Automotive Air Conditioning - MAHLE Aftermarket
Automotive air conditioningA compact guide for the workshop
02What is thermal management?Thermal management means ensuring the optimal engine temperature in all operating conditionsas well as heating and cooling the vehicle cabin. A modern thermal management system thereforeconsists of engine cooling and air conditioning components.The components in these two assemblies, which interact with each other, often form a unit.This booklet covers modern air conditioning systems and their technical background. In thiscontext, we also deal with the principles of operation, causes of failure, characteristic features,and diagnostic options.Did you know? MAHLE is one of the world’s leading original equipmentmanufacturers for engine cooling and automotive air conditioning.
03ContentsBasic principles of air conditioningTechnical tipsA /C check and A /C service04Refrigerants R12, R134a, R1234yf47A /C and cooling units05Cabin temperature sensors48A /C circuits06Sealants49Components of the A /C system07Repair and service14Instructions for removal and installation15Failure diagnostics18Innovative thermal managementInnovative thermal and cabin comfort management50Thermal management in electric and hybrid vehicles54A /C compressorsOverview and important information20Work process for failure analysis and replacement22A /C compressor damage26Noise28A /C compressors without magnetic clutch30Types of A /C compressors34Filling A /C compressors with oil36A /C compressor oilsPAG and PAO oils62Comparison of A /C compressor oils66From oil type to A /C compressor type68Product overview70Workshop equipmentMaintenance and repairWorkshop equipment from MAHLE Service SolutionsFlushing the A /C system39Leak detection techniques44Repair of pipework and hoses4672
04Basic principles of air conditioningA /C checkand A /C serviceThe air conditioning check and air conditioning service are similar to minor and major inspections.For passenger cars, MAHLE recommends an air conditioning check every 12 months andan air conditioning service every 2 years.Alternating check and serviceWhat should be done when?What?Air conditioning checkWhen?Every 12 months for passenger carsWhy?The cabin filter removes dust, pollen, and dirt particles from the air before it flows into the cabin,clean and cooled. As with any filter, its absorption capacity is limited. Every air conditioning systemincludes an evaporator. Condensation forms in its fins and, over time, bacteria, fungi, and microorganisms will nest in the evaporator. It therefore requires regular cleaning and disinfection.What should be done?nVisual inspection of all componentsnReplacement of cabin filternFunction and performance testnDisinfection of evaporator, where necessaryWhat should be done when?What?Air conditioning serviceWhen?Every 2 years for passenger carsWhy?Even new air conditioning systems lose up to 10% of their refrigerant each year. This is normal,but results in loss of cooling performance and the risk of damage to the air conditioning compressor.The filter-drier removes moisture and contaminants from the refrigerant.What should be done?nVisual inspection of all componentsnRefrigerant changenFunction and performance testnLeakage testnReplacement of the filter-driernReplacement of cabin filternDisinfection of evaporator,where necessary
05A /C and cooling unitsAir conditioning and cooling as a unitThe additives in the coolant not only protect against frost, butalso stop the engine from overheating. The correct composi-Although air conditioning and engine cooling are two separatetion of the coolant raises the boiling point of the medium to oversystems, they do affect each other. When the air conditioning is120 C, providing an enormous performance reserve. This isin use, there is a heavier load on the engine cooling system andparticularly important in summer, when the air conditioning andthe coolant temperature rises.cooling systems are heavily stressed by the ambient temperature and long journeys. The coolant should therefore be checkedwhen the air conditioning service is performed.
