Digital Transformation - IEEE
Digital TransformationAn IEEE Digital Reality Initiative White PaperNovember 2020DigitalReality.ieee.orgContributors:Lyuba AlboulKlaus BeetzFranco BernabéFabio CaratiTom CoughlinStuart Mason DambrotStephen DukesNelson FonsecaCarlos Andres Lozano GarzonGustavo GiannattasioAbhilash GopalakrishnanKathy GrisePatrick HenzSamina HusainDerrick de KerckhoveAnand MunuswamyNicholas NappLouis NisiotisHéctor PovedaJeewika RanaweeraTorsten ReissValentina RivoiraRoberto SaraccoRicardo VeigaCathy ZhouqianEdited by: Matthew Borst
Table of ContentsDigital Transformation . 61. Introduction . 62. Lights and Shadows . 92.1 Upsides . 102.2 Downsides . 103. The enablers of the Digital Transformation . 133.1 Technological Enablers . 133.1.1 Conversion of atoms into bits . 133.1.2 Use of Data . 143.1.3 Conversion of data into physically executable actions . 163.1.4 Support Systems. 173.1.5 AR/VR . 253.1.6 Mixed Reality. 293.1.7 Artificial narrow intelligence . 383.2 Business Enablers . 403.2.1 Operational Improvements. 403.2.2 Growth Drivers . 423.3 Societal Evolution Enablers . 453.3.1 Smart Grid. 473.3.2 Connected car. 483.3.3 Smart homes. 493.3.4 Smart cities. 533.3.5 Next generation education . 543.3.6 Connected healthcare . 553.3.7 Sharing Economy . 573.3.8 Automation of everything . 593.3.9 Healthy-life extension . 613.3.10 Money 2.0 . 633.3.11 Circular Economy . 643.3.12 Artificial Intelligence Variants . 651
3.3.13 Human 2.0 . 733.3.14 Human machine convergence . 783.3.15 Decentralization of everything. 793.3.16 Democracy 2.0 . 813.3.17 Radical life extension. 824 The economics of the Digital Transformation . 854.1 More efficiency Market Value Shrinks . 854.2 Data is not the new oil . 864.3 Harvesting data value . 874.4 Knowledge value versus data value . 894.5 Leveraging on Data . 914.5.1 Digital Twins Market . 944.5.2 Digital Twins as independent economic entities . 954.5.3 Cognitive Digital Twins . 984.6 The Future of Data Value . 1054.7 Distributed Ledger . 1064.7.1 Blockchain . 1074.7.2 Smart Contracts . 1084.7.3 Oracles . 1094.8 Gig Economy . 1104.8.1 The rise of high skill/high knowledge Gig Economy . 1124.8.2 The Gig Economy of Machines . 1134.8.3 The Pandemic Impact on the Gig Economy . 1295 The geography of the Digital Transformation . 1335.1 Western Countries (Europe/North America) . 1335.1.1 EU . 1335.1.2 Austria . 1345.1.3 Estonia. 1415.1.4 Italy . 1415.1.5 US . 1435.2 Latin America . 1445.2.1 Argentina. 1482
5.2.2 Brazil. 1495.2.3 Colombia . 1505.2.4 Mexico . 1515.2.5 Panama . 1515.2.6 Uruguay . 1525.3 Far South East Asia . 1535.3.1 China . 1535.3.2 India . 1545.3.3 Japan . 1575.3.4 Singapore . 1585.3.5 South Korea . 1595.4 Australia . 1595.5 Africa . 1606 The Societal aspects of the Digital Transformation. 1616.1 Epistemology . 1616.1.1 AI between law and ethics . 1616.1.2 Digital Transformation and Industrialisation - and appropriation – of the Individual’scognitive properties . 1626.1.3 Outsourcing of Judgement . 1636.1.4 Ethics is a human quality; can it be taught to Machines? . 1666.2 New skills and education – XR and Cyber-Physical-Social Eco-Society Systems inEducation . 1686.2.1 VR in Education. 1696.2.2 AR in Education. 1706.2.3 MR, XR and Cyber-Physical-Social Eco-Society Systems for Immersive Learning 1716.3 The New Jobs Landscape. 1736.3.1 Replacing human workers with automation . 1736.3.2 Removing the need for some types of jobs . 1756.3.3 Changing the way jobs are performed . 1766.3.4 Creating new jobs opportunities in emerging sectors/Countries . 1776.3.5 Increasing the demand for DX support . 1796.4 The Digital Divide . 1803
6.4.1 Skyrocketing Technology . 1806.4.2 Exponential Challenges . 1846.4.3 The Haves versus Have Nots . 1856.4.4 Improving the Future . 1906.5 The Transformation of Capitalism . 1917 The Players. 1947.1 Players by End-Use Sector. 1947.1.1 Government & Public Sector . 1947.1.2 Healthcare . 1967.1.3 Utilities. 1977.1.4 Manufacturing . 1977.1.5 Constructions . 1997.1.6 Insurance . 2007.1.7 IT & Telecom . 2007.1.8 Banking & Financial Services . 2047.2 Players by Process. 2047.2.1 Operational Transformation . 2048 Fostering a sustainable Digital Transformation . 2068.1 Policies . 2088.1.1 Intelligent, Connected & Autonomous Vehicles . 2088.2 Standards . 2119 Roadmaps . 2149.1 Economic sectors roadmaps . 2149.1.1 Education . 2149.2 COVID-19 impact on the deployment of Digital Transformation. 2179.2.1 Forced shift to Teleworking . 2199.2.2 Digital Imaging exploited for enforcing social distancing . 2219.2.3 Air travel, hit as never before, is turning to Digital Transformation . 2229.2.4 Digital Transformation in the Movie Theatres business . 2249.2.5 Electronic payment boost in the long term . 2269.2.6 Dating Services . 2279.2.7 Government policies . 2284
9.2.8 Re-invention of the Brick and Mortar . 2349.2.9 Innovation in the Restaurant Business model . 2359.2.10 Digitalization of the office space . 2389.2.11 Tele-learning gets serious . 2409.2.12 Virtual meetings in augmented physical spaces . 2429.2.13 Supply and Delivery Chains . 2449.2.14 Professional Healthcare at home . 2469.2.15 Economic aspects . 2479.2.16 Impact syntheses . 25310 Appendix . 25910.1 Standards . 25910.1.1 Standard for Digital Transformation Architecture and Framework . 25910.1.2 Basic supporting technologies . 25910.1.3 Augmented and Virtual Reality . 26310.1.4 Internet of Things . 26810.1.5 Application areas . 27210.2 Acronyms . 2735
