LOW THERMAL RESISTIVITY CEMENTITIOUS GROUT - Bluey
BluCem EA55LOW THERMAL RESISTIVITY CEMENTITIOUS GROUT
BluCem EA55LOW THERMAL RESISTIVITY CEMENTITIOUS GROUTWHAT IS IT?BluCem EA55 is a onecomponent ordinaryportland cement (OPC)powder which requires onlythe addition of water to forma heat dissipating and bulkpumpable cable grout.2Bluey Technologies
BluCem EA55PRODUCT INFORMATIONBluCem EA55 has been designed as a durable,flowable grout and is used for encasementof conduit casings.WHERE DO WE USE BLUCEM EA55?WHY BLUCEM EA55?BluCem EA55 is suitable for long distancepumping applications and bulk groutingwhere heat dissipation is required.Low heat generation during curingVery low thermal resistivityUnique additives to minimiseshrinkage and bleedDurability, low porosity and chloridefree ensures long performance lifeBluCem EA553
BluCem EA55PRODUCT SUPPORTRESEARCH, EXPERIENCE,PRODUCT, SUPPORTBluCem EA55 is manufactured andsupported by Minova International Ltd,a group of companies with 50 years ofaccumulated experience in providingproducts for the mining industry.Minova’s range of products includesresin capsules for rock bolting, highvolume output grouts for strata support,ventilation control devices and specialisedcoatings including Tekflex.Minova has over 1,200 employeesworldwide, and 12 manufacturing sites inseven countries, with key facilities in theU.S, Germany, Poland, Australia andSouth Africa.4BACKED BY ORICAMinova is part of the Orica Group(www.orica.com) which provides productsand services to the mining, manufacturingand construction and consumer markets.Orica, with a market capitalisation ofapproximately AU 7 billion, is one of thetop 50 companies listed on the AustralianStock Exchange, and has over 13,000employees in approximately 50 countriesand services customers in 98 differentcountries around the world.Bluey Technologies
BluCem EA55PRODUCT APPLICATIONSBluCem EA55 has a range ofencasement uses including:Backfill for High Voltage feeder cables and HighVoltage Alternate Current Underground Cables(HVAC)Railway under boresMetropolitan High Voltage upgradesPower plantsBluCem EA555
BluCem EA55PRODUCT FEATURES & BENEFITSKEY FEATURESKEY BENEFITSLow thermal resistivityIncrease in cable load capacityPumpable over long distancesBridges across live cracksLow heat generation during curingWon’t damage PVC conduitsBulk placementSuitable for large projects6Bluey Technologies
BluCem EA55PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTBluey Technologies was approachedby the energy industry to develop alow shrink grout for encasing cables. Itwas recognised that air had very poorheat transmission properties.BluCem EA55POTENTIAL RISKCONSEQUENCESBLUCEM EA55 SOLUTIONSShrinkage CrackingAllows moisture ingressBluCem EA55 has no bleedto prevent voids forming andmoisture ingressHigh TRSlow heat dissipationBluCem EA55 was developedusing igneous fillers to allow heatto dissipate faster to make thegrout more effectiveHigh heat of hydrationMelting of conduit duringcuringA modified cement systemresults in a maximum exothermictemperature of 33ºCPoor flow when placingVoids and high pressuresduring installationState of the art plasticizers result invery high flowDrying outIncrease in TR over timeBluCem EA55 will not dry out orchange in TR7
BluCem EA55PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTWHAT IS CABLE RATING?WHAT IMPACTS THE CABLERATING?The cable rating will be the current thatwill generate the maximum permissiblecable temperature for a given set ofconditions.All cables have a resistance (R), whenelectrical current (I) is passed through thisresistance, some of that electrical energyis converted to heat energy according to2the relationship I R.If the conditions change, e.g compactionof ground, ground temperature etc, so willthe cable rating.CABLEINSULATIONTYPESOFTENINGTEMPERATUREThe ‘heat’ causes the cable temperatureto rise, the temperature of the cable willget hotter and hotter if the heat cannotdissipate. This will cause the cable tooverheat and be damaged. If the heat can’tdissipate, even 1 amp would eventuallycause the cable to overheat.XLPE90 CTo reduce the heat generated you mustreduce either the resistance by selecting alarger cable or reduce the current.EPR90 CPAPER70 CPVC60 CWHAT IS THE MAXIMUMPERMISSIBLE CABLE TEMPERATURE?RThe maximum permissible temperaturevaries as it is determined by the electricalinsulation type. If this temperature isexceeded, the life of the cable will beshortened and damage to the cable mayoccur.HEAT vs CURRENTThermal expansion may also causeproblems.The IEC and AS standards give theoperating temperatures as shown below.Most new cables are XLPE or EPRinsulated.I8Bluey Technologies