06Basic principles of air conditioningA /C circuitsOperating principle of air conditioning system withexpansion valvecondenser at high pressure. In the condenser, heat is extractedfrom the refrigerant, causing it to condense (change in state fromgas to liquid).Both the refrigerant and cooling circuits are required to controlthe climate in the vehicle cabin. Using a mixture of cold and warmThe next station is the filter-drier, where contaminants andair, the desired climatic conditions can be achieved independententrapped air are separated out from the now liquid refriger-of the weather outside. The air conditioning system thus plays aant and moisture is removed. This ensures the effectivenessvital role in safety and driving comfort.of the system and protects the components from damage bycontaminants.The individual components of the refrigerant circuit are connected by hoses and/or aluminum lines to form a closed sys-The refrigerant now passes from the filter-drier to the expan-tem. Refrigerant and refrigerant oil circulate around the system,sion valve, which can be thought of as a weir. Upstream of thedriven by the air conditioning compressor. The circuit is dividedweir, a constant pressure is maintained, but downstream of it,into two parts:the increase in volume causes the pressure to drop. Since theexpansion valve is located directly in front of the evaporator, thennThe high-pressure side (red/yellow) between the air conditioningexpansion of the refrigerant passes into the evaporator. Duringcompressor and expansion valveevaporation (the change of state from liquid to gas), evaporationThe low-pressure side (blue) between the expansion valve andthe air conditioning compressorcooling is released. This cold air is blown into the vehicle cabin bythe ventilation system, where it is used to keep the passengerscomfortable. On the low-pressure side, the refrigerant (whichThe air conditioning compressor compresses the gaseous refrig-is now in gaseous form once again) travels back to the air condi-erant, heating it up in the process, and then forces it through thetioning compressor, where the cycle starts all over again.4253617Refrigerant circuit with expansion valve1A /C condenser fan2A /C condenser3A /C compressor4Expansion valve5Cabin fan6Evaporator7Filter-drier
07Components ofthe A /C systemAir conditioningcompressorsThe size of the air conditioning compressor must be adapted to the size ofthe system. It is filled with special oil forlubrication, some of which circulatesThe air conditioning compressor is gen-through the air conditioning system witherally driven by the engine via a V-ribbedthe refrigerant.belt. It compresses or circulates the refrigerant in the system. There are differentAir conditioning compressors aretypes of air conditioning compressors.described in detail from page 20.The compressor sucks in gaseous refrigerant from the evaporator at low temperature and then passes it to the airconditioning condenser at high temperature and pressure.Insufficient lubrication caused byleakage and the associated lossof refrigerant and oil as well asinadequate maintenance can leadto failure of the air conditioningcompressor (leaking shaft seal,leaking housing seal, bearingdamage, piston seizure, etc.).
08Basic principles of air conditioningAir conditioningcondensersImpact in the event of failureTroubleshootingA defective air conditioning condenserTest steps for error elimination:may exhibit the following symptoms:The air conditioning condenser is neededto cool down the refrigerant heated during compression in the air conditioning compressor. The hot refrigerant gasflows into the air conditioning condenser,its state changes from gaseous to liquid.nFailure of the air conditioning systemnTest for leaksnContinuously running airnPressure test on the high- andconditioning condenser fanlow-pressure sidesCauses of errors may include:Principle of operationtop of the air conditioning condenser,for contaminationPoor cooling performancenThe hot refrigerant gas flows into theCheck air conditioning condenserndischarging heat to the atmosphere viathe pipe and fins. As the refrigerant cools,nLeaks at the connectionsor due to damagenInadequate heat exchangedue to contaminationwhere it releases its heat to the atmosphere via the pipe and fins. Havingcooled down, the now liquid refrigerantexits the air conditioning condenser atthe lower connection.The installation location can leadto failures due to environmentalinfluences such as contaminationor stone chips. Defects causedby accidents with frontal impactare particularly common.
09Filter-drierThe filter elements of the air conditioning system are known as the filter-drieror accumulator, depending on the system type. The filter-drier is designed toremove foreign objects and moisturefrom the refrigerant.Principle of operationThe liquid refrigerant enters the filterdrier, flows through a hygroscopic drying medium, and exits the filter-drier inliquid form. The upper part of a filter-drierImpact in the event of failureTroubleshootingThe failure of the filter-drier may giveThe following steps should berise to the following symptoms:considered during troubleshooting:nPoor cooling performancenFailure of the air conditioning systemn(every two years for passenger cars)nnExcessive agingnDefective filter pad insidenLeaks at the connectionsCheck for leaks/correct attachmentof connections/damageCauses of a filter-drier failure mayinclude:Check maintenance intervalsnPressure test on the high- andlow-pressure sidesor due to damagealso serves as a compensation chamber,while the lower part stores refrigerant tocompensate for pressure fluctuations inthe system.Due to its design, the filter-drier canonly extract a certain amount of moisture before the drying medium becomessaturated and can no longer bind anymore moisture.For passenger cars, the filter-driergenerally needs to be replacedevery two years or every timethe refrigerant circuit is opened.Excessive ageing of the filter-driercan lead to significant defects inthe air conditioning system. Filterdriers can be integrated in the airconditioning condenser. It is notalways possible to replace thefilter-drier individually.
