one anotheraboutwhetheror not global warmingis happening,or do you thinkthereis a lot of disagreement among scientists on this issue?ABCOSU10/9702/9803/0604/07Most agree (%)35303540A lot of disagreement(%)6267645633136887531,0021,002No opinion (%)Nremains a factor in perceptions of the scientific evidence relative to globalwarming.Accordingto ABC News polls takenin 2006 and 2007, in each year,only 32 percentof Americansansweredthatthey trustthe things scientists sayaboutthe environment"completely"or "a lot" comparedto 24 percentand 27percentwho trustwhat scientists say "little"or "notat all." (table 15).Related to the topic of scientific uncertainty,when asked by Gallup in surveys taken between 1997 and 2006 to evaluatethe performanceof the newsmedia in accuratelyconveying the seriousness of global warming, the public appearssplit, with approximatelya third believing that news coverage is"generallyexaggerated,"approximatelya thirdbelieving thatnews coverage is"generallycorrect,"and a final thirdbelieving thatin news coverage the problem is "generallyunderestimated."In this final category,however,there doesappearto be some significantchange since 1999, with the proportionof Americans believing that news reportsgenerallyunderestimatethe global warmingThis content downloaded from 129.174.21.5 on Tue, 16 Feb 2016 00:46:45 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
454Nisbet and MyersTable 15. How much do you trust the things that scientists say about theenvironment-completely, a lot, a moderateamount,a little, or not at all?ABCCompletely(%)A Lot(%)Moderateamount(%)A Little(%)Notat all (%)03/065274122504/0752743195N1,0021,002Table 16. Thinkingabout what is said in the news, in your view is the seriousness of global warming-generally exaggerated,generallycorrect,or is itgenerallyunderestimated?Gallup11/97 03/01 03/02 03/03 03/04 3/05 3/06 )N1,003 1,060 1,006 1,003 1,005 1,004 1,000293541,009problemshiftingfrom 27 percentin 1997 to 38 percentand 35 percentin 2006and 2007, respectively(table 16).The PerceivedImmediacyof GlobalWarmingImpactsScientistshave long lamentedthe problemsof communicatingto the public theurgencyof global warming.Several studies have documentedthe tendencyofAmericansto discountthe threatof climatechangedue to its "creepingnature,"an environmentalproblemwith consequencesthatareperceivedto be far off inthe future(MoserandDilling, 2004). Poll trendsbackup these conclusions.Forexample,Gallupaskedrespondentsto evaluatethe timelinefor global warmingeffects. Queriedin 1997, and then each year between 2001 and 2005, only abare majorityof Americansansweredthat the effects of global warminghadalreadybegun, with this figure rising to 60 percent in 2007 (table 17). Othersurvey trends show that only about a third of the public believe that globalwarmingwill pose a threatwithin theirlifetime (table 18).This content downloaded from 129.174.21.5 on Tue, 16 Feb 2016 00:46:45 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Table 17. Which of the following statements reflects your view of when the effects of globalhave already begun to happen. They will start happening within a few years. They will startwill not happen within your lifetime, but they will effect future generations. They will never hGHave already begun (%)Will startwithin few years (%)Will startwithin lifetime (%)Will not happen in lifetime, but effect futuregenerations(%)Never happen (%)Don't know/refused 351612171041,0031,0601,0061,003This content downloaded from 129.174.21.5 on Tue, 16 Feb 2016 00:46:45 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions01
456Nisbet and MyersTable 18. Do you thinkthatglobal warmingwill pose a threatto you or yourway of life in your lifetime?Gallup11/97Yes(%)No 061,0021,000aDo you think that global warmingwill pose a serious threatto you or your way of life in yourlifetime?bDo you thinkthe effects of global warmingwill pose a serious threatto you or your way of lifein your lifetime, or not? Yes, will pose a threat;no, will not pose a threat;no opinion.In 1993, 1994, and 2000, the GSS measuredpublic perceptionsnot only ofthe dangersof the greenhouseeffect for the environmentbut also the perceiveddangers to the respondentand his/her family. Regardless of whether or notthe environmentor the individualis referencedin the question, the percentage breakdownsfor these questionsare remarkablyconsistentand do not shiftappreciablyacross 1993, 1994, and 2000. Approximately 15 percent of thepublic believed that both the environmentaland the personal impacts of thegreenhouseeffect were "extremelydangerous,"up to approximately25 percent believed the impacts to be "very dangerous,"34-36 percent"somewhatdangerous,"10-15 percent"notvery dangerous,"and 3 percentor less believethe impactsto be "notdangerousat all"(table19).Concern about Global Warming Compared to OtherProblems and IssuesOne series of surveys show that the "personalimportance"of global warminghas increasedconsiderablyover the past decade, with the proportionof Americans who say that global warmingis eitherpersonally"extremelyimportant"or "very important"shifting from 27 percent in 1997 to 52 percent in 2007(table 20). Yet how does this perceived importancecompareto concern overotherenvironmentalissues?One source for contextualizing the public's concern is a set of itemsadministeredby Gallup across years spanning 1989 to 2006. In these surveys, Gallup asked respondentshow much they "worry"about a numberofspecific environmentalproblems.Forthe greenhouseeffect or global warming,between 1989 and 1991, abouta thirdof respondentsindicatedthatthey worried"a greatdeal"aboutthe issue. When next asked in the fall of 1997, this figurehad droppedto 24 percent, but then increased to 34 percent in 1999 and toThis content downloaded from 129.174.21.5 on Tue, 16 Feb 2016 00:46:45 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Polls Trends:Public Opinion About Global Warming457Table 19. In general,do you thinkthata rise in the world'stemperaturecausedby the "greenhouseeffect"is . extremelydangerousfor theenvironment,verydangerous,somewhatdangerous,not very dangerous,or, not at all dangerousfor the vironment Familya Environment Familya mewhat(%)dangerousNotverydangerous(%)at all thinkthata ewhatis . ,notatall dangerousdangerous,Table 20. How importantis the issue of global warmingto you personallyextremelyimportant,very important,somewhatimportant,not too important,or not at all Somewhatimportant(%)Nottoo important(%)Notat all 33218804/071834301796887531,0021,00240 percentin 2000. However,afterthe terroristattacksof 2001, the percentagewho worrieda "greatdeal" dipped again to 29 percent in 2002, remainingat28 percentin 2003 and 2004. Public concernappearedto reboundin 2006 and2007, with 36 percent and 41 percent saying that they worrieda "greatdeal"(table 21).This content downloaded from 129.174.21.5 on Tue, 16 Feb 2016 00:46:45 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Table 21. I'm going to read you a list of environmentalproblems, As I read
American Association for Public Opinion Research and Oxford University Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Public Opinion Quarterly. . according to a PIPA survey employing slightly different question wording, only a combined 25 percent of the public had either heard a great deal or some about .
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