IPER Focus Topics And Supporting Research At SwRI

IPER Focus Topics andSupporting Research at SwRIJ. Jeffrey Moore, Ph.D.Southwest Research InstituteMechanical Engineering DivisionEloy Flores, Ph.D.Southwest Research InstituteChemistry & Chemical EngineeringSOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Why Decarbonization? November 2016 Paris Agreement limits climatechange impact to 2 C , requiring deepdecarbonization across all sectors, typically withsignificant electrification January 2021 White House Executive Ordertargets: Carbon pollution-free electricity sector in U.S. by2035 Net-zero emissions, economy-wide, by no later than2050 Likely to require multiple technology pathsincluding fossil carbon capture as well asrenewablesSOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

IPER Focus Topics Onsite power generation and energy storage Indirect and Direct Fired sCO2 Power CycleWaste Heat RecoveryHydrogen UtilizationPipeline TransportHigh-Temperature Heat PumpsSolar HeatLeak PreventionCarbon Capture and UtilizationNovel Low-Emission ProcessesGasificationChemicals and plastics recyclingBiomass and BiofuelsSOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Onsite power generation, energystorage, and Waste Heat RecoverySOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

DOE CO2 Compression ProjectDevelopment of Isothermal Compression for CCS Phase 3 is a pilot-scale demonstrationof an internallycooled compressordesign Compressor specs: 6-Stage, Back-to-back 4000 hp (3 MW) 10,000 ACFM Flow Capacity 1200 psi Case rating 3200 psi Loop rating Loop size: 16”, 10”, 6”SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Sunshot: Development of a High Efficiency Hot Gas Turbo-Expander and LowCost Heat Exchangers for Optimized CSP Supercritical CO2 Operation (SwRI,GE, Thar for DOE EERE)Innovation: This MW-scale sCO2 turboSwRI Test Facility will provide sCO2 flow at highexpander and heat exchanger are a criticaltemperatures and pressures to enablestep in increasing energy conversion efficiency operating validation of the expander andto 50%, while reducing power block costs.recuperator performance.GE with SwRI has built a MW-scale sCO2All components are in the final stages ofturbo-expander optimized for concentratingfabrication and assembly.solar power plant duty cycle profile.Testing at 550C completed to date.Thar has developed a compact, highRotor: 20,000 hptemperature recuperator.KAPL has provided vital testing, design and 160 lbsengineering expertise.SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Apollo High-Efficiency sCO2 Centrifugal Compressor DevelopmentPROJECT OBJECTIVES Develop high-efficiency sCO2 compression system for10 MWe Plant Main Compressor Efficiency of 80% High efficiency centrifugal impeller Variable IGV Aerodynamic design provided by GE will beimplemented into the detail compressor designprovided by SwRI. Highest density compressor in the worldSOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

10 MWe Integrally-Geared sCO2 CompanderTurbine Inlet Conditions: 715 C, 250 bar sCO2Being tested in 1-MW Flow LoopSOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Supercritical Transformational Electric Power (STEP) FacilitySupercritical Carbon Dioxide (sCO2)Power Cycle Test Facility Develop an indirect-fired, 10 MWe sCO2 powerplant using recompression Brayton cycle Construction underway completing in 2023SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Direct-Fired Oxy-Fuel Turbine Development and LOX Storage Developing a 300 MWe Utility Scale sCO2 Oxy-Fuel Turbine with 1150 C turbine inlettemperature at 300 bar using Allam-Fetvedt cycle Thermal efficiency (approaching 60%) with high-pressure stream of CO2 simplifying carboncapture, making the power plant emission-free. Funded under the DOE 21st Century CT program further developing oxy-fuel turbine design andperforming material, combustion kinetics, and heat transfer testing for both natural gas and coalsyn-gas. Producing and storing LOx during high renewable supply and discharging during power blockoperation provides energy storage, better plant output, and greatly improves the economicsLiquid O2 StorageSOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE10

Hydrogen UtilizationSOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

High Hydrogen Combustion Testing Facility designed for gas turbinecombustion testing Designed to test low Wobbe andup to 100% hydrogen fuels Fuel supplies available HydrogenMethaneNitrogenCarbon DioxideOthers 800 C max inlet temperature Maximum pressure 125 psiSOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE12

Pipeline TransportSOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Hydrogen Blending Hydrogen blending is a compellingoption because: Leverages existing infrastructure todecarbonize electric generation andindustry 2.3 million miles @ 5M/mile 11.5trillion Blending allows for gradual/phasedintroduction of hydrogen What are the impacts? Full range of 0-100% hydrogenConversion & transport efficiencyPipeline CO2 emissionsCompression requirementsSensitivity to design parametersSOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTEAllison, Klaerner, Cich, Kurz, McBain, 2021 (GT2021-59398)

H2 Blending Initially Increases TransportCO2 Emissions Increased compression powervs. decreased carbon in fuel Assuming gas turbine drivers Motor drivers require improvedelectrical infrastructure,consider generation emissions,danger of black start failure Significant increase intransport emissions Need compressor station CCS?SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTEAllison and Kurz, 2021 (ASME GT2021-59398)15

Pulsation and Vibration Control Piping, bottle and skidmechanical design Modal analysis Forced response analysis Acoustic analysis andfilter design Foundationanalysis anddesign Screw pilesupports Concretefoundations Static anddynamicloadingSOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTEField testing to include: Vibrationmeasurement Dynamic pressuremeasurement Performancemeasurement Post-processing andanalysis Post-test analysis anddesign studiesHydrogen/Natural Gas blends change the acoustic natural frequencies

High-Temperature Heat PumpsSOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Pumped Heat Energy Storage (PHES)DemonstrationDemonstrate operation of a air Brayton PHES at laboratoryscale to verify system control strategies. Address firstimplementation challenges and reduce the number ofunknown unknowns.SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTECharge Mode

Pumped Heat Energy Storage (PHES)DemonstrationCharge ModeDischarge ModeMolten Salt at 565 C100 MWAntifreeze at -60 CSOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTERTE 60%includes separate drivetrains for each mode with shared heat exchangers19

Leak PreventionSOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Dry Gas Seal Reliability:A Study of the Effects of LiquidContamination (Phase 4)InvestigatorsAaron RimpelAbhay Patil, Ph.D.Develop an understanding ofliquid contamination effects toimprove DGS system design,instrumentation, and monitoringto improve DGS reliabilitySOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Mitigation Of Methane Emissions FromReciprocating Compressors Two-Phase Project To DevelopA Liquid Seal For ReciprocatingCompressor Packing System Seal Development: Jointly with NextSeal—patent holdersProprietary Novel Methodfor Pressure Balancing inGasGasa Dynamic Environment 95% reduction of methane emissions fromtypical packing seals Goal: Take the concept to developmentand testing in full scale set-upLiquidSOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE22

Centrifugal Compressor Development. PROJECT OBJECTIVES Develop high-efficiency sCO. 2. compression system for 10 MWe Plant Main Compressor Efficiency of 80% High efficiency centrifugal impeller Variable IGV Aerodynamic design provided by GE will be implemented into the detail compressor design provided by SwRI.