A Critical Study: Secure Gateway In Payment System For . - IJSR
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064A Critical Study: Secure Gateway in PaymentSystem for Electronic TransactionGangadhar Sajjanar1, Akram Pasha21M.Tech Scholar, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Reva Institute of Technology and Management, Bangalore, India2Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Reva Institute of Technology and Management, Bangalore, IndiaAbstract: In this paper the attempt of studying a Secure Gateway in payment system for Electronic transaction is made. The currentresearch and development shows that the electronic payment system for such an electronic transaction is to be secure for participantssuch as Payment Gateway Server, Bank Servers and Merchant Servers, on Internet. The security architecture of such systems aredesigned by using various Security Protocols and Techniques, not only to safeguard but eliminate the fraud that occurs in such atransaction with stolen credit card/debit card payment information and customer information. Electronic commerce involves thetremendous exchange of some form o f money for trade of goods and services over the Internet, and it is evident from the studies that theInternet is an insecure and unreliable media in many ways in such a trade. The primary goal of this paper is to review the asymmetrickey crypto-system methodology that uses Security Protocol, the Secure Communication Tunnel Techniques that protect conventionaltransaction data such as account numbers, Card number, amount and other information, and to finally provide secure implementationfor such an electronic transaction on the Internet.Keywords: SSL / TLS, SET Protocol, Symmetric / Asymmetric Methodology, TCP/ IP Protocol, Dual Signatures, 3DES, AES,Communication Tunnel techniques.1. IntroductionOnline shopping by card is not new in the current ecommerce applications in our society today. The ease ofpurchasing and selling products over the Internet has helpedthe growth of e-commerce and as a result the e-paymentservices have proved to be the convenient and efficient wayto perform financial transactions. In a nut shell, Electroniccommerce involves the exchange of some form of money forgoods and services over the Internet but associated with theissues and risks of insecurity and unreliable media.Therefore, in the work proposed, we focus on the followinge-commerce scenario: a customer wishing to purchase goodsonline; Electronic Payment Methods-Electronic FundTransfer (EFT) involved in such a transfer, Financial EDI,Credit Cards, Digital Cash, Online Stored Value Systems,and Smart Cards.The major focus of this work is to explore the method ofpayment involved by means of a credit card/ Debit card, andsubsequently, to address methods that are to be adapted toship the goods physically. A considerable need for secureand efficient payment systems that can operate over Internethas been created. Most people have tried at least once ortwice to purchase something online. Purchasing online,whether services or products, requires that a customer have avalid credit card or International debit card or financeaccount such as Pay Pal but most online purchases use creditcards. Due to the increasing crime on the Internet, thecustomers still have second thoughts over allowing others toview their credit account information.Due to the nature of Internet, security and authenticity ofpayments and participants cannot be guaranteed withtechnologies that are not specifically designed for ecommerce. We need an e-payment system that would notPaper ID: 020131096only provide secure payments but should also haveproperties like online customer and merchant authentication,unforgivable proof of transaction authorization by thecustomer both to the merchant and the bank, privacy ofcustomer and transaction data. To some it provides a senseof uncertainty and taking risks when purchasing online.Over the years there is lot of e-commerce technology thathas been developed. This helps the customers in many waysin terms of convenience and accessibility. But still thesecurity of their hard earned money is left unanswered. Thisled to the development of Secure Payment System in the ecommerce domain. It is a mode of operation wherein thesecurity of financial transactions done on the Internet isensured to be safe and confidential.This application of an online store is an important servicethat keeps the customers of an online company coming backbecause they view the online store as safe and reliable. In away also it provides them a sense of safety and security oftheir financial-transactions.Under this type of e-commerce technology is SET or theSecure Electronic Transaction. The SET uses the uniqueprocess of encrypting the information obtained between thecustomers and the online-store. Transaction Participantsscenario assumes the existence of three participants acustomer (the payer), a merchant (the payee) and a financialinstitution (e.g. a bank).All the participants are connected with communication linksas shown in figure-1. In order to perform the purchase, theparticipants need to exchange certain information over thoselinks. If the information is transmitted over the links in plaintext, there is a possibility of eavesdropping. Anyonelistening to the network traffic could gain access to sensitiveinformation, such as card numbers, card type and or theVolume 3 Issue 3, March 2014www.ijsr.net237
