Federal Navigation Channel Operations And Maintenance Dredging And .
COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT CONSISTENCY DETERMINATION Submitted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Portland District, Civil Works Federal Navigation Channel Operations and Maintenance Dredging and Dredge Material Placement at Baker Bay and Chinook Clatsop County, Oregon March 16, 2021
1. Introduction The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) proposes maintenance dredging at two federal navigation channels (FNC) located off of the main stem of the Lower Columbia River, at Baker Bay FNC and Chinook FNC (Figure 1). This Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) Consistency Determination (CD) is for the proposed maintenance dredging at Baker Bay FNC and Chinook FNC, which are in the coastal zone for the State of Oregon. Figure 1. Vicinity Map The purpose of the maintenance dredging navigation channels is to facilitate navigation. The need for the proposed action is to address shoaling that currently prevents safe and reliable passage of barge and boat traffic in the federal navigation channels at Baker Bay and Chinook Channel by removing shoals that restrict the movement of vessels. The maintenance of these federal navigation channels is non-discretionary and will be ongoing into the future unless the projects are deauthorized by congress. The maintenance dredging locations include the federal navigation channels at: Baker Bay, River Mile (RM) 3.2. Latitude 46.291891, Longitude -124.046446. Clatsop County, Oregon and Pacific County, Washington (Figure 2). Chinook Channel, RM 5.0. Latitude 46.226492, Longitude -123.954940. Clatsop County, Oregon and Pacific County, Washington (Figure 3). 1 Pa g e
Figure 2. Aerial of Baker Bay FNC 2 Pa g e
Figure 3. Aerial of Chinook FNC 2. Project Description Congress has authorized construction and maintenance of the two navigation channels in order to maintain a channel that is safe for boat traffic. Congress most recently provided funding to perform maintenance dredging at Baker Bay, appropriated in the 2021 fiscal year budget, and at Chinook, appropriated in the 2020 fiscal year budget. The Baker Bay FNC was authorized in 1935 and the Chinook FNC was authorized in 1938. Maintenance dredging and in-water placement of dredged materials to maintain authorized navigation channels are conducted under the provisions of Sections 102 and 103 of the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) of 1972; Sections 401 and 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA); and in accordance with 33 CFR 335 through 338 (“Operation and Maintenance of Army Corps of Engineers Civil Works Projects Involving Discharge of Dredged or Fill Material into Waters of the U.S. or Ocean Waters” and affiliated procedures, etc). When an action involves a discharge to waters of the U.S., Section 401 requires a Water Quality Certification (WQC) from the state in which the discharge will occur. The 3 Pa g e
Corps has already obtained WQCs for the proposed action from both Oregon (reference number NWPOP-CLA-F05-001-FR, expires May 19, 2024, amendment added for Howard Island Sump on September 3, 2015) and Washington (WDOE WQC order #19402, First Amendment. Received November 3, 2020, valid through December 31, 2025). In-water placement of dredged material is governed by Section 404 of the CWA. The Corps does not issue itself a Section 404 permit to authorize placement of dredged material in the water; however, the Corps does apply the Section 404(b)(1) guidelines and other substantive requirements under CWA. The Corps has prepared several National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documents in support of the construction, maintenance, and operations of the Federal Navigation Channels. A draft Environmental Assessment (EA) has been prepared under NEPA for the maintenance dredging at Baker Bay FNC and Chinook FNC, called Federal Navigation Channel Operations and Maintenance Dredging and Dredged Material Placement at Baker Bay, Chinook, Elochoman Slough, and Lake River. The public comment period for that EA is March 17 through March 31, 2021. The Corps has received a Biological Opinion (BiOp) from National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) for the Continued Operations and Maintenance Dredging Program (NMFS NO. 2011/02095). The has received a BiOp from United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) for the Continued Operations and Maintenance Dredging Program (01EOFW00-2014-F0012). The Corps has also conducted a cultural review of the proposed dredge area under the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and is consulting with the Oregon State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) regarding impacts to cultural resources. Information provided for this consistency determination can be found in further detail in all of this documentation, which is incorporated herein by