Report On Small Scale Tea Sector In Kenya
REPORT ON SMALL-SCALE TEA SECTORIN KENYA.Research Conducted By:Christian Partners Development Agency (CPDA)Nairobi KenyaMarch 2008
Small-scale Tea Research in KenyaTABLE OF CONTENTSPage1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION . 11.1Christian Partners Development Agency.11.1.11.1.21.1.31.1.41.21.3Introduction . 1Institutional Objectives . 1Programmatic Focus . 1CPDA’s Implementation Strategies . 3SOMO.3Tea Farming In Kenya .31.3.11.3.21.3.41.3.51.41.5Introduction . 3The Small-scale Tea sector in Kenya. 6Tea marketing . 8Tea value Addition. 10The Problem Statement . 10Context of the Research . 102.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY . 112.12.22.32.4Background Information Gathering. 11Desk Research. 11Research Tools Design. 11Field Research . 122.4.12.4.22.5Farmer Interviews . 12Stakeholder Interviews . 12The Stakeholders Forum . 153.0 RESEARCH FINDINGS . 163.1Management and Corporate Matters. mation flow . 16Inefficiency in KTDA . 16Farmer representation . 16Mismanagement along the supply chain . 16Relationship between farmers and factory management. 17Policy status . 17Transparency at Mombasa Tea Auction . 17Status of strategic management . 17Production matters. 173.2.13.2.23.2.33.2.43.2.53.2.63.2.83.3Cost of production . 17Effect of the length of the supply chain . 18Cost of inputs . 18Extension and other services to farmers. 18Staffing at the Tea Collection Centres . 19Transportation . 19Materials at TCC. 20Legal Issues . 213.3.13.3.23.4Ownership of assets and resources . 21Regulatory statutes . 21Economic / Trade matters . 213.4.13.4.23.4.33.4.43.5Tea sub-sector performance . 21Tea trading. 22Value addition. 23Alternative tea markets. 23Environmental Issues . 233.5.13.5.23.5.3CPDAEnvironmental Impact Assessment . 23Quality control . 24Tree planting . 24Together in Developmenti
Small-scale Tea Research in Kenya3.6Social Issues . 243.6.13.6.23.6.33.6.5Civil society involvement . 24Union of tea farmers. 25Relationships farmers and KTDA employees. 25Employment and procurement at the factory level. 254.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 264.14.2Conclusions. 26Recommendations. 26CPDATogether in Developmentii
Small-scale Tea Research in ENCPDAAfrica, Caribbean and PacificCommunity Health WorkersCoffee and Tea CampaignCoffee and Tea Parliamentary GroupCost of ProductionContinuing Professional DevelopmentChristian Partners Development AgencyCorporate Social ResponsibilityDutch Tea InitiativeEast Africa Tea Traders AssociationEnvironmental Impact AssessmentEconomic Recovery StrategyGovernment of KenyaInternational Labour OrganisationKenya Human Rights CommissionKenya Tea Development Agency (Formerly: Kenya TeaDevelopment Authority)Kenya Tea Growers AssociationKenya Union of Small-scale Tea OwnersMillennium Development GoalsMombasa Tea AuctionNational Environment Management AuthorityNon Governmental OrganisationNyayo Tea Development CorporationPoverty Reduction Strategy PaperSavings and Credit CooperativeSpecial Crops Development AuthoritySupply Chain ManagementStichting Onderzoek Multinationale Ondernemingen (Centre forResearch on Multinational Corporations)Traditional Birth AttendantsTea Board of KenyaTea Collection CentreTerms of ReferenceTea Research Foundation Of KenyaUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeWestern Women Empowerment NetworkTogether in Developmentiii
Small-scale Tea Research in KenyaForewordThis is a report on research undertaken on the tea sector in Kenya targeting thesmall-scale tea farmers who contribute over 60% of tea production in Kenya. Theresearch was carried out from April to July 2007 and embraced key stakeholders inthe Supply Chain and Value Addition process in both the local and the exportmarket.The stakeholders who participated were: the farmers, the Government of Kenya, theTea Board of Kenya (TBK), the Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA), various TeaPackers/Brokers/Buyers, the Tea Brokers Association, the Kenya Union of SmallScale Tea Owners (KUSSTO), the East African Tea Traders Association (EATTA)/theMombasa Tea Auction, Mudete Tea Factory and Chebut Tea Factory.The research was prompted by the growing concern on tea pricing at theinternational markets against the farmer/worker welfare on the farms. Thefarmers and workers, who are at the bottom of the Supply Chain have beenneglected and ignored to the point that their participation in decision making almostnon existent, and therefore not equitably sharing in accruing profits. Ironically, thiscontravenes the requirements of the major world conventions which seek to addressthe general state of human livelihoods viz; the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs), the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), Economic RecoveryStrategy (ERS), The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFECC) and The Kyoto Protocol, to mention but a few.One of the key objectives of the Christian Partners Development Agency (CPDA) isto promote sustainable livelihoods in Kenya, especially those depending