Digital TransformationA Digital Reality Initiative White Paper1. IntroductionThe amount of literature on Digital Transformation is staggering—and it keeps growing. Why, then,come out with yet another such document? Moreover, any text aiming at explaining the DigitalTransformation by presenting a snapshot is going to become obsolete in a blink of an eye, most likely tobe already obsolete at the time it is first published.The FDC Initiative on Digital Reality felt there is a need to look at the Digital Transformation from thepoint of view of a profound change that is pervading the entire society—a change made possible bytechnology and that keeps changing due to technology evolution opening new possibilities but is also achange happening because it has strong economic reasons. The direction of this change is not easy topredict because it is steered by a cultural evolution of society, an evolution that is happening in nichesand that may expand rapidly to larger constituencies and as rapidly may fade away. This creation,selection by experimentation, adoption, and sudden disappearance, is what makes the whole scenarioso unpredictable and continuously changing.Technologists are responsible for the tools they are developing and they need to understand the slate ofimplications generated by use of these tools. Technology has already passed a threshold, separatingreality from artefacts that is taking us into a fuzzy space where it is not just difficult to tell one from theother, but where it is often meaningless to make this distinction.When McLuhan said the medium is the message a long time ago, it was a revolutionary and possiblyabsurd thought—yet it has become true even beyond McLuhan imagination. Technology is today’smedium, reaching single individuals and communities that are no longer defined in space but inaggregation roots. it is not just serving those communities and individuals: it is shaping them and it isbeing shaped by them. The very same technology can lead to completely different behaviors in differentcommunities, sometimes making it harder to understand the reasons, even afterwards.The question then becomes What is Reality today? Philosophers have debated for century this issue,along with the possibility of humans to grasp it. Physicists and science in general decided that reality iswhat can be measured independently by different people at different point in space and time, and in thelast century has postulated that this measure would be valid everywhere, at any time, in the knowableuniverse.Math has progressed with the assumption that given a starting point and an agreed set of rules anybodycould agree on the conclusions. Both physics and math in the last century came to the realisation thatour systems cannot be complete (or, therefore, not integrating everything).Yet, those limitations did not affect our everyday life, reality was perceived as real.6
The Digital Transformation, the flanking of bits to atoms, is changing this perception and this is in a waymuch more important to our everyday life than the quantum uncertainties and Gödel’s incompletenesstheorem.This White Paper is fundamentally about this fading boundary between reality and digital reality actuallybeing about the emergence of the reality resulting from the co-presence of these two realities. Both areextremely permeable to one another, but both remain distinct, hence ‘co-presence’ rather thansymbioses. In the long run, we feel that only one reality will be perceived. This will encompass thesetwo, co-presence disappears to be replaced by a single presence. The boundary separating them willdisappear, it is already starting to. At that point, that we estimate happening, without anybody noticing,by the end of this decade we will only perceived “Reality”. It won’t be possible to separate the two ofthem, nor it would be meaningful to do that. The physical reality will be perceived along with the Digitalone and it won’t be meaningful to consider one separated from the other.These two manifest themselves in the creation of digital worlds like images that are a mixture of imagescaptured by sensors from the physical world and then processed, skewed in a way, to be pleasing to us.Our eyes have a preference towards “green” because our ancestors evolved in a world wheredistinguishing nuances of green provided a competitive advantage, and so our digital cameras sensorsare biased towards “green”, and the software processing the sensor’s data takes into account our retinaand brain preference for higher contrasted images. We are using those images as communication tools,having them flowing seamlessly within our community and, in the process, we alter them and createpleasing fakes. And we nourish ourselves on these fakes creating a new perceived reality.Were it just a matter of photos, or sounds, or mixing bits and data, we might probably find an easilyagreeable framework to separate, if needed, the artefacts from reality (we are using the example ofphotos because it is tricky with photos to determine what is the “real representation”).However, the digital transformation is becoming increasingly pervasive—and in the coming decades wewill see (in fact, already starting to see) a continuum leading to the digital transformation of humans,both at biological and at cultural level. We know that biological evolution happens over long periods oftime (the length of which is related to the lifespan of that particular species, and while we can detectbiological evolution in bacteria and even in fruit-flies, we cannot detect it in species