10Basic principles of air conditioningExpansion/throttlevalveevaporator, the refrigerant passes throughTroubleshootingthe expansion valve to the air conditioning compressor. If the refrigerant temper-The following steps apply in the eventature rises at the end of the evaporator,of a malfunction:The expansion valve separates the high-the refrigerant expands in the expansionand low-pressure sections of the refrig-valve, increasing the refrigerant flow to theerant circuit. It is fitted upstream of theevaporator (injection quantity). If the refrig-evaporator. To optimize the cooling per-erant temperature drops at the end of theformance of the evaporator, the expan-evaporator, the volume in the expansionsion valve controls refrigerant flow basedvalve decreases and the flow of refrigeranton the temperature. This ensures com-to the evaporator is reduced.nVisual inspectionnAcoustic testingnCheck that the connecting lines arecorrectly and securely attachednplete evaporation of the liquid refrigerant,so that only gaseous refrigerant reachesconnections for leaksImpact in the event of failurethe air conditioning compressor. Expansion valves differ depending on their type.Liquid refrigerant from the air conditioningnnPoor cooling performancenFailure of the air conditioning systemTemperature measurementon the pipework systemThe following symptoms may indicatea defective expansion valve:Principle of operationCheck the component andnPressure measurement with airconditioning compressor engagedand engine runningcondenser passes through the filter-drierand then flows through the expansionCauses of failure can have variousvalve and is injected into the evaporator,reasons:where it evaporates releasing evaporationcooling. This causes the temperature tonto overheating or icingdrop. To optimize the evaporator’s coolingperformance, the refrigerant flow is controlled by the expansion valve depending on the temperature. At the end of theTemperature problems duenContamination in the systemnLeaks at the componentor connecting linesMoisture and contaminationin the air conditioning systemcan severely impair the functionof the expansion or throttlevalves and lead to malfunctions.Regular maintenance is thereforeimportant.
11Further details on the required workshop equipment fromMAHLE Service Solutions can be found from page 72.EvaporatorThe evaporator takes care of the heattransfer between the ambient air and therefrigerant in the air conditioning system.Principle of operationImpact in the event of failureTroubleshootingA defective evaporator exhibits theThe following test steps should befollowing symptoms:considered during troubleshooting:nInadequate cooling performancenCheck evaporator for contaminationnFailure of the air conditioning systemnCheck evaporator for damagenPoor blower capacitynCheck that the connecting linesare correctly attachedLiquid refrigerant at high pressure isinjected into the evaporator via the ex-Causes of an evaporator failure maypansion or throttle valve. The refrigerantinclude:expands, generating evaporation coolingthat is then released into the environmentthrough the large surface of the evapo-nPipework in the evaporator blockednEvaporator leaking (at connections,rator and blown into the vehicle cabinby the fan.due to damage)nEvaporator clogged (air passagenLeakage testnPressure measurement with airconditioning compressor engagedand engine runningnTemperature measurementon the inlet and outlet lineobstructed)Temperature problems,contamination, moisture, andlack of maintenance can leadto defects in the evaporator.To avoid such defects, the airconditioning system must beregularly serviced or disinfected.
12Basic principles of air conditioningPressure switchesand sensorspressor due to lack of lubrication. Thethird switch contact in the trinary switchcontrols the electric air conditioning condenser fan to ensure optimal condensa-Pressure switches and sensors protecttion of the refrigerant in the condenser.the air conditioning system from damagedue to excessively high or low pressures.low-pressure switch, the high-pressureThe following symptoms may indicateswitch, and the trinary switch. The tri-a defective or inoperative pressurenary switch comprises the high- andswitch:switch contact for the condenser fan.Principle of operationnPoor cooling performancenInoperative air conditioning systemnAir conditioning compressor couplingpressure side of the air conditioning system. It switches off the power supply tothe coupling of the air conditioning compressor when the pressure is too high(approx. 26–33 bar) and back on againwhen it drops (approx. 5 bar). When thepressure is too low (approx. 2 bar), thepower supply is interrupted to preventnVisual inspectionnCheck connector plug is correctlyattachednCheck component for damagenPressure measurement with airconditioning compressor engagedand engine runningnTesting of disassembled componentswith nitrogen cylinder, pressurereducer, and multimeterswitches on/off frequentlyThe pressure switch (pressure-sensingswitch) is generally fitted on the high-Test steps for failure diagnostics:Impact in the event of failureThere are three different switches: thelow-pressure switches plus an additionalTroubleshootingThere are various possible reasonsfor an inoperative air conditioningsystem:nContact fault at electrical connectionsnContamination in the systemnHousing damage due to vibrationor accidentsdamage to the air conditioning com-Pressure switches and sensorscan fail due to contactingproblems or contamination.Regular maintenance of thesystem can prevent failure.The range is rounded off byother air conditioning switchessuch as on/off switches.