onAgriculture which is the mainstay of the Kenyan economy. Tea is a major exportcash crop and holds potential to improve the living standards of small-scale farmersin Kenya. CPDA works in 3 provinces of Kenya including Vihiga District of WesternProvince which was earmarked for this research.In view of this CPDA was glad to partner with the Centre for Research onMultinational Corporations (SOMO) on this research. The research report willtherefore, be useful not only as a guide but also as a fundamental benchmark forreviewing major programs in the tea sector in Kenya as part of the worldwidecampaign to improve tea pricing and farmer/worker welfare.Alice KirambiExcutive DirectorMarch 2008CPDACPDANAIROBI, KenyaEmail: alice.kirambi@cpda.or.keTogether in Developmentiv
Small-scale Tea Research in KenyaAcknowledgementCPDA sincerely thanks every institution and individual who contributed towardsmaking this research a reality. Much of the information gathered will be very useful,pertinent and corroborative; and will elicit action on matters of the tea sector,particularly on small-scale tea farming which contributes more than 60% of the teaproduction in Kenya.Specifically, CPDA expresses gratitude to the Centre for Research on MultinationalCorporations (SOMO) for funding this research. Subsequently CPDA also thanksSOMO for selecting and showing confidence in CPDA to conduct the research inKenya.Further appreciation goes to the Research Team that worked with and on behalf ofCPDA for their excellent work in spite of the time constraints.All the stakeholders who participated in this research are also acknowledged. Theseinclude: the Government of Kenya, through the Department of Agribusiness of theMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Others were small scale farmers inVihiga District, Kenya Tea Development Authority (KTDA), the East Africa TeaTraders Association (EATTA) and the Mombasa Tea Auction, the Tea BrokersAssociation, the various tea brokers/ buyers/ packers, Mudete Tea Factory, ChebutTea Factory, Kenya Union of Small Scale Tea Owners (KUSSTO), the ProvincialAdministration in Vihiga District for support and Chavakali High School for providingthe venue for the stakeholders’ forum.The CPDA Research TeamAlice KirambiElkana MweseliEdgar LumbasioEric MunyobiSammy BunyaliAggrey OkundaDr. Charles OmbukiCPDAExecutive Director – CPDA.CPDA Finance and Administration Manager.(Research Coordinator and SOMO contact person).CPDA Communications Officer.Team Leader.Field Coordinator.Research Assistant.Research Consultant.Together in Developmentv
Small-scale Tea Research in Kenya1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION1.1Christian Partners Development Agency1.1.1 IntroductionThis report contains results of a research commissioned by SOMO and conducted byCPDA according to the detailed terms of Reference. The report is a combination offield work and desk study of the Small scale tea sector in Kenya. ChristianPartners Development Agency (CPDA) is an NGO operating in 3 provinces ofKenya with its headquarters in Nairobi. The NGO was established in 1985 as a looseassociation of philanthropists who were inspired by Christian values of caring for theunderprivileged. At that time, CPDA coordinated the collection and distribution ofrelief supplies from well wishers to hunger stricken communities in Makueni district.In 1993, CPDA was formally registered as an NGO under the National NGOsCoordination Act of 1993 thereby broadening the framework for pursuing a hithertonascent vision. The organisation’s core project areas are Vihiga District in WesternProvince, Makueni District in Eastern Province and Narok District in Rift ValleyProvince, all in Kenya.The mission of CPDA is to uplift the living standards of the people throughpartnership, capacity building and development programs that empower them torespond more effectively to their needs.1.1.2 Institutional ObjectivesCPDA pursues 6 broad objectives as follows; Building the capacities of grassroots communities to participate meaningfullyin governance and demand for their rights. Assisting communities improve food security and food sovereignty. Broadening programs support to include HIV/AIDS, gender and human rightsas cross-cutting themes in all CPDA programmes. Strengthening partnership and collaboration frameworks with diversestakeholders for effective delivery and visibility. Lobbying and advocating for affirmative policy changes and actions at alllevels. Continuously strengthening CPDA’s accountability standards and improvingher resource base.1.1.3 Programmatic FocusCPDA implements two categories of programmes in furtherance of its mandate.These are:A. Integrated Food Security and Sustainable LivelihoodsThis project seeks to improve food security and ensure sustainable livelihoodsthrough a multi-pronged intervention focusing on:i)Sustainable Agriculture ProjectThe main activities under this program include crop diversification, promotion of highvalue horticultural crops and initiation of community agricultural extension schemes.Similarly, livestock, fish and poultry farming are encouraged with emphasis onefficient utilization of the small farm sizes. The Dairy Goat Project was launched in2002 and targeting all the six divisions of Vihiga District.CPDATogether in Development1
