3 Radio And Audio Content - Home - Ofcom
3Radio and audio contentofcom.org.uk3 Radio and audio content3.1 Key market developments97in radio and audio3.23.1.1 Sector overview973.1.2 Audio content consumption98The radio industry1091091091111133.3 Radio and the audio listenerr1193.3.1 Introduction1193.3.2 Weekly radio listening in the UK1203.3.3 Digital radio listening trends1233.3.4 Listening by ownership group12696969696969696
3Radio and audio contentCommunications Market Report 2017 - United Kingdom3.1 Key market developmentsin radio and audio3.1.1 Sector overviewPeople in the UKconsume a rangeof audio contentincluding live radio,streamed music,recorded musicand podcasts, on arange of devices.Overall, 63% listen to music-focusedradio stations, while 38% listento radio stations that are mainlyspeech-based. Three in ten say theyuse an online music service, while16% have listened to podcasts.Despite the range of ways inwhich audio content can now beconsumed, the reach of live radioremains extremely high. Ninein ten people (89.6%) in the UKlisten to the radio at least once aweek – listening has remained atthis level for the past five years.While the proportion of people wholisten to the radio has not changedyear on year, people are listeningto the radio for longer. Averagelistening per week increased by sixminutes in the 12 months to Q12017 compared to the previousyear, rising to 21 hours 24 minutes.This increase was driven by thosein the middle of the age range; theyoungest and oldest age groupsdecreased their average radioconsumption by 18 minutes a week.97979797979797The BBC’s share of all radio listening,including network and nations/localradio, was 52.5% in the 12 monthsto Q1 2017, down by 0.9 percentagepoints (pp) compared to theprevious year. Commercial radio’sshare of listening grew by 0.9ppto 44.9%, driven by an increase inlistening to national commercialstations. Fifteen new national digitalradio services were launched in2016, following Ofcom’s granting offurther spectrum in March 2015.In the 12 months to Q1 2017, 57%of homes had DAB radio, comparedto 54% the previous year. Morethan 45% of radio listening is viadigital platforms, up from 42% theprevious year; the majority of digitallistening continues to be via DAB.Overall reported commercial radiorevenues rose 1% in real terms to 526m in 2017. Radio maintainedits share of total advertisingexpenditure at 3.0% in 2016,helped in part by internet brandsincreasing their radio budgets.Overall estimated BBC expenditureon radio in 2016 was 2% lower inreal terms than in the previous year.The number of communityradio stations has continued toincrease, rising from 239 in May2016 to 251 in May 2017.In section 3.2 below we look atkey changes in the ways peopleare listening to radio content,focusing in particular on podcastsand speech-based radio.Section 3.3 looks at the radio sectorfrom an industry perspective. Itlooks at revenues and expenditureand provides an overview of howradio service are provided. Itconcludes by outlining trends inthe provision of community radio.Section 3.4 examines trends fromthe listener’s perspective. It looksat the reach of radio, and how radiolistening varies by demographic.It then examines the reach ofdigital and analogue radio, and ofdifferent national radio stations.
3Radio and audio contentofcom.org.ukFigure 3.1: UK radio industry: key .8%54.7%54.8%54.5%53.7%53.4%52.5%Total industry revenue* 1280m 1255m 1261m 1203m 1257m 1256m 1245mCommercial revenue* 509m 492m 498m 471m 516m 522m 526mBBC expenditure 760m 751m 751m 721m 730m 722m 707mCommunity radio revenue 11.3m 11.3m 11.3m 11.1m 11.6m 11.7m 11.6mRadio share ofadvertising spend3.2%3.2%3.3%3.1%3.1%3.0%3.0%DAB digital radiotake-up (adults)36.2%40.3%42.6%46.3%48.8%53.4%56.8%Digital radiolistening share25.2%28.4%32.5%36.3%38.0%42.2%45.7%Weekly reach of radio(% of population)Average weeklyhours per listenerBBC share of listeningSource: RAJAR (all adults age 15 ) 12 months to Q1 of the following year. Ofcom calculations based on figures in BBC Annual Reportand Accounts 2016-17 (www.bbc.co.uk/annualreport), AA/WARC, broadcasters. Revenue figures are adjusted for CPI (2016 prices).