RENEWABLES 2012 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

TABLESTABLE 2TABLE 3Estimated Jobs in Renewable EnergyWorldwide, by Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Status of Renewable Energy Technologies:Characteristics and Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Renewable Energy Support Policies . . . . . . . . . . . 70FIGURESFIGURE 1Renewable Energy Share of Global FinalEnergy Consumption, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21FIGURE 2 Average Annual Growth Rates ofRenewable Energy Capacity and BiofuelsProduction, 2006–2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22FIGURE 3 Estimated Renewable Energy Share of GlobalElectricity Production, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23FIGURE 4 Renewable Power Capacities, EU-27,BRICS, and Top Seven Countries, 2011. . . . . . . . . 25FIGURE 5 Biomass to Energy Pathways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32FIGURE 6 Net Trade Streams of Wood Pellets,Biodiesel, and Ethanol, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34FIGURE 7 Ethanol and Biodiesel Production,2000–2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37FIGURE 8 Global Wood Pellet Production,2000–2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37FIGURE 9 Hydropower Total World Capacity,Top Five Countries, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43FIGURE 10 Hydropower Added Capacity, Top FiveCountries, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43FIGURE 11 Solar PV Total World Capacity,1995–2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48FIGURE 12 Solar PV Operating Capacity,Shares of Top 10 Countries, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48FIGURE 13 Market Shares of Top 15 Solar PVModule Manufacturers, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48FIGURE 14 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power,Total World Capacity, 1984–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51FIGURE 15 Solar Heating Added Capacity,Shares of Top 12 Countries, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55FIGURE 16 Solar Heating Total World Capacity,Shares of Top 12 Countries, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55FIGURE 17 Wind Power Total World Capacity,1996–2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58FIGURE 18 Wind Power Capacity,Top 10 Countries, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58FIGURE 19 Market Shares of Top 10 WindTurbine Manufacturers, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58FIGURE 20 Global New Investments in RenewableEnergy, 2004–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61FIGURE 21 EU Renewable Shares of Final Energy,2005 and 2010, with Targets for 2020. . . . . . . . . 66FIGURE 22 FIT Support Levels for a Range ofRenewable Energy Technologies,Selected Countries, 2011/2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74FIGURE 23 Countries with Policies, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79FIGURE 24 Countries with Policies, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79SIDEBAR 1 Jobs in Renewable Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26SIDEBAR 2 Bioenergy: Complexities and DataCollection Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32SIDEBAR 3 Innovating Energy Systems:The Role of Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44SIDEBAR 4 Sustainability Spotlight: Water ImpactsSIDEBAR 5SIDEBAR 6SIDEBAR 7SIDEBAR 8of Renewable Energy Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . 52Investment Trends in Early 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Impacts of Fukushima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Tariffs that Fit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Trade Barrier Policies Relating toRenewable Energy Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77SIDEBAR 9 2012: The International Year ofSustainable Energy for All. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82SIDEBAR 10 Strategy for Universal Adoptionof Clean Cookstoves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86SIDEBAR 11 Rural Renewable Energy Case Study:Lighting a Billion Lives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88REFERENCE TABLESTABLE R1 Renewable Energy Capacityand Biofuel Production, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97TABLE R2 Renewable Electric Power Capacity,World and Top Regions/Countries,Total Year-end 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98TABLE R3 Biofuel and Wood Pellet Trade, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . 99TABLE R4 Biofuel Production in Top 15 Countriesplus EU, 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100TABLE R5 Solar PV Additions and Total Year-endOperating Capacity, 2007–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101TABLE R6 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP)Capacity, Additions and Total Year-end, 2011. . . 102TABLE R7 Solar Hot Water Installed Capacity,Top 12 Countries and World Total, 2010. . . . . . . 103TABLE R8 Wind Power Capacity in Top 10 Countries,Additions and Total Year-end, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . 104TABLE R9 Share of Primary and Final Energy fromRenewables, Existing in 2009/2010 andTargets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105TABLE R10 Existing Renewables Share of ElectricityProduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108TABLE R11 Other Renewable Energy Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111TABLE R12 Cumulative Number of Countries/States/Provinces Enacting Feed-in Policies . . . . . . . . . . . 118TABLE R13 Cumulative Number of Countries/States/Provinces Enacting RPS/Quota Policies. . . . . . . . 119TABLE R14 National and State/Provincial BiofuelBlend Mandates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120TABLE R15 City and Local Renewable Energy Policies:Selected Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121TABLE R16 Electricity Access by Region and Country. . . . . . 125TABLE R17 Population Relying on TraditionalBiomass for Cooking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127RENEWABLES 2012 GLOBAL STATUS REPORTTABLE 1SIDEBARS5