BluCem EA55PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTEFFECT OF SOIL TEMPERATURE%A buried cable will have a differentrating in summer than it will in winterdue to the seasonal change in soilambient temperature.RATING VARIATION WITH GROUNDTEMPERATURESo if the ground temperature is 25 C,then XLPE can only ‘rise’ by 65 Cbefore the maximum temperatureof 90 C is reached.However if the soil temperature wasat just 18 C, it would be allowed to riseby 72 C, resulting in ahigher rating.GROUND TEMPERATURE 18 CCONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE 90 CCURRENT RATING 300AGROUND TEMPERATURE 25 CCONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE 90 CCURRENT RATING 285ABluCem EA559
BluCem EA55PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTEFFECT OF SOIL THERMALRESISTIVITYThermal resistivity (TR) is a materialproperty. It is a measure of the materialsability to resist heat conduction. As wewant to ensure that the cable doesn’toverheat, we need to understand whatis surrounding the cable.A cable surrounded by a product witha high thermal resistivity is like wrappinga ‘doona’ around the cable. It resistsheat dissipation away from the cablewhich causes the cable to increasein temperature.The heat needs to get away to theoutside world through a thermallyconductive path - the better theconduction, the better the rating.Variable moisture content also leads tounreliable assumptions of TR values touse for cable ratings.AIRAIRAIRAIRHigh thermal resistivity, lotsof air gaps and not manypaths for heat ‘conduction’to occur.10Low thermal resistivity, lessair gaps and many paths forheat ‘conduction’ to occur.When material has a highmoisture content, the airgaps (TR 45) are filledwith water (TR 1.65).This means the thermalperformance will begreatly improved.With a high moisturecontent even poor materialwill perform reasonably, aslong as it doesn’t dry out.Bluey Technologies
BluCem EA55PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT4035(ºC-M/W)THERMAL RESISTIVITY 1.50BluCem EA550.6730252015105COMPACTIONWhere a dry mix backfill is used, the compactionrate can significantly affect the TR and hence therating. That leads to high variability between sitesand differing installation methods.55BluCemEAAiWAir having a TR of around 45 K.m/W is the reasonthat a cable needs to be de-rated when installed inan empty duct.aterSand0r“An index of a material’s resistance to thetransmission of heat; the reciprocal of thermalconductivity”TR vs MC AT 85, 90, 95 AND 100% COMPACTIONGraph shows typical sandGraph taken from Report to EA by Delmech Engineering and Garde Geotherm.BluCem EA5511
BluCem EA55PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTWILL THE MOISTURE BE THEREWHEN YOU NEED IT?Elevated temperatures (particularly for longperiods) tend to dry out the soil.Thermal instability can occur for isothermaltemperatures of 50 C for clay based soil and aslow as 35 C for sand based soils.If this drying exceeds the rate at which capillaryaction can “bring moisture back” you effectivelyreach a knee point as far as the moisture contentis concerned - which you might not recover from.Heat causes dryingDrying causes Thermal Resistivity (TR) toincreaseIncreased (TR) causes cable to get hotterHotter cable causes more dryingTHERMAL “DRY OUT” CURVESGraph from Paul Howarth Presentation, Energy Australia 200212Bluey Technologies
BluCem EA55PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTEFFECT OF TR ON CABLE RATING“A cable’s rating will reduce as ThermalResistivity increases.”A cable with a 1000A rating at a TR of1.2K.m/W at 750mm cover, would onlyachieve a rating of 800A at a TR of 2.0K.m/W,but the same cable could achieve a rating of1400A at a TR of 0.5K.m/W.TR (K.m/W)RATING0.678661.0755 (-13%)1.5638 (-26%)2.0562 (-37%)EFFECT OF TR ON CABLE RATINGBluCem EA5513
BluCem EA55PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTWHAT OPTIONS DO YOU HAVETO ACHIEVE YOUR REQUIREDRATING?Reduce your cable heating, by selectinga larger cable for the bore section.Ensure you understand the soil typesand the likely thermal resistivity whenlooking at the options.Maximise the spacing and ensurethe spacing between ducts is filled toprovide thermally conductive paths.Consider multiple bores to reduce thenumber of required cables in each borehole and therefore reduce the mutualheating.Use low TR materials such as BluCemEA55 to fill the bore hole, the casingand the ducts.Try to limit the number of cables to 4or less per bore.RATINGCable in an empty duct a lower ratingCable in duct filled with BluCem EA55 substantially higher ratingAir TR 45 KM/WBluCem EA55 TR 0.67 KM/WBore hole to be filled withBluCem EA55 ensuring thereare no air gapsCasingDucts can be filled with abentonite mix to improveratingCasing to be filled withBluCem EA5514Bluey Technologies