*Commercial and total revenue figures for 2010-2013 are not wholly comparable to 2014-2016 data due to an amendment to thedata collection methodology.3.1.2 Audio content consumptionIn this section we look at the rangeof ways in which people consumeaudio content, in particular speechbased content on the radio andvia podcasts. While the reachof broadcast radio remains highamong all demographics, researchshows that people, particularlythose in younger age-groups,are also accessing speech andmusic content on a range ofconnected devices includingcomputers, mobiles and tablets.Broadcasters including the BBC andmajor commercial radio groups arerepurposing some of their speechbased radio output as podcasts;the distinction between radiocontent and podcasts is starting toblur. Other media outlets are alsocreating and distributing their ownspeech-based content. Newspapersand magazines including theGuardian, the Economist, the Sunand Monocle are creating anddistributing their own podcasts toexpand their reach and deepentheir relationship with theiraudiences. There are also examplesof stand-alone podcasts createdindependently of other media.While the measurement ofbroadcast radio is well establishedin the UK, the same cannot be saidfor podcasts, given the challengesof defining and measuring thisrelatively recent form of audiocontent. To understand moreabout podcasts, and how theyfit into broader categories ofaudio content, we commissionedconsumer research; our keyfindings appear below.98989898989898
3Radio and audio contentCommunications Market Report 2017 - United KingdomThe number of people listening to podcasts is increasingThe reach of speech radio hasbeen stable for the past fiveyears. According to RAJAR, abouta third (34%) of adults listen tospeech radio each week; twothirds of these are aged over 44.RAJAR also measures listening topodcasts: this is shown to havegrown in popularity over the sameperiod, from 19% of adults whoclaimed to have ever listened toone in the 12 months to Q1 2013,to 24% in the latest figures.Unlike audiences of broadcastspeech radio, 61% of those whoever listen to podcasts are agedunder 45. There is some cross-over;just over a third (37%) of those wholisten to speech radio also listen topodcasts and just over half (55%) ofthose who ever listen to podcastsalso tune in to speech radio.Figure 3.2: Listening to podcasts and speech radioProportion of UK adults (%)34%34%23%19%6%Q1 201333%8%Q1 2014Ever listen to podcasts24%22%21%34%33%6%7%8%Q1 2015Q1 2016Q1 2017Listen weekly to podcastsListen weekly to speech radioSource: RAJAR, all adults (15 ), 12 months to Q1 each yearSpeech radio includes: Radio City Talk, Talk 107, talkRADIO, talkSPORT, talkSPORT2, LBC Network (UK), BBC Radio 4, BBC Radio 4Extra, BBC Radio 5 live, BBC Radio 5 live sports extra, BBC World Service.Note: List current as of Q1 2017 – not all stations available in previous years99999999999999
3Radio and audio contentofcom.org.ukMusic-based radio is the most popular listening activity among all UK adultsWhen we asked people whattypes of listening activities theyever did, the most popular answerwas “a radio station that playsmusic” (63%). This was followedby “personal music collection onCD, vinyl record or cassette tapes”(48%) and “personal music storedon a digital device” (41%). Radiostations that are mainly speech-based, and podcasts, were lesspopular (38% and 16% respectively).Three in ten say they have usedan online music service (29%).1Figure 3.3: Types of listening activities63% of adults ‘ever’ listen to a radiostation that mainly plays music.While 38% ‘ever’ listen to a radiostation that is mainly speech-based.16% of people ‘ever’ listen to podcastsSource: Ofcom research, 2017. Base: all adults (n 1062)Q11: How often, if at all, do you listen to any of the following ? [MULTICODE]There were some significantdifferences by age group, inparticular in the type of listeningactivities people said they did. Forexample, those aged 35-44 and 4554 were more likely than most otherage groups to say they ever listenedto a radio station that played music(70% and 76% respectively).And 45-54s and 55-64s were morelikely than 16-24s to say they everlistened to a mainly speech-basedradio station (43% and 44% vs. 28%).With regard to personal musiccollections, the older age groupswere more likely to ever listen tomusic on physical media such asCDs, vinyl records and cassettetapes (e.g. 30% for 16-24s vs. 63%for 55-64s). The 16-34 age groupwere more likely to say they everlisten to personal music on a digitaldevice than the 35 and over agegroup (58% vs. 33%) and were morelikely to say they ever listen to anonline music service (44% vs. 21%).The 16-24 age group were also morelikely than those aged 65-74 and 75 (23%, 3% and 4% respectively) tosay they ever listened to podcasts.1001001001001001001001Differences in methodology between RAJAR and the Ofcom 2017 research mean that activity reach figures are not directly comparable.