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064complete details of the card holder. Credit card-such as aVisa or Master, has a preset spending limit based on user’scredit limit. Debit Cards –withdraws the amount of thecharge from the card holder’s account and transfers it to theseller’s bank. In electronic payment system, server storesrecords of every transaction. When the electronic paymentsystem eventually goes online to communicate with theshops and the customers who can deposit their money andthe server uploads these records for auditing purposes.vendor should have system account with bank andcertain type of agreement between both before carryingout the real payment transaction.The payment by transaction can further be divided into twosubgroupsI. The credit card payment transaction: is tailored for largecharge payment of some hundreds or even thousands ofdollars. In contrast, net money transaction is usually lowvalue payment with difficult transaction cost and onlinefeatures, similar to the thought of the e-payment transaction.The drawback of the cred it card payment transaction is thefee of transactions, particularly from the perspective of thevendor that have to pay some invoices to the clearing houseaccording to the contract agreement with them. Thiscertainly will have straight impact on the cost policy and theinterest between the possible users.II. The e -payment by small value transactions on service:This is acquiring certain interest from the area of research. Anumber of important services of e-payment are e-publishingand multimedia service. In these services, due to the smalltransaction amount, the merchant acquires relativelyshopping mall revenue from every transactionFigure 1: A typical e-commerce scenario and GatewayPaymentWe review Secure Payment System for such an ElectronicTransaction. Secure electronic payment system usesdifferent cryptographic algorithms and techniques toachieve: privacy, integrity, authentication and non repudiation. In this work, we discuss various attacks and theimportant security requirements such a payment systemmust incorporate and satisfy, so as to be considered a safeand secure system. Initially, this work discusses some of theexisting secure systems, how those systems work, theiradvantages and disadvantages. Subsequently, we compareand contrast the various existing solutions. Finally, weconclude this paper by showing the most efficient techniquethat must be incorporated for such a payment system in anelectronic transaction.2. Background & Related WorkWith the increasing impact of intangible merchandise inworldwide economies and their immediate delivery at smallcost, traditional payment systems tend to be more costly thanthe modern methods. Online processing can be worth ofvalue smaller than the smallest value of money in themanual world. However, there are two methods of runninge-payment systems. Online payment: in which vendor checks the paymentsend by purchaser with a bank before serving thepurchaser. Offline payment: in which over spending must bedetected, and consequently, no online link to the bank isneeded.The e-payment schemes can be sub-divided into two groupsaccording to the online assumptions.a) Payments by transaction method: in which Singlepayment does not need previous arrangements betweenpurchaser and vendor.b) Payments by account method: in which purchaser andPaper ID: 020131096As a result, expensive calculations such as digital signatureshould be limited in order to reduce the investments insoftware applications. In the recent years, e-paymentsoffering a relatively key improvement in the online revenuemalls. The foundation of e-payments is to take benefit of thehigh level of viewers by p resent content for a low price.Other alternative of this thought is to rating fractions ofcents for equally fractional contents sums.The main features in e-payment protocol are less charges ofpayment amount and high occurrence of transactions on thee-commerce system.2.1Secure E-payment ProtocolAn e-payment process is a sequence of actions that involvesa business task. There are mainly two kinds of paymenttransactions: i) Atomic payment transaction-single paymenttransaction and single payment and ii) Composite paymenttransaction-single payment transaction and multiplepayments. Usually, a composite payment transactioninvolves multiple atomic transactions. Each atomictransaction supports the traditional ACID properties andmust either fully commit or fully rollback. However, theclassical ACID properties do not hold when a singlepayment transaction involves multiple atomic payments,especially when a failure occurs in any