reference. Table 2-1 provides a summary of the maintenance dredging at each navigation channel, including the authorized channel depth, typical dredge volumes, estimated frequency and timing of dredging, and location of dredged-material placement areas. Actual dredging volumes could vary within the maximum-channel and maintenance footprint, based on changes in shoaling over time or on dredging priorities. Table 2-1. Summary of Proposed Maintenance Dredging Actions at Side Channels Site Name Baker Bay RM 3 Chinook Authorized Channel Dimensions1 16 ft deep 200 ft wide - first 0.5 mi. 150 ft wide – last 2.5 mi 3 mi long 10 ft deep Typical Volume Dredged Per Event2 (CY) Estimated Frequency In-Water Work Window Placement Area 85,000 to 150,000 Annually Aug 1 - Dec 153 CR flow lane, BB-3, Area D 85,000 to 2 out of 5 Aug 1 - Dec CR flow lane, 4 Pa g e
1 Channel RM 5 150 ft wide 7,500 ft long 160,000 years 15 Area D All channels may include an additional 2 feet depth and 100 feet width outside of the authorized dimensions for advanced maintenance dredging. 2 Includes advanced maintenance dredging 3 Exceptions to in-water work window in CR FNC O&M BiOp (NMFS 2012). The Corps performs regular analyses in the FNCs to determine whether sediments are suitable for in-water unconfined placement, according to the requirements of the CWA and the MPRSA. The Corps characterizes sediments present within proposed dredge areas in accordance with the regional and national dredged material testing manual protocols, Ocean Testing Manual, Inland Testing Manual, 2018 Sediment Evaluation Framework for the Pacific Northwest (SEF) (Northwest Regional Sediment Evaluation Team (RSET) 2018), and previously under the 1998 Dredge Material Evaluation Framework (DMEF). The Corps will continue to sample and evaluate the side channels periodically in the future in accordance with the SEF. Dredged material would only be placed in water after the Portland Sediment Evaluation Team (PSET) determines that sediments are suitable for unconfined aquatic placement and unconfined aquatic exposure, in accordance with the SEF. Sediments that are tested and deemed to be contaminated (that is, not suitable for unconfined in-water disposal) would not be placed in water but would instead be placed in upland sites. The proposed maintenance dredging would be performed by using two general types of dredging equipment: mechanical dredges and hydraulic dredges. Mechanical dredging refers to dredging with a clamshell or backhoe. Hydraulic dredging is typically conducted by either a hopper dredge or a pipeline dredge. Hopper and pipeline dredges currently handle the majority of operations and maintenance (O&M) dredging needs for the Columbia River FNC. The Corps anticipates using any of these types of dredging equipment to maintain the Baker Bay FNC and Chinook FNC. Mechanical Dredging Clamshell Dredge The Corps frequently uses clamshell dredges to maintain small navigation channels. Clamshell dredging is typically performed using a bucket operated from a crane or a derrick that is mounted on a barge or operated from shore (Figure 6). Sediment from the bucket is usually placed on a barge for offloading and placement to an upland or inwater site. Because clamshell dredges are not self-propelled, they are not typically used in high-traffic areas; rather, they are used in tighter spaces such as around docks and piers. Clamshell dredges may be used in restricted or shallow areas where draft restrictions may limit the use of other dredges. Further, clamshell dredges equipped with special buckets are often regarded as being particularly useful when dredging silts or contaminated materials. Clamshell dredges are often used in areas where debris could damage other dredges. 5 Pa g e
Backhoe Dredge Backhoe dredging is performed using a bucket on the end of a backhoe arm (Figure 7). Although the backhoe is typically mounted on a barge, it can also operate from shore. Backhoes can be used in both shallow- and deep-draft channels. Sediments removed by backhoe are usually placed on a barge for offloading and placement at an upland or in-water site. Backhoe dredges are often used to remove clays, rock, hard-packed materials, and fine-grained sediments; however, they can also be used in certain locations to remove sands. Like clamshell dredges, backhoes are often used in restricted areas near docks and in shallow-draft project areas. Figure 4. Clamshell Dredge 6 Pa g e
Figure 5. Backhoe Dredge Hydraulic Dredging Hopper Dredge Hopper dredges are typically self-propelled vessels that provide flexibility for dredging operations because of their maneuverability (Figure 8). The Corps most often uses hopper dredges on small-volume sand-wave shoals in rivers, on large shoals in estuaries, and in the high-current areas at the mouths of rivers. Hopper dredges use dragheads located on both sides of the dredge vessel; at the end of the dragheads are trailer arms. The dragheads are lowered to the channel bottom, and suction from the pump transports material through the trailer arm and into the “hopper” or holding area of the dredge vessel. To prevent entrainment of fish, the Corps procedures for hopper dredging call for the draghead to always be buried in the riverbed during operations and never raised more than 3 feet off the channel bottom. 7 Pa g e