2012THE REN21 RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUSREPORT, RENEWABLES INTERACTIVE MAP,AND RENEWABLES GLOBAL FUTURES REPORTREN21 was established in 2005 to convene international leadership and a variety of stakeholders toenable a rapid global transition to renewable energy. REN21’s RENEWABLESGLOBAL STATUS REPORT(GSR) was first released later that year; it grew out of an effort to comprehensively capture, for thefirst time, the full status of renewable energy worldwide. The report also aimed to align perceptionswith the reality that renewables were playing a growing role in mainstream energy markets and ineconomic development.Over the years, the GSR has expanded in scope and depth, in parallel with tremendous advances inrenewable energy markets and industries. The report has become a major production that involvesthe amalgamation of thousands of data points, hundreds of reports and other documents, and personal communications with experts from around the world. The report is a true collaborative effortof around 400 experts, several authors, REN21 Secretariat staff, Steering Committee members,regional research partners, and numerous individual contributors and reviewers. With the supportof such a wide community, the GSR has become the most frequently referenced report on renewableenergy business and policy, serving a wide range of audiences.The REN21 RENEWABLESINTERACTIVE MAP is a research tool for tracking the development ofrenewable energy worldwide. The Map offers a streamlined method for gathering and sharinginformation on economic development and policy frameworks in the field of renewable energy.The Renewables Interactive Map furthers the perspectives provided in the GSR by facilitating indepth, country-specific analysis, providing access to market and policy information that is constantlyupdated, as well as to detailed exportable databases. It also offers GSR researchers and readers thepossibility to contribute on an ongoing basis while connecting with the broader renewable energycommunity. The Renewables Interactive Map can be found at www.map.ren21.net.REN21 is currently in the process of developing the new REN21 RENEWABLESGLOBAL FUTURESREPORT (GFR), due to be released in January 2013. This futures report is intended to complementthe Renewables Global Status Report by reporting on the “status” of the collective thinking aboutthe future of renewable energy. It is based on interviews with over 150 experts around the world,and on several consultation workshops, and explores the range of credible possibilities for renewable energy in the long term. This futures report should enable REN21 to continue to expand itsglobal dialogue on renewable energy among a growing number of stakeholders.6

FOREWORDFor a long time to come, 2011 will be recognised as the yearof the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster that followedthe tragic March earthquake and tsunami in Japan. Theseevents had an enormous impact on most aspects of life inJapan, particularly energy policy and politics.Fukushima's impacts have reached far beyond Japan,triggering heated debate about the security of nuclearenergy and the reorientation of future energy policy inmany countries. In Germany, for example, Fukushima hasled to a commitment to rapid exit from nuclear energyuse by 2022 and complete reform of the nation's energysector. The “Energiewende” (Energy Transition), whichfocuses on energy efficiency and renewable energy sources,together with massive energy infrastructure investments,is Germany’s biggest infrastructure modernisation project,with beacon-like character for many other countriesaround the world.The year 2011 was also one of continued insecurity onfinancial markets and uncertainty over future renewableenergy policy support, particularly in Europe and theUnited States. Despite the uncertainties, global new investment in renewable power and fuels increased by 17%, toa new record of USD 257 billion. Including hydropowerprojects of over 50 megawatts, net investment in renewablepower capacity exceeded that for fossil fuels.Renewable energy continued to grow strongly in allend-use sectors—power, heating and cooling, as well astransport—and supplied an estimated 17% of global finalenergy consumption. As in previous years, about half of thenew electricity capacity installed worldwide was renewablebased. Despite the difficult economic times, the EuropeanUnion installed more renewable energy capacity during2011 than ever before, and, for the fourth year running,renewables accounted for more than half of all newlyinstalled electric capacity in the region—more than 71% oftotal additions.Renewable energy support policies continued to be adriving force behind the increasing shares of renewableenergy. At least 118 countries, more than half of whichare developing countries, now have renewable energytargets in place, and 109 countries have policies to supportrenewables in the power sector.A main driver propelling renewable energy policies is theirpotential to create jobs. Globally, an estimated 5 millionpeople work directly or indirectly in renewable energyindustries. More and more governments around the worldacknowledge the benefits of energy efficiency and renewable energy as central elements of any green economystrategy.Renewables are also increasingly viewed as critical forproviding access to energy, particularly in rural areas of thedeveloping world. For the first time, the Renewables 2012Global Status Report features an overview of rural energydevelopments and trends by region, based largely on inputfrom numerous international experts. Renewable energyis seen as a means for providing millions of people with abetter quality of life.Although there is still a long way to go to provide energyaccess for all, today more people than ever before deriveenergy from renewables as capacity continues to grow,prices continue to fall, and shar

REPORT (GFR) el 2013 omplement enewabl status ollectiv enewabl gy erview v 150 xpert orld, ver onsult ork xplor edibl ene - wabl 21 s gl enewabl o takeholders. THE REN21 RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT, RENEWABLES INTERACTIVE MAP, 2012 AND RENEWABLE