BluCem EA55PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTBULK APPLICATIONBluCem EA55 has been designed to beapplied on large scale project applicationsLONG DISTANCE PUMPINGBluCem EA55 has high slump and flowproperties to allow for placement of longdistance boresBluCem EA5515
BluCem EA55PRODUCT TESTINGTESTING COMPLETEDThermal resistivity to ASTM D533450 mm cubes tested as per AS1478.2.2005Appendix ASet Times tested to AS/NZS 2350.4.2006Method 4Flexural strengths to ASTMC348-02EXOTHERMIC TEMPERATUREBluCem EA55 MK216Standard Cement GroutBluey Technologies
BluCem EA55PRODUCT DATAPRODUCT DATAPACKAGING:RATIO:YIELD:PUMP LIFE:MAXIMUM EXOTHERM:SET TIMES:THERMAL RESISTIVITY:COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:20kg bags3 - 3.4 litres of water per 20kg bag of BluCem EA5511.5 litres per 20kg bag6 hours @ 20 C33 C @ (300mm x 300mm @ 25ºC ambient)Initial – 17 hoursFinal – 28 hours0.67Km/W (Dry)7MPa @ 48 hours25MPa @ 7 daysFLEXURAL STRENGTH:ELASTIC MODULUS:HUMBOLDT FLOW CONE:SLUMP:BLEED:SEPARATION:MAXIMUM PARTICLE SIZE:CLEAN UP:STORAGE:SHELF LIFE:BluCem EA5535MPa @ 28 days2MPa @ 48 hours5MPa @ 28 days4GPa @ 28 days30 seconds26cm0%Nil1mmClean tools and surfaces using water prior to curingStore in dry conditions12 months17
BluCem EA55ONSITE INSTALLATIONFORMWORKEach end of the main case must besealed water tight prior to grouting. Itis recommended that the case is filledwith water to test for leakage priorto grouting.18MIXINGThe mixing procedure for BluCemEA55 is critical to the successfulplacement of the product. Anappropriate mixer must be used.Ensure all grouting materials arepreconditioned to an ambienttemperature below 25ºC. Measureand place 80% of the specified potablewater to a high shear mixing vessel.Start mixer and slowly add BluCemEA55 powder. If powder addition istoo fast then large lumps will form andfinal mix will be slow reaching uniformconsistency. Following addition of allpowder, mix for 1-2 minutes or untiluniform consistency then add final 20%of potable water.Flow cone testing should occur duringpumping and additional water added ifrequired.Bluey Technologies
BluCem EA55ONSITE INSTALLATIONCURINGPUMPING AND PLACEMENTGrout placement must commencefrom the lowest point within thecase. A 20mm polypipe should beplaced through the case to ensuregrout delivery at this point. As thegrout-head rises the polypipe must beslowly withdrawn but always remainbelow the grout surface. To preventair entrapment it is recommendedthat grouting operations progressslowly and careful observation forleaks is made continuously. Groutingoperations must cease immediately ifa leak is observed. The leak shall beplugged using BluCem HE10 or otherBluCem EA55suitable plugging products. At thecompletion of grouting, the end of thepolypipe shall be secured at least 1mabove the conduit overt.No special curing techniques arerequired.The polypipe shall be monitored untilthe grout reaches initial set for falls ingrout level. If the grout level falls thenthe leak shall be identified and stopped.The polypipe shall be continuouslytopped up until the grout reaches initialset. Where grouting operations are notcontinuous, then multiple polypipes forgrout placement may be required.19
BluCem EA55ONSITE TESTINGONSITE TESTINGBluey’s Engineers specialise in onsitetechniques to ensure that the client,its designers and applicators receivefull support during the entire materialselection, application and testingprocess.Bluey is able to offer training andquality inspections onsite eitherdirectly or through third party trainedspecialists accredited by Bluey. For allof our products we are also able torecommend competent applicatorswho have experience in applying ourproducts.FOR BLUCEM EA55, BLUEYRECOMMEND THE FOLLOWINGMINIMUM TESTING REGIME:Check bore is clear and free of waterand drill fluidComplete grout tests for TR prior toproject commencementDuring placement take one 50mmcube sample from every cubic metrepoured to test later for adequacyof mixingDuring placement take one additionalsample from every cubic metre pouredto test for TR valuesIt is important that all detailed drawingsare completed and evaluated bya competent professional prior tocommencement. The applicator isalso required to develop specific workmethods and inspection proceduresfor approval by Bluey prior tocommencement. The obligation ison the purchaser of the products toengage Bluey for the onsite processesand utilise our services to ensure a highquality and conforming application.20Bluey Technologies
BluCem EA55PRODUCT SUMMARYBLUCEM EA55PRODUCT OFFERSLow heat generation during curing.Very low thermal resistivity.Unique additives to minimise shrinkageand bleed.Durability, low porosity and chloride freeensures long performance life.BluCem EA5521