3Radio and audio contentCommunications Market Report 2017 - United KingdomListening to music-based radio stations is a frequent activityWe also asked participants howoften they did the various typesof listening activities. Listening tomusic radio stations is somethingpeople do often; 18% said theydid it several times a day, and 17%said they did it about once a day.Similarly, listening to a personalmusic collection on a digital deviceis a frequently-done activity; 12%do it several times a day. Thiscompares to 8% who said theylistened to a mainly speech-basedradio station several times a dayAlthough 11% of participants saidthey listened to their physical musiccollection several times a week, asimilar proportion also said they didthis less often than once a month.People tend to listen to podcastsless often than the other activities.Figure 3.4: Frequency of doing different types of listening activitiesProportion of UK adults (%)NeverMusic radio stationPersonal music collection (CD, vinyl,cassette)184Personal music on digital deviceMusic videos177111257863 499514113 2 3 44 465 2 3 537%52%59%Several times a dayAbout once a daySeveral times a week60%About once a weekSpeech-based radio station87Online music service86865 3 2 53 21 3Podcast 112 3 2 3 4Audiobook 111102 5Source: Ofcom research, 2017. Base: all adults (n 1062)Q11: How often, if at all, do you listen to any of the following ? l times a monthAbout once a monthLess often
3Radio and audio contentofcom.org.ukFour in ten podcast listeners say they listen to podcasts more than they did a year agoFor most of the listening activities,people were more likely to saythey listen to them more oftenthan less often compared to a yearago. Four in ten (42%) podcastlisteners said they were listeningto podcasts more often, while 13%said they were doing it less often.Similarly, 39% of online musicservice users said they weredoing this more, comparedto 8% doing it less.However, for the majority of thelistener groups, listening “aboutthe same as last year” was themost popular response.The exception was physicalmusic collection listeners, moreof whom said they listen less(25%) than said they listen more(13%) compared to a year agoFigure 3.5: Change in frequency of listening activities, compared to a year agoProportion of UK adults (%)74706364615333251511Music radiostation15 14Speech-basedradio station4542392512Personal musicstored on digitaldeviceOnline musicserviceMore often13Personal musiccollection(CD/ vinyl/ cassettetapes)Less often292113839A podcastAudiobook15Music videosAbout the sameSource: Ofcom research, 2017. Base: all who have listened to a different type of service (n 661)Q14: Thinking about the different types of activities you listen to, would you say you listen to them more or less often than a yearago?102102102102102102102
3Radio and audio contentCommunications Market Report 2017 - United KingdomThe car radio is most popular for listening to music-based and speech-based radio stationsListening to music-based andspeech-based radio stationsare both most likely to be donethrough a car radio. Half (49%) ofthe people who said they listenedto a music radio station said theydid so through an analogue carradio, while 25% said they didit through a DAB car radio.The figures were similar forthose who said they listenedto speech-based radio stations(42% for analogue car radioand 21% for DAB car radio).collection said they used theirphone, as did 59% of online musicservice users, 53% of audiobooklisteners, 48% of podcast listenersand 39% of music video users.Mobile phones were the mostpopular medium for most otherlistening activities we asked about:66% of those who said they everlistened to a personal digital musicJust under eight in ten (77%) ofthose who said they ever listenedto a physical music collectionsaid they did so through astereo/ hi-fi/ sound system.Figure 3.6: Ways in which listening activities are listened toThe car radio was mostpopular for listeningto the radioMobile phones were most popular formost other listening activities66% of those who listen to a personaldigital music collection, 59% of onlinemusic service users, 53% of audiobooklisteners, 48% of podcast listeners and39% of music video users said they didso through their phone.Source: Ofcom research, 2017. Base: all those who have listened to a different type of service (n 661)Q12: Which of these ways do you listen to [types of listening activity listened to]? [MULTICODE]103103103103103103103