atomic paymenttransaction. Since atomic transactions use a two-phasecommit protocol, a coordinating process is required tomanage and synchronize the composite e- payment serviceswithin a given payment transaction. for example, consider acomposite payment transaction. An organization has to payEthiopian Birr 10,000 for electricity board, Birr 20,000 forTelephone Office, Transports office-Birr 10,000 and Birr4,000 to Water Board. At the time of issuing a debitinstruction using e-check payment instrument with Birr44,000 assume that by the time the e-check is cleared, thelast date for payment towards Water Board is over and theorganization has to pay a penalty of Birr 200. Since thebalance after the two payments is not sufficient, it is notVolume 3 Issue 3, March 2014www.ijsr.net238
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064possible to transact the water board payment.Though, the payment instruction toward the electricity andtelephone was successful, the complete transaction has toroll back due to insufficient amount. This complete reversalbased on nothing-or-all protocol may in turn lead to latepayment to other successful utility services. Hence, thenothing-or-all protocol as described above is not sufficient tohandle composite e-payments. It can result in loss ofconfidence and trust in the e-payment servicesPayments on the Internet’ [6] can therefore refer to either theparticular type of electronic money that involves a softwareproduct (although at the moment there is no such product ingeneral use) or to electronic access products (via a cardreader and a computer), or to both of these. Systems are alsoemerging that will allow the use of electronic (prepaid)money to be used over a network, by allowing the cashbalance of the prepaid card to be drawn in accordance withthe value of the goods or services purchased. Internetpayments systems cover transactions both wholesale(between companies) and retail (between consumers andcompanies). Methods of payments include: bank transfers,cheques, credit and debit cards, and prepaid debit cards.3. Security Requirements For Secure PaymentSystemThe primary goal of cryptography is to secure important dataas it passes through a medium that may not be secure itself.Usually, that medium is a computer network. There aremany different cryptographic algorithms, each of which canprovide one or mo re of the following services toapplications. It is generally accepted that, in order to beconsidered secure, a payment system must satisfy thefollowing fundamental security requirements3.1 AuthenticationThe assurance that the communicating parity is the one thatis claims to be prevents the masquerade of one of the partiesinvolved in the transaction. Both parties should be able tofeel comfortable that they are communicating with the partywith whom they think they are communicating. Applicationsusually perform authentication checks through securitytokens or by verifying digital Certificates issued byCertificate authorities. Cryptography can help establishidentity for authentication purposes3.2 Access ControlThe prevention of unauthorized use of a resource (i.e., thisservice controls who can have access to a resource, underwhat conditions access can occur, and what those accessingthe resource are allowed to do.)3.3 Data Confidentiality (Secrecy)Data Confidentiality is the protection of data fromunauthorized disclosure. Confidentiality is an essentialcomponent in user privacy, as well as in the Protection ofproprietary information, and as a deterrent to theft ofinformation services. The only way to ensure confidentialityPaper ID: 020131096on a public network is through strong encryption. Data iskept secret from those without the proper credentials, even ifthat data travels through an insecure medium.3.4 Data Integrity (Anti -tampering)The assurance that data received are exactly as sent by anauthorized entity (i.e., contain no medications, insertion,deletion, or replay) and prevents the unauthorizedmedication of data. Financial messages travel throughmultiple routers on the open network to reach theirdestinations. We must make sure that the information is notmodified in transit.3.5 Non-RepudiationProvides protection against denial by one of the entitiesinvolved in a communication of having participated in all orpart of communication. Non-repudiation, Origin- Proof that the message was sentby the specified party. Non-repudiation, Destination- Proof that the message wasreceived by the specified party.Non-repudiation is usually provided through digitalsignatures and public key certificates.4. Types of Attacks on Insecure System4.1 Network AttacksThese simple services can be used to stop a wide variety ofnetwork attacks, including4.1.1 Snooping (passive eavesdropping)An attacker watches network traffic as it passes and recordsinteresting data, such as credit card information.4.1.2 TamperingAn attacker monitors network traffic and maliciouslychanges data in transit (for example, an attacker may modifythe contents of an email message)4.1.3 SpoofingAn