Small-scale Tea Research in Kenyaii)Community Health & Nutrition ProjectThis is an initiative through which CPDA trains Community Health Workers (CHWs),Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) and peer educators to promote health educationwithin the community and hence promote best practices in community health andnutrition.iii)Gender and HIV/AIDS ProjectUnder this project CPDA has in the last three years been involved in awarenesscreation, sensitization and behaviour change advocacy focusing especially on womenand youth as the most vulnerable group. This component is being implemented inVihiga and Narok Districts.iv)Water & Sanitation ProjectThis project focuses on the improvement of domestic water supply and quality tomitigate the effects of waterborne and water related diseases in the community. Thisis done through sanitation education and provision of potable water to needy sectorsof the communityB. Governance and Democracy ProgrammeThe purpose of this programme is to create an informed society that can demand fordemocratic practice at all levels and participate in governance issues. The mainprojects under this include Alternative Leadership Project, Women CivicEmpowerment Project and the Alternative Forum Newsletter.i)Alternative Leadership ProjectThe overall objective of this programme is to entrench community participation ingovernance and democratic processes thereby creating an informed society that candemand for democratic practices at all levels and participate in governance. Througha unique mobilization strategy popularly known as “the bunges” or theneighbourhood assemblies, this programme seeks to demystify leadership; promoteprinciples of transparency and accountability in governance and enhanced genderbalance and responsiveness in grassroots development processes. NeighbourhoodAssemblies have become a viable forum for articulation of community concerns aswell as a primary unit for delivery of bottom-up development interventions,governance and other initiatives toward self-reliance.ii)Civic Education ProjectUnder this project in collaboration with other development partners CPDA empowerswomen from all social–cultural dimensions on various development issues related togood governance; i.e. human rights, constitutionalism, poverty reduction andHIV/AIDS.iii)The Alternative Forum NewsletterThis is a quarterly newsletter produced in conjunction with CPDA partners. Thisproject has been going on for the last five years. The objective is to provide a forumfor information, education, and experience sharing within and outside the projectareas. The newsletter presents an opportunity for articulation of ideals of democracyand good governance considering that they affect the whole society particularlyordinary wananchi (people) day to day lives while linking their concerns andpriorities with national development.Our production is 1000 copies for each quarter; these newsletters are circulated toall Members of Parliament, Diplomatic Missions in Nairobi, local and internationalDevelopment Partners and several subscribers.CPDATogether in Development2
Small-scale Tea Research in Kenya1.1.4 CPDA’s Implementation StrategiesIn working with communities and other stakeholders to realize its mission, CPDAemploys strategies that empower communities and promote equity and social justiceat the grassroots level. A collaborative and participatory process is used relying onthe community’s own resource persons as well as established community groups.Similarly, CPDA collaborate with relevant government departments, religiousorganizations, the corporate sector, NGOs and CBOs operating in similar areas ofconcern. This reduces the possibility of duplication while enhancing exchange ofideas, experiences, lessons learnt and best practices on programme implementation.Lobbying and advocacy forms a major plank in CPDA’s approach to development. Inthis regard, CPDA fights for the rights and represents the views of marginalizedgroups. This includes children, women and the elderly who are unable to representthemselves. This is done through the analysis of policies that have negative impactand development of campaign strategies to attract and enlist public interest andsupport. For instance, CPDA has made high profile contribution to the NationalCoalition on MDGs, the Global Call of Action against poverty, the national debtcancellation and affirmative action campaigns through direct involvement andmaterial contribution.1.2SOMOFunding for this research was provided by SOMO which is an acronym for StichtingOnderzoek Multinationale Ondernemingen [Centre for Research on MultinationalCorporations]. This is an independent Netherlands based research and consultancyorganization founded in 1973. SOMO researches on multinationals and the effects oftheir policies and operations in the Global South. In addition, SOMO conductsresearch on consequences