3Radio and audio contentofcom.org.ukThe home is the most common location for most listening activitiesIn general, respondents to ourresearch prefer to do most oftheir listening at home (e.g.85% of music video users watchthese videos in the home).The only type of listening forwhich ‘at home’ was not the mostpopular location was music-basedradio, which was most oftenlistened to in the car (54%).Figure 3.7: Listening activities, by location85% of music video users watchthese videos in the homeFor music-based radio, themost popular location to listento this is in the car (54%)Source: Ofcom research, 2017. Base: all who have listened to a different type of service (n 661)Q12: Now think about the location where you do the various listening activities. Where would you say you do this activity most often?People most commonly do all types of listening activity aloneWe also asked people whomthey are with when theylisten to audio content. For alllistening activities, the mostpopular response was ‘alone’.Listening with family was a fairlypopular answer for most activities;e.g. a fifth (21%) of music videousers said they listened to musicvideos with family members.Podcasts and audiobooks wereoverwhelmingly a solitaryactivity (85% and 83% said theydid these activities alone).104104104104104104104
3Radio and audio contentCommunications Market Report 2017 - United KingdomPeople listen to music-based radio stations for background listening and relaxation,but listen to speech-based radio and podcasts because they find them interestingThere are many different reasonswhy people listen to audio content.For those who listen to radiostations that mainly play music, themost popular reasons for doingso are ‘for background listening’(41%) and ‘because they find itrelaxing’ (39%). For speech-basedradio stations it was ‘becausethey find them interesting’ (41%)and ‘in order to keep up withthe news’ (40%). More than halfof podcast listeners said theylistened to podcasts becausethey are interesting (51%), andaround a quarter said it was tolearn something new (26%).Figure 3.8: Reasons for doing different types of listening activitiesThe most popular reasons why people listen to:Music radio41% for background listening39% because they find it relaxingSpeech-based radio41% because they find it interesting40% in order to keep up with the newsPodcasts51% because they find them interesting26% to learn something newSource: Ofcom research, 2017. Base: all who have listened to a different type of service (music radio station 661, speechradio station 398, podcast 144)Q13: In general, what are your main reasons for listening to [ask for each code selected not as ‘never’ in Q1 [MULTICODE]105105105105105105105The most popular reason givenfor doing all the other types oflistening activities was that theyfound them relaxing (e.g. 48% ofpeople who said they ever listenedto physical music collectionsgave this answer). While 40% ofaudiobook users also gave thisresponse, an equal proportion saidthey used audiobooks becausethey found them interesting.We also asked those who said theynever listened to speech-based radiostations, and podcasts, about theirreasons for not doing so. The mostpopular response for both was “I’mnot interested” (62% of non-speechradio users and 42% of non-podcastusers). “I prefer music” was also apopular answer for both. Sixteenper cent of non-podcast userssaid “I’ve never heard of them”.
3Radio and audio contentofcom.org.ukUsers of speech-based radio like to listen to news-related programmes, while podcast userslike comedy/entertainment and factualIn line with the previous findingthat 40% of speech-based radiostation listeners said they did thislistening activity in order to keepup with the news, 46% said theylistened to programmes aboutcurrent affairs, 42% said theylistened to UK/international newsand 33% said they listened to news/information about their local area.Music, arts and culture, weatherand sport were also populartypes of programmes thatspeech-based radio stationusers said they listened to.The types of programmes thatpodcast users were most likely tosay they listened to were comedy/entertainment (35%), otherfactual and educational (35%)and music/arts/culture (34%).educational genres on podcasts,rather than on speech-based radiostations, may reflect the availabilityof more niche content on podcasts,such as academic lectures.Differences in the types of contentlitstened to as podcasts, as opposedto speech radio, reflect their specificcharacteristics. For example, timecritical content such as news andtravel information is less suited toon-demand, episodic podcasts.But the fact that a large proportionof people listen to factual andFigure 3.9: Programmes listened to on speech-based radio stations and podcastsProportion of those who do each listening activity (%)News/ information about local area3310UK/ international news4214Current affairs19WeatherTraiffic information3Speech-based radio station1715Drama/ fiction3518Sport21Music/ arts/ culture9Lifestyle and hobbiesOther factual and educational28190Comedy/ entertainmentCelebrity news4624Podcast273334111810635Source: Ofcom research, 2017. Base: all who have listened to speech-based radio stations (n 398), All who havelistened to podcasts (n 144)Q5,7: You said that you listened to [speech-based radio stations/podcasts], what are the types of programmes that youlisten to? [MULTICODE]106106106106106106