attacker forges network data, appearing to come from adifferent network address than he actually comes from. Thissort of attack can be used to thwart systems that authenticatebased on host information (e.g., an IP address)4.1.4 HijackingOnce a legitimate user authenticates, a spoofing attack canbe used to "hijack" the connection.4.1.5 Capture-replayIn some circumstances, an attacker can record and replaynetwork transactions to ill effect. For example, say that yousell a single share of stock while the price is high. If thenetwork protocol is not properly designed and secured, anattacker could record that transaction, and then replay it laterwhen the stock price has dropped, and do so repeatedly untilall your stock is gone.4.1.6 PIN-guessing attackAn attacker can fake the digits and use the userauthentication code (UAC) to launch a PIN-guessing attack.Volume 3 Issue 3, March 2014www.ijsr.net239
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-70644.2 Cryptographic attacksIn order to define the security level o f a cryptosystem wehave to specify the type of attack we are assuming (thepower of the adversary) and the type of breaking which wewish to prevent (what tasks should the adversary be able toperform as the result of the attack) Given thesespecifications, we have to show that breaking thecryptosystem with the specified attack is as hard asperforming a certain computational task. The types ofattacks are4.2.1 Cipher text-only attackCipher text-only attack in which the adversary sees onlycipher texts.4.2.2 known-plaintext attackKnown-plaintext attack in which the adversary knows theplaintexts (messages) and the corresponding cipher textstransmitted.4.2.3 chosen-plaintext attackChosen-plaintext (CP) attack; where the adversary gets topick (adaptively); plaintexts of his choice and by exploitingthe encryption mechanism he sees their encryption value.4.2.4 chosen-cipher text (CC) attackChosen-cipher text (CC) attack - where in addition to accessto the encryption mechanism the adversary can pick(adaptively) cipher texts of his choice and by using thedecryption mechanism (as a black box) he gets thecorresponding plaintexts.5. Issues of Security Approach to SecurePayment System5.1 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocolNetscape Inc. originally created the Secure Sockets Layer(SSL) protocol. On account of its popularity and acceptance,it is now implemented in all web browsers. SSL has twomain objectives:1. To ensure confidentiality, by encrypting the data thatmoves between the communicating parties (client and theserver).2. To provide authentication of the session partners usingRSA algorithm.A. The SSL Handshake protocol, in which thecommunicating parties (client and the server) authenticatethemselves and negotiate an encryption key. One point tonote here is that the SSL there is significant additionaloverhead in starting up an SSL sessionB. The SSL Record protocol, in which the session data isexchanged between the communicating parties (client andthe server) in an encrypted fashion. SSL is a great boon tothe traditional network protocols, because it makes it easy toadd transparent confidentiality and integrity services to anotherwise insecure TCP-based protocol. It can also provideauthentication services, the most important being that clientscan determine if they are talking to the intended server, notsome attacker that is spoofing the server. SSL is currentlythe most widely deployed security protocol. It is the securityPaper ID: 020131096protocol behind secure HTTP (HTTPS), and thus isresponsible for the little lock in the corner of your webbrowser. SSL is capable of securing any protocol that worksover TCP. An SSL transaction starts with the client sendinga handshake to the server. In the server's response, it sendsits certificate. As previously mentioned, a certificate is apiece of data that includes a public key associated with theserver and other interesting information, such as the ownerof the certificate, its expiration date, and the fully qualifieddomain name associated with the servers5.1.1 Problems with SSLSSL is an excellent protocol. Like many tools, it is effectivein the hands of someone who knows how to use it well, butis easy to misuse. There are many pitfalls that people fallinto when deploying SSL, most of which can be avoidedwith a bit of work.a) The merchant cannot reliably identify the cardholder. Incases where customers use stolen credit cards to initiatee-commerce transactions, merchants are responsible forcard not present transaction charge backs. WhileSSL/TLS does provide the possibility of clientauthentication with the use of client certificates, suchcertificates are not obligatory and are rarely used.Furthermore, even if the client possesses a certificate, itis not necessarily linked with his cred it card. This meansthat the client might not be authorized to use the creditcard in question.b) SSL/TLS only protects the communication link betweenthe customer and the merchant. The merchant is allowedto see the payment information. SSL/TLS