of globalization in general. The organisation hasexpanded the scope of its research to other issues such as human rights,environment, corruption and competition.1.3Tea Farming In Kenya1.3.1 IntroductionThe history of tea in Kenya dates back to 1903 when a European settler, Mr. G. W.Cain introduced the first tea plants in Limuru area of Central Kenya. The earlysettlers and the colonial government restricted tea and coffee growing to large-scalefarmers and multinationals, ostensibly to maintain quality. However the main reasonwas to lock out locals (read Africans) from the then very lucrative cash crop farming.Kenya’s attainment of independence in 1963 saw the passing of various LandReform Bills which have had far reaching impact on agriculture. Tea growing forinstance was made open to the local farmers. The crop has since spread across thecountry and is currently an important economic mainstay for many small holderfarmers.CPDATogether in Development3
Small-scale Tea Research in KenyaFigure 1: Map of Kenya showing tea growing areas (Source KTDA, 2006)Currently there are about 420,000 small-scale tea farmers in Kenya who havetraditionally and by law been under the control of KTDA. The KTDA promotes theplucking of two leaves and a bud, resulting in Kenya producing some of the bestteas in the world (it’s better than what is produced by the plantations that employother plucking methods).The control, management and organization of the Tea Industry in Kenya isstructured as shown in Figure 2 below. It is important to note that the Civil SocietyOrganisations (CSO) does not feature anywhere in the chart which makes it verydifficult for NGOs to intervene on behalf of small-scale farmers.CPDATogether in Development4
Small-scale Tea Research in KenyaFigure 2: The Structure of the Tea Industry in KenyaThe tea industry operates under the Tea Act (Cap 343) and Agricultural Act (Cap318) of the laws of Kenya. While the former is vested with regulatory services, thelatter is more managerial overseeing the whole process of production as a technicalarm. Small-scale tea farming in Kenya was placed under The Kenya TeaDevelopment Agency-KTDA (formerly; Kenya Tea Development Authority).Currently the small-scale farmers account for 60% of all the tea produced in Kenya.The large scale tea plantations are still under the control of big multinationals. Thisis so because the locals were not able to purchase the large and expensive TeaEstates at independence. Table 1 shows area and production figures from 1963 upto 2006 with 5 years intervals except for special years.The Table below gives a chronological picture and history of small-scale tea growingin Kenya, at five years interval except for special years when something notablehappened. Some of the important dates and what happened then are:1963: The year of Kenya’s independence. The tea industry is liberalised and small-scale tea growers allowed to cultivatethe crop for the first time. Special Crops Development Authority (SCDA) is converted into Kenya TeaDevelopment Authority (KTDA). -KTDA mandated to run the small-scale tea industry.1972: Milestone in acreage. The small-scale tea acreage surpasses that of estategrowers.CPDATogether in Development5
Small-scale Tea Research in Kenya1988: Milestone in production. The small-scale tea growers’ production surpassesthat of estate growers.Table 1: Area and Production of Tea in Kenya for the period 1963 to : TBK, 2007Ha 9,70990,739,810130,776,195119,400,981%-age by small-scale 61.665.660.265.1-1.3.2 The Small-scale Tea sector in Kenyaa)Contribution of Small holder tea growersSmall-scale tea farming in Kenya has had a remarkable history and growth. Firstintroduced and allowed by law in 1963 it has steadily risen and currently there are422,000 small-scale tea farmers in Kenya. In terms of area under tea andproduction the small-scale tea farmers have also surpassed that of the large estates(Table 2).Table 2: Summary comparison of Area under tea and production in 1963 and 2006Sector/ProductionSmall-scale TeaFarmingEstate TeaFarmingArea (Ha)Production (in Kg)Area (Ha)Production (in 77,06151,297119,400,981% increase2,716%61,279%286%672%However, an analysis of the production figures tells a different story. The increase inproduction by small-scale farmers is mainly due to expansion in hectarage ratherthan better agronomic and processing skills/technology. For instance in 1972smallholder hectarage surpassed Estate hectarage but it was not until 1988 whenSmallholders surpassed Estates in production (see colour highlights in Table 1above). Yet the actual per hectare production figures have remained higher on theestates as compared to the small-scale farmers (Table 3). Therefore the reasons forthe low yields on the small-scale tea farms need to be carefully studied.Table 3: Comparison of production in 1972, 1988 and 2006Production/SectorSmall-scale farmersEstatesProduction in Kilograms per ther analysis shows that in 1972, small scale farmers contributed only 37.3 % oftea produced that year while in 1988, their contribution had increased to 51.6%.CPDATogether in Development6