3Radio and audio contentCommunications Market Report 2017 - United KingdomPodcast listeners typically listened to between three and five programmes a month, and theBBC website or app is the most popular source of podcastsWhen we asked podcast listenershow many programmes they hadlistened to in the past month, themajority had listened to betweenthree and five (30%). A further27% said they had listened toone, while 16% said they hadlistened to two. One in seven(14%) claimed to have listened tobetween 6-10 programmes, whilethe same proportion claimed tohave listened to more than 10.The most popular source ofpodcasts was the BBC website orapp (36% of podcast listeners),while a quarter of podcastusers chose YouTube or iTunes(26% and 25% respectively).Figure 3.10: Number of podcasts listened to in the last monthOne - 27%Two - 16%Three to five - 30%Six to ten - 14%More than ten - 14%Source: Ofcom research, 2017. Base: all who have listened to a podcast once a month or more (n 110)Q8: How many different podcasts would you say you listened to in the last month? By different podcasts titles (so listening to severalepisodes of the same product would count only once)107107107107107107107
3Radio and audio contentofcom.org.ukFigure 3.11: Where listeners source their podcastsProportion of podcast listeners (%)BBCwebsite or app36YouTube26iTunes25Website or app of the podcast itself17Streaming service9GooglePlay7Website/app of a non-BBCradio station/TV channelWebsite or app of a newspaper/magazine77Other website/ app7RadioPlayerSpecialist podcast website/app54Source: Ofcom research, 2017. Base: all who have listened to a podcast (n 144)Q9: Where have you obtained podcasts from in the past? These can be both downloaded and streamed podcasts. Please select allwhich apply thinking about how/where you accessed the podcast, rather than who created it (as some podcasts are available frommultiple sources) [MULTICODE]In terms of particular podcastslistened to, a third of peoplehad listened to TED talks andBBC Radio 4 podcasts (both at31% of podcast listeners).Seventeen per cent had listenedto other BBC podcasts, while 15%had listened to podcasts made bynewspapers or magazines and 14%had listened to podcasts from nonBBC radio stations or TV channels. Intotal, 40% of podcast listeners hadpreviously listened to a BBC podcast.108108108108108108108
3Radio and audio contentCommunications Market Report 2017 - United Kingdom3.2 The radio industry3.2.1 IntroductionIn this sectionwe examine thecharacteristics of theUK radio industry.Focusing on commercial andcommunity radio stationrevenue and BBC expenditure,together with the audienceshares of the main players.3.2.2 Radio revenue and expenditureRadio industry revenue and spendCommercial radio revenue perlistener fell in real terms from 15.11 in 2015 to 15.04 in2016 as the increased audienceof commercial radio offsetreal terms revenue growth.Radio advertising expendituregrew faster than overall advertisingexpenditure between 2015 and2016. Based on AdvertisingAssociation/ WARC figures, totalUK advertising expenditure grewby 3% in real terms (based on2016 prices) while total radioadvertising expenditure grewby 5%1 to 649m. Radio’s shareof total advertising expenditurewas 3% in 2016 (equivalent to5% of total display advertising).Accounting for 16% of headlineradio advertising expenditure,the motor sector was the largestadvertising sector for radio in2016.2 The largest growth by sectorwas online retail, which increasedits expenditure by 89% in realterms between 2015 and 2016.In particular, eBay is reported tohave increased its radio advertisingbudget by 500% in 20163, and inMay 2017 it started to sponsorCapital’s breakfast show.The BBC’s radio services in the UKare funded via the licence fee. Weestimate the BBC spent 707min 2016 ( 10.77 per capita) onservices these in 2016, comparedto 722m ( 11.09 per capita) in2015, reflecting both populationgrowth and a real terms declinein total radio expenditure.Reported sponsorship revenues grew by 5% in real terms between 2015 and 