can neitherguarantee that the merchant will not misuse thisinformation, nor can it protect it against intrusions whilstit is stored at the merchants’ server.c) Without a third-party server, SSL/TLS cannot provideassurance of non-repudiation. So SSL protocol does notprovide facilities for non-repudiation.d) SSL/TLS in discriminately encrypts all communicationdata using the same key strength, which is unnecessarybecause not all data needs the same level of protection.e) M ITM attacks: MITM attacks pose a serious threat tomany relevant SSL/TLS-based applications, such asInternet banking and remote Internet voting’s.5.1.2 EfficiencySSL is a lot slower than a traditional unsecured TCP/ IPconnection. This problem is a direct result of providingadequate security. When a new SSL session is beingestablished, the server and the client exchange a sizableamount of information that is required for them toauthenticate each other and agree on a key to be used for thesession. This initial handshake involves heavy use of publickey cryptography, which, as we've already mentioned, isvery slow. It's also the biggest slowdown when using SSL.On current high-end PC hardware, Open SSL struggles tomake 100 connections per second under real workloads.Once the initial handshake is complete and the session isestablished, the overhead is significantly reduced, but someof it still remains in comparison with an unsecured TCP/IPconnection5.2 Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) ProtocolTo carry out transactions successfully and withoutVolume 3 Issue 3, March 2014www.ijsr.net240
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064compromising security and rust, business communities,financial institutions and companies offering technologicalsolutions wanted a protocol that works very similar to theway how a credit card transactions work Visa andMasterCard, leading credit card companies in the worldformed a consortium with computer vendors such as IBMand developed an open protocol which emerged as astandard in ensuring security, authenticity, privacy and trustin electronic transactions.The main business requirements for SET are:1. Provide confidentiality of payment information and enableconfidentiality of order information that is transmittedalong with the payment information.2. Ensure the integrity of all transmitted data.3. Provide authentication that a cardholder is a legitimateuser of a branded payment card account.4. Provide authentication that a merchant can accept brandedpayment card transactions through its relationship with anacquiring Financial Institution.5. Ensure the use of the best security practices and systemdesign techniques to protect all legitimate parties in anelectronic commerce transaction.6. Create a protocol that neither depends on transportsecurity mechanisms nor prevents their use.7. Facilitate and encourage interoperability among softwareand network providerThe goal of SET is to ensure that the payment process isprivate, convenient and most-important-of-all-secure.SET ensures that the order and payment information of thecustomers are kept confidential. SET also has the capacity toauthenticate the customer is the legitimate user of the creditaccount. The payment process is easy and simple. When thecustomer made a purchase, the SET will authenticate thecredit card against the details provided by the customer, andthen the merchant which is the online store will send theorder details to the bank. Transaction will occur between thetwo for the approval of the purchase. When approved thebank will digitally sign and an authorization will be given tothe merchant who can then process the order. This type of ecommerce technology is truly a breakthrough in onlineshopping and-transactions. The e-commerce technologydeveloped are very important in the online e-commerceespecially the secure payment system. It provides thecustomers a piece of mind when doing Internet transactions.Now customers will be safe against scams. A reliable ecommerce technology is truly what we need.5.2.1 Disadvantages of SET are as follows1. Implementing SET is more costly than SSL/TLS formerchants as well. Adapting their systems to work withSET is more complicated than adapting them to workwith SSL/TLS. Furthermore, merchants must haveaccounts opened at business banks capable of handlingSET transactions.2. Business banks must hire companies to manage theirpayment gateways, or install payment gateways bythemselves.3. Despite being designed with security in mind, SET alsohas some security issues. In a variant of the SETprotocol, the merchant is allowed to see the customerpayment information. Just as with SSL/TLS. There arealso some other, minor security issues in this protocolPaper ID: 0201310964.