Figure 6. Hopper Dredge A hopper dredge collects dredged material in the hopper until it is near capacity. When the hopper is filled, the trailer arm and draghead are raised, and the vessel moves to the placement site. Some hopper dredges are of the “split hull” type, and some are of the “hopper door” type. Contractor hopper dredges typically employ a split-hull design. In split-hull hopper dredges, the hull is split open for discharging, and the rate of discharge is varied by how far the hull is opened. The split-hull method of placement is more time-efficient than the bottom-door hopper dredges, and the split-hull method reduces the horizontal dispersal of dumped dredged material on the seabed. The Corps’ hopper dredge, the Essayons, utilizes a series of doors located on the hull bottom to release each load of dredged material. The bottom doors are sequentially opened during placement until the entire load of dredged material is released from the vessel, which results in a gradual release of dredged material from the vessel. In dredges with hopper doors, as the dredge is moving the hopper doors are opened and the material is discharged at varying rates, depending on how many hopper doors are opened. In some cases, the hopper dredge can use its pump to discharge the dredged material directly overboard or through a pipeline to a placement site not accessible by the hopper dredge (e.g., beach, upland or shallow nearshore locations). This process is often referred to as pump-ashore dredged material placement. Pipeline Dredge Pipeline dredges are used for large cutline shoals and areas with continuous sand-wave shoals. The Corps typically used pipeline dredging in the Columbia River to remove material from the navigation channel between RM 21 to RM 106.5. Only those shoals that have formed in a reach are dredged, not the entire reach. A typical shoal would include an area that is 250 to 300 feet wide by 2,000 to 4,000 feet long; however, shoals vary in length, width, and depth depending on river flow conditions. Although many reaches of the navigation channel are annually dredged by pipeline, other reaches may 8 Pa g e
require dredging on less frequently depending upon the hydrographic surveys and flow conditions. A pipeline dredge uses a “cutterhead” on the end of an arm that is buried 3 to 6 feet deep in the river bottom and swings in a 250- to 300-foot arc in front of the dredge (Figure 9). Spuds extend from the back of the dredge to the river bottom to anchor the dredge in place, while the cutterhead and suction arm are in operation. Dredged material is sucked up through the cutterhead, then pumped through the pipes to placement areas. The material is placed in upland sites, beach nourishment sites, or in the flowlane. Figure 7. Pipeline Dredge Dredged Material Placement As previously mentioned, the material to be dredged from the Baker Bay FNC and Chinook FNC is suitable for in-water placement. The Corps routinely places material dredged from the FNCs into the Columbia River from RM 3 through RM 145 where the water depth is 20 feet or greater, referenced to mean lower low water from RM 3 to RM 22 and referenced to adopted low water (Columbia River Datum) upstream of RM 22. This segment of the Columbia River is a dynamic environment of sediment movement, where bed-load material often forms moving sand-wave ripples along the river bottom. Locations for in-water placement vary, depending on the depth of the river bottom each year. As deeper areas in the river are filled with dredged material over time, new deep areas are formed elsewhere through natural river processes. Best Management Practices The proposed action would incorporate numerous Best Management Practices (BMPs) to minimize impacts to water quality, aquatic species, ESA-listed fish, and sediments during dredging and placement. Additionally, the proposed action includes measures for 9 Pa g e