2016109109109Commercial revenues reported toOfcom by licensees reached 526min 2016, up 1% in real terms fromthe 2015 level.4 Revenue fromcommercial sponsorship grew by 4m in real term terms to reach 100 million in 2016, partiallyoffsetting the losses in reportednational advertising revenue.At 266m, national advertisingwas the largest source ofcommercial revenue reportedto us for 2016, though this fellby 1% in real terms. In contrast,local commercial advertisingrevenues rose by 1% to 134m.The year-on-year revenues of somestations varied considerably, in partdue to local advertising conditions,or due to the practice of optimisingnational advertising slots againstaudiences across groups of stations.109109109109Including spot advertising, branded content and digital revenues. NB: Due to differences in methodology, this figure is notdirectly comparable to the industry revenue figures collected by Ofcom and presented in [Figure 3.12]1 2Source: Nielsen/WARC. Due to methodology, advertising sector-specific data are not directly comparable to total sector expenditure or Ofcom industry revenue figures.3See -capital-breakfast-show/14319054Due to differences in methodology this figure is not directly comparable with the radio advertising expenditure figures set out above,
3Radio and audio contentBetween 2015 and 2016 the shareof total commercial revenuesreported by the groups with thefive largest overall revenues rosefrom 86% to 89%, in part due toM&A activity within the sector.ofcom.org.ukExamples of M&A activity in thesector include Bauer’s acquisitionof Orion Media, a midlands-basedradio group in May 2016, and morerecently Celador’s acquisition ofAnglian Radio in January 2017.Divestment has also taken place- inAugust 2016 UKRD sold Juice 107.2in Brighton back to its previousowners, having originally acquiredthe station from them in 2015.Figure 3.12: Radio industry revenue: 2011-2016Revenue ( 9596134100201420152016Total commercialNational commercialLocal commercialCommercialsponsorshipSource: Ofcom / operator data / BBC Annual Report 2010-2017. Note: BBC expenditure figures are estimated by Ofcom based onfigures from the BBC Annual Report (www.bbc.co.uk/annualreport); figures in the chart are rounded and are adjusted for CPI (2016prices). Total includes community radio, but community radio is not shown on the chart. Total commercial includes all sources ofrevenue- national, local, sponsorship and ‘other’, but ‘other’ is not shown on the chart.110110110110110110110
3Radio and audio contentCommunications Market Report 2017 - United KingdomThe BBC spent 471 million on radio content in 2016-17, a decline of 11 million in real termssince 2015-16Overall, content expenditure onBBC radio fell by 11m in real termsbetween 2015-16 and 2016-17, thelargest decline being BBC radio inEngland, where content expenditurefell by 9.6m (at March 2017prices) to 112.9m, a fall of 8%.The largest decline in proportionateterms was at Radio Scotland,where content expenditure fellby 10% in real terms to 21.1m.BBC 1Xtra and BBC 6 Music enjoyedthe largest proportionate increasein content expenditure between2015-16 and 2016-17, with realterms increases of 40% and 35%respectively, while at 5.2m (atMarch 2017 prices), BBC Radio 2’sincrease in content spend was thelargest in absolute terms, at 5.6m.Figure 3.13: Radio content expenditure and revenue percentage change, year on yearBBC radio content expenditure% change 2015/16 to 2016/17 34.9 40 40.3 30 20 12.2 5.6 10 5.20-10 -3.1-3.0 -3.0 -2.2-5.4-7.9 -9.9 -7.3 -8.1 -6.4-3.3Source: Broadcaster returns, BBC Annual Report and accounts 2016-17. Figures adjusted for CPI. Commercial radio advertisingrevenues at 2016 prices, BBC expenditure at March 2017 prices.3.2.3 The radio market111111111Broadcast radio services in theUK are provided by the BBC,commercial radio stations1 andthe community radio sector,on analogue (i.e. AM/FM), DAB(digital audio broadcasting) and TVplatforms. These radio services arelicensed and regulated by Ofcom.111111In addition, radio services arestreamed online to connecteddevices and in some places, inparticular Northern Ireland, peopleare able to access radio stationsbroadcast from outside the UK.Neither online streaming2 nor radioservices broadcast from foreigncountries are regulated by Ofcom.DAB services are transmitted via amultiplex, which can carry multipleradio services. These multiplexesare licensed by Ofcom3. Thereare 55 local multiplexes and twocommercial multiplex networkswhich cover large parts of theUK, in addition to a BBC nationalmultiplex transmission network.BBC local and nations’ servicesare carried on local multiplexesalongside commercial stations.111i.e. those services broadcast under a commercial Broadcasting Act licence. Some services broadcast under these licences are run on a not-for-profit basis.1 111With the exception of the BBC’s services2 The individual non-BBC services on DAB multiplexes are also required to hold a Broadcasting Act licence. BBC radio services are covered under the BBC’s operating licence framework.3