13Blower fansThe blower fan is used to ventilate the car. It ensures a clear view and a pleasant climate inside the vehicle—essential prerequisitesfor safety and comfort.The failure of the fan leads to an uncomfortableclimate inside the vehicle and can impair the driver’sconcentration. This poses a significant safety risk. Lackof ventilation can also cause the front windshield to fogup, which restricts visibility and is a major safety hazard.Air conditioning condenser fansThe air conditioning condenser fan helps to ensure that the refrigerant liquefies optimally in any operating condition of the vehicle.It is fitted before or after the air conditioning condenser or engine radiator as an add-on or combination fan.Air conditioning condenser fans can fail due to electricalor mechanical faults. This results in insufficient liquefaction of the refrigerant and causes the performanceof the air conditioning system to drop off.
14Basic principles of air conditioningRepair and serviceSafety instructions/handlingrefrigerantsnAlways wear protective goggles andgloves! At normal ambient tempera-nnnthe tissue to freeze (risk of blindness).areas with plenty of cold water. Do notcircuit. Inhalation of high concentrations of gaseous refrigerant causesdizziness and risk of suffocation. Do notwork on the refrigerant circuit from theservice pits. Since gaseous refrigerantis heavier than air, it can accumulaterefrigerant may leak out.Do not allow refrigerant to come intonWhen cleaning the vehicle, do notpoint the steam jet directly at the components of the air conditioning system.Never allow refrigerant to escape intonNever change the factory setting ofor air conditioning system is opened,the regulating screw on the expansionthe contents will escape at high pres-valve.temperature. The higher the temperature, the higher the pressure.Ensure that the workplace is well ventilated when working on the refrigerantpointing toward your body. Residualsure. The pressure depends on therub. Consult a doctor immediately!nto break down into toxic substances.the atmosphere. If the refrigerant tankIn case of contact, rinse the affectedWhen removing the service hoses fromthe vehicle, do not hold the connectorsThis can produce lethal gases.refrigerant evaporates so suddenly thatnnthe cigarette can cause the refrigerantcontact with open flames or hot metal.tures and atmospheric pressure, liquidcontact with the skin or eyes can causeDo not smoke! The smoldering end ofnDo not expose the components of theair conditioning system to heat. Vehicles must not be exposed to temperatures above 75 C after painting (dryingoven). Otherwise, the air conditioningsystem must first be drained.there in high concentrations.Work on air conditioningsystems may only be carriedout by qualified technicians(certificate of competence).The relevant EU regulations(307/2008, 517/2014, 2006/40)must be observed.
