Operating Systems - Lecture #1: Basic Concepts Of O/S - Warwick
Operating SystemsLecture #1: Basic concepts of O/SWritten by David Goodwinbased on the lecture series of Dr. Dayou Liand the book Understanding Operating Systems 4th ed.by I.M.Flynn and A.McIver McHoes (2006)Department of Computer Science and Technology,University of Bedfordshire.Operating Systems, 201328th January 2013
OutlineLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshire1 LecturesLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/S2 Computer systemsTypes of O/SCPU structure3 Concepts of O/S4 Types of O/S5 CPU structureOperating Systems36
Lecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLectures3Computer systemsLecturesConcepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems36
Lecturing scheduleLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLectures4Computer systemsConcepts of O/S1Operating system concepts2Early paradigms of memory management3Modern memory management techniques4I/O device management5File management6Process management7Deadlock resolution8Critical sections9Concurrent processes10Security and ethics11Network organisation and management12Case Study : Memory management in real O/S13Case Study : Process management in real O/S14RevisionTypes of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems36
Lecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systems5Concepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems36Computer systems
O/S in computer systemsLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireAPPLICATIONS PROGRAMMESLecturesComputer systems6SYSTEMS PROGRAMMES(Compilers, Assemblers, Linker etc.)Concepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureUSER GESoftwareHardwareCPUOperating Systems36
O/S in computer systemsLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systems7Hardware is the term used to describe all the physicalelectronic and mechanical elements forming part ofa computer system. Provides basic computingresources (CPU, memory, I/O devices)Software is the term used to describe the instructions orprograms that the hardware needs in order tofunction.Concepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureOperating system controls and coordinates the use of thehardware among the various applicationprogrammes for various usersApplications programmes define the ways in which the systemresources are used to solve the computing problemsof the users (compilers, database systems, videogames, business programmes, etc.)Users (people, machines, other computers)Operating Systems36
O/S in computer systemsLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systems8Concepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems36
O/S in computer systemsLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systems9Resource allocator manages and allocates resourcesConcepts of O/STypes of O/SControl programme controls the execution of user programs andoperations of I/O devicesKernel the one programme running at all times (all elsebeing application programmes)CPU structureOperating Systems36
Lecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/S10Types of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems36Concepts of O/S
Basic concepts of O/SLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/S O/S definition O/S is a piece of software that controls every file, everydevice, every section of main memory and every nanosecondprocessing timeDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/SUser interface11Types of O/SCPU rFilemanagerFigure : Model of an operating system showing foursub-system managers supporting the user interfaceOperating Systems36
Basic concepts of O/SLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/S12Types of O/SMemory manager is in charge of main memory (RAM) in termsof checking validity of each request for memoryspaceProcessor manager keeps track of status of each processCPU structureDevice manager monitors devices channels and contorl units anddecides the most efficient way to allocate thedevicesFile manager keeps track of every fileOperating Systems36
Lecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsTypes of O/SConcepts of O/STypes of O/S13CPU structureOperating Systems36
Types of O/SLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/S14CPU structureOperating Systems36 O/S classification Single user Multiple tasks Batch systems Real-time systems Hybrid systems Embedded systems
Single user O/SLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systems Provides capability to perform tasks on the computer systemConcepts of O/STypes of O/S15CPU structuresuch as writing programmes and documents, priniting andaccessing files Provides access to the computer system by a single user at atime, e.g. typical home computers Most Windows are single user operating systemsOperating Systems36
Multi-task O/SLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshire A mutli-tasking operating system provides the ability to runLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/S16CPU structuremore than one programme at a time, e.g. word processing,printing a document, copying files to a flash memory stick.Each of the tasks the user is performing appears to berunning at the same time. A multi-tasking operating system has the advantage ofletting the user run more than one task at a time so as toincrease productivity. The disadvantage is that the more programmes that are runby the user, the more memory that is required.Operating Systems36
Multi-task O/SLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshire Manage and run all user requests, ensuring they do notinterfere with each other, e.g. printer queueLectures Allow more than one user to access the computer system at aComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/Stime, normally via a network, e.g. Unix17CPU structureOperating Systems36 Much more complex single-user operating system