3Radio and audio contentofcom.org.ukFigure 3.14: Digital audio broadcasting UK radio services: May 2017UK commercial90% coverageUK commercial75% 115558Services131811394*435*Source: Ofcom, May 2017*Includes simulcast services (216 services are either unique or ‘out of area’ simulcasts). Excludes BBC local radio servicesIn total, 286 analogue localcommercial radio licences are onissue; more than 80% of theseare for FM radio broadcasting.Ofcom has completed its thirdround of community radiolicensing, and there are currently251 licensed community radiostations broadcasting.Figure 3.15: Analogue UK radio stations broadcasting: May 2017Type of stationAMFMAM/FM TotalLocal commercial51235286UK-wide commercial213BBC UK-wide networks145BBC local and nations*354343Community radio10241251TOTAL99524588Source: Ofcom, May 2017Note: licence conditions determine the amount of programming that may be shared between licensed services. Here we have listedthe number of services providing at least four hours a day of separate programming. * Includes simulcasts112112112112112112112
3Radio and audio contentCommunications Market Report 2017 - United Kingdom3.2.4 Community radioTotal community radio sector revenue was flat in real terms between 2015 and 2016, althoughaverage income per station fell by 5%At 11.6m, total revenue for thecommunit
99 99 99 99 99 99 3 tent Communications Market Report 2017 - United Kingdom 99 Figure 3.2: Listening to podcasts and speech radio Source: RAJAR, all adults (15 ), 12 months to Q1 each year Speech radio includes: Radio City Talk, Talk 107, talkRADIO, talkSPORT, talkSPORT2, LBC Network (UK), BBC Radio 4, BBC Radio 4
765 S MEDIA TECHNOLOGY Designation Properties Page Audio Audio cables with braided shielding 766 Audio Audio cables, multicore with braided shielding 767 Audio Audio cables with foil shielding, single pair 768 Audio Audio cables, multipaired with foil shielding 769 Audio Audio cables, multipaired, spirally screened pairs and overall braided shielding 770 Audio Digital audio cables AES/EBU .
SERVICE and SHOP MANUAL 1961 RADIOS 988414-PUSH BUTTON RADIO 988413-MANUAL RADIO 988468-CORVAIR PUSH BUTTON RADIO 988460-CORVAIR MANUAL RADIO 985003-CORVETTE RADIO 985036-MANUAL TRUCK RADIO 988336-SERIES 95 MANUAL TRUCK RADIO 988389-GUIDE-MATIC HEADLAMP CONTROL Price 1.00 . 89 switch and must be opened by speaker plug when testing radio.
Radio and TV Back Price List (prices valid through 12/31/18) Addison 2 or 2A Radio Back 22.99 Admiral 15-D5 Radio Back 23.99 Admiral 150-5Z Radio Back 24.99 Admiral 7T10M-N Radio Back 22.99 Aircastle 106B Radio Back 22.99 Airline 04BR-514B Radio Back 22.99 Airline 14BR-525A Radio Ba
Wavestown Answer Key Radio Waves Ray’s TV - TV reception uses radio waves Satellite Dish on top Ray’s - receives movies via radio waves from a satellite Taxi - Car radio reception uses radio signals Taxi - Driver receives instructions on a CB radio which uses radio waves Radio Tower - broadcast’s radio signals
Connect to the audio connector of a camera if the camera supports audio recording. Note: To make a video backup with audio, make sure the camera which supports the audio function is connected to the video-in channel and audio-in channel. For example, the audio data from audio CH1 will be recorded with the video data from video CH1. 3) AUDIO OUT
aftermarket radio (if equipped). Connect the auxiliary RCA cables into the aftermarket radio (if equipped). Plug the Data cable to the data port of the aftermarket radio. Insert the Audio cable into the iDatalink 3.5 mm audio jack of the aftermarket radio. NOTE: In Pioneer radios: plug Audio cable in auxiliary input of the radio. STEP 6
1988 Honda Accord AUDIO WIRING WIRE COLOR LOCATION NOTES RADIO CONSTANT BLUE/WHITE Radio Harness RADIO GROUND YELLOW/RED Radio Harness RADIO SWITCHED BLACK Radio Harness LEFT FRONT SPEAKER ( ) BLUE/GREEN Radio Harness Or Speaker LE
obtained from the play - out of an audio signal via a speaker . The audio signal , and thereby the sound signal , may repre sent certain audio content , e . g . , a radio station or TV audio . To perform the enhancing , the recording of the sound signal is suppressed using the audio signal , thereby obtaining an intermediate audio recording .