with a longerlifespan), and cultural evolution may occur at a much faster pace.Human beings have mostly ceased to evolve in the last hundred thousand years but have evolved at anincredible pace culturally—and this evolution takes further steam with the digital transformation. Thehuman biological evolution could resume in the coming decades with technologies that allow themanipulation of the DNA (and RNA), opening a completely new scenario.Fear of unexpected, possibly uncontrollable, consequences (not just for humans but for life on theplanet) are trying to limit research and experimentation, but we have already seen that the planet is toobig and too fragmented to control.Independently of this evolution it is sure that the cultural evolution is moving on at an accelerated pace,and it is doing so through niche experiments that can explode in the matter of days/months. The digital7
world has no barrier and travels at the speed of light. It is also affecting people’s use of language andtheir relationship to objectivity and rational thought, as well as memory, intelligence and judgment.This White Paper uses these challenges as the framework for studying the Digital Transformation,looking at the technology enablers, economic forces fuelling it, societal adoption steering its evolution.The challenges outlined are not going to be solved anytime soon but must be considered now and bekept alive in the perception of single individuals as well as business, organizatons, and governments.We talk a lot about keeping our planet fit to host humans, the climate change, the access and availabilityof resources (energy, raw materials, water, food), on the sustainability of our “progress”. All of this ispart of, and has to be considered under, the ongoing Digital Transformation.Although the Digital Transformation shift is occurring everywhere, the way it is implemented, the paceof implementation, and the impact on the local culture may differ significantly. To take this into accountthis White Paper includes contribution from people that live these different realities in differentCountries. Their reports on status and plans in their geographical area should be both informative tothose needing to understand the specificity of a given market and useful in understanding the variety ofpaths and implementations and their societal impact.As this White Paper was prepared the world was struck by the COVID-19 epidemic. This forced severalCountries into lock-down whilst others opted for different approaches to the containment of theepidemic. In both cases, this resulted in a shift to the cyberspace of broad areas like education, business,retail/commerce, healthcare. In turn, this accelerated the deployment of the Digital Transformation. It istoo early to evaluate the long term results of this acceleration. Some companies that were forced tomove their staff in a work-from-home environment are now considering to keep teleworking as themain working paradigm for their staff. Investment on tools to support “tele-activities” has increased,and there have been a significant, and successful, effort to upgrade communications infrastructures tosupport the increased traffic demand.This White Paper takes all this into account in the Roadmap section.IEEE has made the progress of “technology to benefit humanity” its banner. It is just appropriate to usethe tremendous capital of knowledge and skills of its volunteers to look at Digital Transformation fromthis point of view.8
2. Lights and ShadowsThe first person who invented the ship also invented the shipwreck and the cast-away.No technology, no transformation will ever have only upsides. And there will no unanimous consensuson what an upside really is.Even sure no-brainers, like extending human lifespan, may have somebody arguing that this extension isbound to put a stress on the planet resources, may be reducing opportunities to the young generationto find jobs, and could create additional cost to society that can undermine the general well-being.The figure shows the significant increase in pro-capita spending as people age increases after 65 yearsold. Notice that it is being used to illustrate a qualitative point, there are many factors that would haveto be considered in evaluating the societal cost-benefit of healthcare on a single individual and on aspecific age range and most people would not agree that this area should be considered under a costbenefit perspective. Here it has been included to emphasise that even a very positive outcome oftechnology/science evolution leading to increased life-span can be seen as controversial in some respector by some constituencies.Figure 1. The cost of healthcare, pro-capita, grows exponentially after 65 years old. This is particularlynoticeable in the US where it has been pointed out the 80% of a person spending in healthcare may occurin the last six months of his life. This has prompted some to wonder if it is “ethical” to devote has muchresources that could be better used to increase the wellbeing of many more people to prolong life by avery short time. Graphic credit: The future of digital medicine in the aging society, Research Gate, Ja.2016, David Wortley.9
The Digital Transformation is no exception. It is no question that it is producing positive effects onsociety at large and on many individuals but it is also true that it is raising several questions andopposition.2.1 Upsides The shift from atoms to bits increases the efficiency of processes and consumes lessresources.