Small-scale Tea Research in KenyaIn 2006, the contribution of small scale tea farmers was 61.6% while that of estateswas 38.4%. It would be interesting to know if the same increase was realised interms of revenue to the small holder farmers.Information from TKB reveals that the country absorbs only 5% of the total amountof tea produced. This implies that 95% of the tea is exported ether directly orthrough the Mombasa Tea Auction. Table shows that there was a phenomenalincrease (58,214%) in the amount of exported tea produced by small scale farmers.Over 84% of Kenya tea is sold through the Mombasa Tea Auction. The remaining10% is sold directly.Table 4 Summary comparison of Area under tea and production in 1963 and 2006Sector/ExportSmall-scale TeaFarmingEstate Tea Farming19632006% increaseExported (Kg)296,381172,537,29858,214%Exported (Kg)16,881,864113,430,932672%Ironically, the returns to the small-scale farmers have historically remained lowerthan that for the plantations and other big producers. This is attributed to the highmanagement fees charged by KTDA, the many taxes imposed on small-scale teafarming, the high cost of production (see also section 3.2.1), the long and inefficientsupply chain and general mismanagement. The situation is made worse by the factthat the small-scale farmers have remained at the bottom of the hierarchy in termsof participation, influencing and contribution to decision making in the sector.Although both the KTDA and the estate tea fetch similar prices on the worldmarkets, the participation of many players who have to get a share andmanagement problems along the KTDA supply chain reduce the payments to smallscale farmers. For instance the factory building programme involved a great deal ofcapital investment that KTDA carried out on behalf of the farmers. Though this wasnecessary, the farmers were totally kept out of the process. This led to expensiveloans whose burden of payment was passed on to the farmers. A second example isthe commission paid out to Tea Brokers by KTDA. The rates are decided solelybetween KTDA and the brokers with the farmers completely out of the picture, yetthese charges are deducted from tea payments to the farmers.As a consequence of these and many other bad decisions and poor businesspractices the average return to the farmer has remained dismal with tea factoriespaying an average of USD 0.21 per Kg of green tea leaf collected in spite of Kenyantea fetching an average of USD 1.72 per Kg on world markets in the last 8 years(see Table 4 below). The low payments to farmers are beginning to negatively affectproduction. This was evident in some areas where tea farms are being neglected andin some extreme cases tea bushes uprooted. However this affects production athousehold level since tea is one of the stable cash crops in Kenya. However, suchpractices should awaken the industry leaders that all is not well in the small holdertea sub-sector.Table 4: Comparative Tea Auction Prices by Country of Origin in USD per .401.601.722.01Sri : Tea Board of Kenya, July 2007CPDATogether in Development7
Small-scale Tea Research in KenyaOn the other hand, the declining trends in quality have been blamed oninappropriate laws and policies, bad governance and management in teacontrolling/regulating bodies, poor husbandry practices by farmers, mismanagementof tea factories and corruption and collusion along the Supply Chain.The private companies involved in the production of tea attain higher returnsbecause of the limited number of players in the marketing chain. In addition, theyemploy good business practices and high level of management. The main concern inthe estates is the condition low wage for the labourers (tea plantation workers).The green leaf pricing has been evolving but is variable from factory to factory andis pegged on of tea produced. The changes in prices have been as follows, in theeighties farmers were earning Ksh 4.50 per kg per month and a single bonus at theend of the year that was variable but always below 10 shillings for all the KTDAfactories. Table 5 gives changes in prices received by farmers at different periods.Table 5: Evolution of green leaf tea prices per 506.0010.50payment1st Bonus payment(Kshs)-2nd bonus paymentKshs)5.008-261.3.4 Tea marketingThe emergence of global trade allows for liberalization towards demand driveneconomy. Many stakeholders, among them, Civil Society Organizations, continue toadvocate for human rights, social justice and good governance towardsmainstreaming these into trade and livelihoods of producers. Embracing andenforcing the various world/UN conventions, particularly the ILO convention,environmental and trade protocols will level the playing ground in pricing an
Small-scale Tea Research in Kenya CPDA Together in Development iv Foreword This is a report on research undertaken on the tea sector in Kenya targeting the small-scale tea farmers who contribute over 60% of tea production in Kenya. The research was carried out from April to July 2007 and embraced key stakeholders in
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