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Bluey TechnologiesCONTACTBRISBANESYDNEYMELBOURNEKUALA LUMPURSINGAPOREBluey Technologies Pty LtdBluey Technologies Pty LtdBluey Technologies Pty LtdBluey Technologies Sdn BhdBluey Technologies Pte LtdSuite 6, Level 1531 Sandgate RoadClayfield QLD 4011AustraliaUnit 3,35 Higginbotham RoadGladesville NSW 2111Australia 61 2 9114 94458A, 1-4 Prima DamansaraJln ChempenaiBukit Damansara50480 Kuala LumpurMalaysia27 Foch Road02-06 Hoa Nam BuildingSingapore209264 61 7 3135 9440Unit D9,Hallmarc Business Park2A Westall RoadClayton VIC 3168Australia 61 3 9017 4942 60 1734 97374 65 8455 1291BRISBANESYDNEYMELBOURNEKUALA LUMPURSINGAPOREGLADSTONEHONG KONGAUCKLANDBluCem EA5523
STATEMENT OF RESPONSIBILITYThe technical information and application advice given in this publication is based on the present state of our best knowledge. As the informationherein is of a general nature, no assumption can be made as to a product’s suitability for a particular use or application and no warranty as to itsaccuracy, reliability or completeness either expressed or implied is given other than those required by Commonwealth or State Legislation. Theowner, their representative or the contractor is responsible for checking the suitability of products for their intended use.NOTE:Field service where provided, does not constitute supervisory responsibility. Suggestions made by Bluey Technologies Pty Ltd either verbally or inwriting may be followed, modified or rejected by the owner, engineer or contractor since they, and not Bluey Technologies Pty Ltd are responsiblefor carrying out procedures appropriate to a specific application. Bluey Technologies Pty LtdBluey Technologies Pty LtdAustralia & Asia-Pacificbluey@bluey.com.auwww.bluey.com.au
THERMAL RESISTIVITY (TR) MATERIAL THERMAL RESISTIVITY Air 45.0 Water 1.65 Sand 1.50 BluCem EA55 0.67 "An index of a material's resistance to the transmission of heat; the reciprocal of thermal conductivity" Air having a TR of around 45 K.m/W is the reason that a cable needs to be de-rated when installed in an empty duct. COMPACTION
bore with a cement grout through a grout pipe set near the bottom of the bore hole. Withdraw the grout pipe as grout is placed. After allowing grout to set, adjust elevation of grout plug by adding grout or breaking away grout to approximately 2-feet below finished grade
6 Resistivity Profiling for Mapping Gravel Layers, Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nevada resistivity soundings and multielectrode resistivity profiling. Models selected from the resistivity data are presented and interpreted, with particular attention to resistivity sections produced from the multielectrode transect measurements.
the materials show very less resistivity change even at high pressure i.e. 10 GPa. The change can be calculated by subtracting resistivity value at 10 GPa and at atmospheric pressure. This difference can be divided by the original resistivity value (at atmospheric pressure) and multiplied by 100 to get the percentage resistivity change.
sodium silicate grout to minutes or even seconds. Since this created problems in grout placement, the use of cement as an additive to the grout was rejected. How- ever, straight sodium silicate gels had too high a shrinkage so a compromise be- tween a low-solids and zero-solids grout was made and
The review and analysis of data obtained from this work as well as other . The design of the grout curtain on this project was based on current international standards-of-practice for the design of grout curtains, which often involve a single line grout curtain, relatively thick grout mixes, fine grained grouting materials, and .
Suggested grout colors are shown under each tile swatch throughout this brochure. For more grout recommendations, see the specifications chart. NOTE: Due to printing limitations please use only the Alterna flooring grout card (F-8241) to select grout. Any grout printed in this brochure is for reference only. WARM TONES COOL TONES
SpecChem services five key concrete markets: commer-cial, industrial, residential, D.O.T. & infrastructure and the concrete restoration sector. . Non Shrink Epoxy Grout SpecPoxy Grout Non Shrink Grout SC Multipurpose Grout SC Precision Grout BonDing AnD Jointing ProDuCts Latex Bondi
additif a en fait des effets secondaires nocifs pour notre santé. De plus, ce n’est pas parce qu’un additif est d’origine naturelle qu’il est forcément sans danger. Car si l’on prend l’exemple d’un champignon ou d’une plante toxique pour l’homme, bien qu’ils soient naturels, ils ne sont pas sans effets secondaires.