15Instructions for removaland installationAir conditioning systemLubricate O-rings and gaskets with refrig-Always use two spanners when tighten-erant oil or special lubricants beforeing and loosening connections to ensureBefore removing or fitting a replacementassembly to make them easier to install.that connecting lines and componentspart, check that the connections, fasten-Do not use any other grease or siliconeare not damaged.ings, and other characteristics relevant tospray, as this will immediately contami-installation are identical.nate the new refrigerant.When replacing components, always useThe filter-drier must be replaced everythe vehicle edges or any other movingnew O-rings that are compatible with thetime the refrigerant circuit is openedcomponents.refrigerant.because of its highly hygroscopic effect.When routing hoses and cables, makesure that they cannot be damaged byIf the filter-drier or accumulator is notWhen replacing a component of the airThe air conditioning compressor oil hasreplaced regularly, the filter pad may dis-conditioning system, make sure that thea powerful hygroscopic effect. The sys-integrate, causing silicate particles to besystem has the correct amount of oil. Toptem should therefore be kept closeddistributed throughout the system, whichthe oil up or drain some out, if necessary.most of the time, or the oil should onlywould result in severe damage.Always check that the system is leak-be added shortly before the refrigerantcircuit is closed.The connections of the system mustproof before refilling it. Then evacuate thebe sealed immediately with caps orsystem sufficiently (approx. 30 minutes)plugs and should never be left open forto ensure that all moisture has been com-an extended period of time. Otherwise,pletely removed.moisture will enter the system with the air.Filter-drierPressure gauge
16Basic principles of air conditioningElectronic leak detectorPAO 68 oilAfter filling with the quantity of refrigerantInstructions for the installation of air conditioning compressorsspecified by the vehicle manufacturer,check the system for proper function-Make sure that all contaminants and foreign bodies have been removed from the refriger-ing and leaks (electronic leak detector).ant circuit by flushing the system before installing the new air conditioning compressor.At the same time, monitor the high- andDepending on the contamination level, it is recommended to use refrigerant R134a orlow-pressure values on the pressureR1234yf or a special flushing solution. Air conditioning compressors, filter-driers (accu-gauges and compare with the prescribedmulators), and expansion or throttle valves cannot be flushed. Because system contami-values. Compare the outlet temperaturenation (abrasion particles, chips) is always assumed or cannot be ruled out when the airat the center nozzle with the values spec-conditioning compressor is defective, the system must always be flushed when replacingified by the manufacturer.these components. Ensure that no residues of flushing solution remain in the system.Dry the refrigerant circuit with nitrogen, if necessary.After the service connections have beenfitted with protective caps, mark the dateReplace the filter-drier or accumulator and the expansion or throttle valve (orifice tube).of maintenance by attaching a servicelabel sticker to the front crossbar.As the same air conditioning compressor may be used for different vehicles or systems,it is crucial to check the oil filling quantity and viscosity according to the manufacturerspecifications, and adjust if necessary, before installing the compressor. All oil must firstbe drained and collected. The air conditioning compressor must then be refilled with thetotal quantity of oil specified by the vehicle manufacturer (system oil volume).
17You can find all the depicted productsand much more in the MAHLE andMAHLE Service Solutions range.Oil is drained and filled via the “oil drain plug” provided for thisAfter installing the air conditioning compressor and refilling thepurpose. If the air conditioning compressor does not have suchrefrigerant circuit, start the engine and allow it to run at idle-a plug, the oil is drained via the high- and low-pressure connec-running speed for a few minutes.tions and refilled through the low-pressure connection. The shaftof the air conditioning compressor must be turned several times.Further specifications (package inserts, manufacturer specifications, start-up instructions) must be observed separately.To ensure that the oil is distributed evenly, the air conditioningcompressor must be turned ten times by hand before installation. When mounting the drive belt, make sure that it is properly“aligned.” Some air conditioning compressors are designed for“multiple use.” This means that they can be installed in variousvehicles. Apart from the number of grooves on the magneticclutch, the part is exactly the same as the “old part.”Due to their design, the oil cannot be drained from the Denso 5SE/5SL and Hanon VS16air conditioning compressors. These come prefilled with the required system oil fillingquantity. Follow the separate product and installation instructions.