O/S utilitiesLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshire To manage the computer system, users, printers, files andLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/S18CPU structurewrite programmes, the operating system is generally providedwith a number of utility programmes. The utilities are usedfor: Managing files and documents Development of programmes and software Communicating between people and with other computersystems Managing user requirements for programmes, storage spaceand priorityOperating Systems36
O/S utilitiesLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshire The operating system provides each user with an interfaceLecturesthat accepts, interprets and executes user commands orprogrammesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/S19CPU structure This interface is commonly called a SHELL or Command LineInterpreter (CLI) In some systems this might be a simple text mode line-by-lineentry using keywords (such as DOS or UNIX) In other systems it might be highly graphical using windowsand pointing device such as a mouse (such as Windows)Operating Systems36
Migration of O/S featuresLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/S20CPU structureOperating Systems36
Some O/S productsLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/S21CPU structureOperating Systems36 Typical operating systems include: Unix/Linux Windows 3.x/9x/NT/2000/XP/Vista/7 Mac OS Windows Mobile Symbian DOS VMS
Lecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsCPU structureConcepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems2236
CPU structureLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems2336 A CPU consists of two sections1 Computational section2 Control section
CPU structureLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/S Computational section StructureDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/SmemoryTypes of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems2436
CPU structureLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshire ALU (arithmetic logic unit) Performing arithmetic, shifting, logical AND,complementation, bypass operations Datapath:LecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/SBus A and Bus BTypes of O/SCPU structure25RegistersALUBus C Control “tell” the ALU which operation to perform S: the sign bit of the output Z: bitwise NOT-OR of output (i.e. Z 1 when all outputbits are 0)Operating Systems36
CPU structureLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshire ALU is the heart of a CPU It is where computation carries out It performs shift and addition (consists of shifters and adders) It performs arithmetic, logical and shifting operationsLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureleft input26right inputF0F1F2SZoutputOperating Systems36
CPU structureLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureOperating t inputbitwise complement of left inputANDmultiplicationadditionsubtractionleft shift left input one positionright shift left input one position
CPU structureLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems2836 Tasks and registers mask to obtain specific part of data read from or write to memory keep track of current position of the execution of aprogramme temporarily store an instruction of a programme store intermedium results store stack position
CPU structureLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems2936 Mask registers Registers 0 to 4 contain constants for the purpose of maskReg contents name000001000120FFFXmask300FFYmask4000FZmask Mask is performed by using bitwise AND They are read-only registers
CPU structureLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems3036
CPU structure Accumulation register (ac) register-to-register operations save intermedium results tothis general purpose register read and write registerLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems3136
CPU structureLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshire Program counter register (pc) Storing the memory address of the next instruction of aprogram so that it functions like a pointer (or a bookmark) Read and write registerLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems3236
CPU structureLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems3336 Stack pointer register (sp) local variables and parameters are stored in the stack sp gives the current position of stack read and write register
CPU structureLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems3436 Memory data register (mdr) CPU reads data from memory and temporarily saves the datato this register (it is also known as memory buffer register) When CPU writes data to memory, it also temporarily savesdata in this register read and write register Memory address register (mar) storing memory address where CPU will either read data fromthe addressed memory cell or write data to the memory cell read and write register
CPU structureLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshire Control Section StructureLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems3536
CPU structureLecture #1 Basicconcepts of O/SDavid GoodwinUniversity ofBedfordshireLecturesComputer systemsConcepts of O/STypes of O/SCPU structureOperating Systems3636 Controls A B and C generate EA, EB, and EC signals, respectively ALU generates F0, F1, and F2 control signals for ALU MAR generates EC signal for mar RD generates read signal to set memory to such a state theCPU can read data from the memory WR generates write signal to set memory to such a state thatCPU can write data to the memory COND generates two control signals for a so-called branchmultiplexer which has 4 inputs: 0, 1, Z, and S Mircostore is a ROM that consists of a number ofmicro-instructions, each of which has an address field calledADDR
Computer systems Concepts of O/S Types of O/S 15 CPU structure Operating Systems Single user O/S Provides capability to perform tasks on the computer system such as writing programmes and documents, priniting and accessing les Provides access to the computer system by a single user at a time, e.g. typical home computers
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