Digital Transformation A Digital Reality Initiative White Paper . 1. Introduction The amount of literature on Digital Transformation is staggering—and it keeps growing. Why, then, come out with yet another such document? Moreover, any text aiming at explaining the Digital
IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 28 December 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society IEEE Std 81 -2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 81-1983) Authorized licensed use limited to: Australian National University. Downloaded on July 27,2018 at 14:57:43 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.File Size: 2MBPage Count: 86Explore furtherIEEE 81-2012 - IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity .standards.ieee.org81-2012 - IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity .ieeexplore.ieee.orgAn Overview Of The IEEE Standard 81 Fall-Of-Potential .www.agiusa.com(PDF) IEEE Std 80-2000 IEEE Guide for Safety in AC .www.academia.eduTesting and Evaluation of Grounding . - IEEE Web Hostingwww.ewh.ieee.orgRecommended to you b
Standards IEEE 802.1D-2004 for Spanning Tree Protocol IEEE 802.1p for Class of Service IEEE 802.1Q for VLAN Tagging IEEE 802.1s for Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol IEEE 802.1w for Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol IEEE 802.1X for authentication IEEE 802.3 for 10BaseT IEEE 802.3ab for 1000BaseT(X) IEEE 802.3ad for Port Trunk with LACP IEEE 802.3u for .
Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on IEEE Trans. Signal Process. IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process.*(1975-1990) IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust.* (until 1974) Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on IEEE Trans. Smart Grid Software Engineering, IEEE Transactions on IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng.
effort to get a much better Verilog standard in IEEE Std 1364-2001. Objective of the IEEE Std 1364-2001 effort The starting point for the IEEE 1364 Working Group for this standard was the feedback received from the IEEE Std 1364-1995 users worldwide. It was clear from the feedback that users wanted improvements in all aspects of the language.File Size: 2MBPage Count: 791Explore furtherIEEE Standard for Verilog Hardware Description Languagestaff.ustc.edu.cn/ songch/download/I IEEE Std 1800 -2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 1800-2009 .www.ece.uah.edu/ gaede/cpe526/20 IEEE Standard for SystemVerilog— Unified Hardware Design .www.fis.agh.edu.pl/ skoczen/hdl/iee Recommended to you b
IEEE 802.1Q—Virtual LANs with port-based VLANs IEEE 802.1X—Port-based authentication VLAN Support IEEE 802.1W—Rapid spanning tree compatibility IEEE 802.3—10BASE-T IEEE 802.3u—100BASE-T IEEE 802.3ab—1000BASE-T IEEE 802.3ac—VLAN tagging IEEE 802.3ad—Link aggregation IEEE
IEEE 1547-2003 IEEE P1032 IEEE 1378-1997 Controls IEEE 2030-2011 IEEE 1676-2010 IEEE C37.1 Communications IEC 61850-6 IEC TR 61850-90-1 & IEEE 1815.1-2015 IEC TR 61850-90-2 Cyber & Physical Security IEEE 1686-2013 IEEE 1402-2000
IEEE 610-1990 IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology, IEEE, 1990 IEEE 829-2008 IEEE Std 829 IEEE Standard for Software and System Test Documentation, IEEE, 2008 IEEE 1012-2016 IEEE Standard for System, Software, and Hardware
IEEE Reliability Society IEEE Robotics and Automation Society IEEE Signal Processing Society IEEE Society on Social Implications of Technology IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Society NEW in 2015 IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society