18Basic principles of air conditioningFailure diagnosticsChecking the cooling performanceIn addition to testing equipment and special tools, every workshop also needs the relevant expertise,which can be acquired through training courses, for example. This applies in particular to airconditioning systems. Due to the variety of systems, these instructions serve only as a guide.1Start the engine. Cycle through the blowerRun the system for several minutes at maximum5speed settings. Is the fan working?cooling capacity and medium blower speed setting.Air exit temperature at the middle nozzle 3 – 8 C.YesNoYesn2No6 If exit temperature too high:nCheck fusenHeating switched off?nCheck relay, switch,nCabin filter condition?nCheck temperature switch/sensor,cabling of all componentsthermostat (if present)n3Check ventilation doors, heatingvalves, condenser ventilationTemperature at maximum cooling.Is the magnetic clutch activated?72,000 – 2,500 rpm: LP 0.5–3.0 bar, HP 6.0 – 25.0 bar;NoYesCheck low pressure (LP) and high pressure (HP) atfor output-controlled air conditioning compressors:LP approx. 2 bar, constant.n4nCheck cabling/electricalYesNoconnections, electricalpower supply ( /-)n8Check temperatureswitch/sensor, pressureswitchnRefrigerant chargenot correctContinue to5A /C system workingSee troubleshooting table
19The correct evaluation of the pressure gauge display is particularly important. The following aresome examples:Air conditioning systems with expansion valveLow pressureHigh pressureExit temperature atthe middle nozzlePossible causesHighHighHigher, up to ambienttemperatureEngine overheated, condenser clogged, condenser fan defective,incorrect direction of rotation, system overfilledNormal to low,intermittentHigh,intermittentHigher,possibly fluctuatingExpansion valve stuck, intermittently closedNormalHighSlightly higherFilter-drier aged, condenser cloggedHighNormal to highHigher, dependingon bottleneckLine from air conditioning compressor to expansion valve narrowedNormalNormalHigherExcessive refrigerant oil in the systemNormal, but irregularNormal, but irregularHigherMoisture in the system, defective expansion valveFluctuatingFluctuatingFluctuatingExpansion valve or air conditioning compressor defectiveNormal to lowNormal to lowHigherEvaporator clogged, not enough refrigerantHighLowHigher, almost ambienttemperatureExpansion valve stuck, open; air conditioning compressor defectiveLowLowHigher, up to ambienttemperatureInsufficient refrigerantLow pressure and highpressure the sameLow pressure and highpressure the sameAmbient temperatureInsufficient refrigerant, air conditioning compressor defective,defect in the electrical installationAir conditioning system with fixed restrictor/orifice tubeLow pressureHigh pressureExit temperature atthe middle nozzlePossible causesHighHighHigher, up to ambienttemperatureEngine overheats, air conditioning condenser clogged, air conditioningcondenser fan defective or incorrect direction of rotation, system overfilledNormal to highHighHigherSystem overfilled, air conditioning condenser cloggedNormalNormal to highFluctuatingMoisture in the system, fixed restrictor intermittently cloggedHighNormalHigherFixed restrictor defective (cross section)NormalNormalHigherExcessive refrigerant oil in the systemNormal to lowNormal to lowHigherInsufficient refrigerantLow pressure and highpressure the sameLow pressure and highpressure the sameAmbient temperatureInsufficient refrigerant, air conditioning compressor defective,defect in the electrical installation
20A /C compressorsOverview andimportant informationGeneralThe air conditioning compressor is usually driven by the vehicleengine via a V-ribbed belt. It compresses or circulates the refrigerant in the system. There are different types of air conditioningcompressors.Principle of operationThe compressor sucks in gaseous refrigerant from the evaporator at low temperature and pressure, compresses it, and thenpasses it in its gaseous form to the air conditioning condenser athigh temperature and pressure.Impact in the event of failureThe following signs may indicate a damaged or broken air conditioning compressor:nElectric control valvenInsufficient refrigerant oilnInsufficient refrigerantnSolid matter (e.g., chips)nMoisture (corrosion, etc.)nDefective clamping elements, engine accessoriesTroubleshootingFunctional test and pressure measurement of the system:nDoes the air conditioning compressor switch on, is the plugfirmly connected, is voltage applied?nCheck electric control valve or actuationnCheck the drive belts for positioning, damage, and tensionnLeaksnCarry out visual inspection for leaksnNoisenCheck that the refrigerant lines are properly securednInsufficient cooling or absence of coolingnCompare pressure on the high- and low-pressure sidesnError code in the climate control unit or engine/centralnRead out fault memorycontrol unitFailures may be due to a variety of causes:nFully automated testing program of coolingcapacity and failure diagnosticsBearing damage due to defective clamping device or wearThe MAHLE ACX 320, ACX 350, ACX 380 and ACX 420,and tearACX 450, ACX 480 come with a fully automated testing pro-nLeaks in the air conditioning compressor shaft or housingnMechanical damage to the air conditioning compressornBonding (electrical connections)gram. If the test result is “Not OK”, the necessary steps areindicated on the monitor of the unit.More information is available from page 72, Workshop equipment.
21Cross section of the A /C compressor110982375461Screw connections6Swash plate2Suction pressure valve7Driving shaft3Cylinder head8Housing4Gasket9Oil cap5Piston10Gear wheelExample shown: piston air conditioning compressor
22A /C compressorsWork process for failureanalysis and replacementA /C compressor defective? Identify the causes:a) Defect in refrigerant circuitb) Electrical faultc) Defect i
Air conditioning and cooling as a unit Although air conditioning and engine cooling are two separate systems, they do affect each other. When the air conditioning is in use, there is a heavier load on the engine cooling system and the coolant temperature rises. The additives in the coolant not only protect against frost, but
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