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.SET employs complex cryptographic mechanisms thatmay have an impact on the transaction speed.Despite being very secure, SET has not been a successin e-commerce environments. The reasons attributed arethe overheads associated with SET are heavy.For a simple purchase transaction:Four messages are exchanged between the merchant andcustomerTwo messages are exchanged between the merchant andpayment gateway.6 digital signatures are computed.There are 9 RSA encryption/decryption cycles.There are 4 DES encryption/decryption cycles and fourcertificate verifications.It has been argued by merchants that they have toexpend lot of money in order to process SETtransactions. From consumer’s point of view, they haveto install appropriate software.Inter-operability problem has not been solved.With SET, while the payment information is secure,order information is not secure.5.3.3 D SecureThe main advantage over SSL/TLS is that 3-D Secureprovides credit card authorization and non-repudiation. 3-DSecure is built upon the relationships between threedomains, named the acquirer, the issuer, and interoperabilitydomains .The acquirer domain covers the relationshipbetween the merchant and the acquirer. The issuer domaincovers the relationship between the cardholder and theissuer. The interoperability domain supports the relationshipbetween the acquirer and issuer domains. To protect thesecurity of communication between the various entities, 3-DSecure requires the following links to be protected usingSSL/TLS: cardholder merchant, cardholder-ACS, merchantVisa Directory, and Visa Directory-ACS (access controlsever)DisadvantagesThe merchant still has access to the payment information,and all information is encrypted using the same key strength.The main advantage over SSL/TLS is that 3-D Secureprovides credit card authorization and non-repudiation. Onthe other hand, prior customer registration is required5.4 Cyber CashThe Cyber Cash provide several separate payment serviceson the Internet including credit card and electronic cash.Cyber Cash uses specialized software on the merchant andcustomer's sides of the connections to provide securepayments across the Internet.5.5 The Secure electronic payment system using securecommunication tunnel.Secure electronic payment system consists of four systemparticipants (segments). The communication between theparticipants goes through secure communication tunnels.5.5.1 Secure Communication tunnelMeans provide a secure way for communication betweentwo or more parties or segments, i.e., Customer to merchantand merchant to payment gateway.Volume 3 Issue 3, March 2014www.ijsr.net241
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064Figure 2: Secure communication tunnel consists of SSL andnested crypto tunnel.Secure communication tunnel consists of SSL and nestedcrypto tunnel, which is created by employing cryptographicalgorithms and techniques on the information that aretransmitted between parties. The SSL is based on sessionkey and Crypto tunnel is based on public key cryptosystem.These Secure communication tunnel are work betweencustomer to merchant and merchant to payment gateway andtransfer data securely.5.5.2 Working of TunnelThe customer decides to buy something and open themerchant's web site. Customer sees many item of merchantweb site. At this time web server and our browsercommunicate through HTTP Protocol. To be securing thissystem, secure communication tunnel and key cryptosystemis used to protect conventional transaction data such asaccount numbers, amount and other information.Figure 3: Secure Communication tunnels betweenCustomer, Merchant and payment gatewayThe web payment segment creates two messages1.The first message contains order information2.The second message contains payment information- creditcard number and other information like credit card type andexpiration date. The order information is encrypted usingsymmetric session key and digitally signed using customer'sprivate key. The payment information is double encrypted,first time using payment gateway public key and secondtime using symmetric session key. Merchant cannot peek thepayment information because of the payment information isalso digitally sign with the customer's private key.6. Comparison of Security Schemes ForSecure Payment SystemTable 1: Comparison of SSL, SET and Secure TunnelPaper ID: 020131096The table-1 above outlines the key differences andsimilarities of major security schemes for any securepayment system.6Encryption: AES versus Triple-DESAs depicted in the table-2 below, all Good Link messagesare encrypted end-to-end using the Advanced EncryptionStandard (AES). AES is a Federal Information ProcessingStandard (FIPS) selected by the U.S. National Institute ofStandards and Technology (NIST) for its combination ofresistance to attack, ease of implementation, efficiency, andscalable design. All Good Link clients (Mobitex, Palm
The main features in e-payment protocol are less charges of payment amount and high occurrence of transactions on the e-commerce system. 2.1Secure E-payment Protocol An e-payment process is a sequence of actions that involves a business task. There are mainly two kinds of payment transactions: i) Atomic payment transaction-single payment
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