avoiding and handling hazardous materials spills. Despite precautions, during any operations and maintenance actions conducted for the program, there is potential for contaminants to enter the water accidentally. Should a spill occur, the Corps would follow a Spill Response Plan, a single consolidated document to meet multiple spill-response planning requirements, as identified under the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s Standard; the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Contingency Plan; Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act; Title III’s Emergency Planning and Community Right To Know Act; Oil Pollution Act; CWA; and state, area, regional, and National Contingency Plans (NCPs) for spill response. Implementation of the NCP requires a nationwide network of regional response plans, including the Corps’ Spill Response Plan. The spill response plans are requirements for dredge contractors to develop and submit for approval by Portland District. Operations project managers, dredge incident commanders, and emergency-system first responders would use this plan as their primary guidance for responding to oil and hazardous substance spill emergencies in the Portland District. Table 2-2 outlines the BMPs and spill control measures that are currently in place for the Columbia River O&M program and that would be included as part of the proposed project. Table 2-2. Dredging Best Management Practices and Spill Control Measures Included as Part of the Proposed Maintenance Dredging Measure Justification Duration Management Determination Hopper Dredging Reverse purging of intake lines shall not be done with dragheads more than 3 feet off the bottom. If water is pumped through the dragheads to clean the hopper, the dragheads must be -9 feet for the shallow-draft side channels. This restriction minimizes or eliminates entrainment of juvenile salmon during normal dredging operations. Continuous during dredging operations. Maintain until new information becomes available that would warrant change. Dredging in shallow-water areas (less than 20 feet) outside of the Columbia River mainstem should occur only during the recommended ESA in-water work periods for the Columbia River. The top 20 feet of the water column is considered salmon migratory habitat. Dredging or disposal in these areas could adversely impact salmonids, delay migration, or reduce or eliminate food sources. Continuous during dredging and disposal operations. Maintain until new information becomes available that would warrant change. Clamshell and Backhoe Dredging 10 P a g e
Measure Where feasible, dredging would use a close-lipped “environmental” bucket, operating slowly. Duration Management Determination Minimizes or eliminates turbidity during dredging. Continuous during dredging and placement operations. Maintain until new information becomes available that would warrant change. Minimizes or eliminates turbidity during dredging. Continuous during dredging and placement operations. Maintain until new information becomes available that would warrant change. Justification Implement bucket control techniques, such as: 1. Do not overfill the bucket. 2. Conduct slow movement of bucket (closing and hoisting and discharging). 3. Ensure that materials do not back fall into the wetted perimeter. General Provisions for All Dredging Floating containment and absorbent booms kept on site. Monitor water quality during operations. The dredge operator shall not release any trash, garbage, oil, grease, chemicals, or other contaminants into the waterway. Contains toxic substances in case of accidental spill. Continuous during dredging. Maintain until new information becomes available that would warrant change. Prevents future and further spread of contaminant. Until water-quality meets standards specified in permit. Cease operations and take corrective measures in the event of water-quality problems. Life of contract or action. If material is released, it shall be immediately removed and the area restored to a condition approximating the adjacent undisturbed area. Contaminated ground shall be excavated and removed and the area restored as directed. Any in-water releases shall be immediately reported to appropriate agencies as detailed in contract specifications. The provision is enacted for the protection of water resources. 11 P a g e
Measure Justification Duration Management Determination Life of contract or action. If material is released, it shall be immediately removed and the area restored to a condition approximating the adjacent undisturbed area. Contaminated ground shall be excavated and removed and the area restored as directed. Any in-water releases shall be immediately reported to appropriate agencies as detailed in contract specifications. The dredge operator, where possible, will use, or propose for use, materials that may be considered environmentally friendly in that waste from such materials is not regulated as a hazardous waste or is not considered harmful to the environment. If hazardous wastes are generated, disposal shall be done in accordance with 40 CFR 260-272 and 49 CFR 100-177. The provision describes the accepted disposal of hazardous wastes. Monitor dissolved oxygen levels during dredging in accordance with the current water quality certifications and the NOAA Fisheries 2012 BiOp to ensure that dissolved oxygen levels do not drop below acceptable levels. Prevents dissolved oxygen levels from dropping to levels that are harmful to aquatic life. At least daily. Dredging may not occur if dissolved oxygen is less than 6.5 milligrams per liter. More frequent monitoring is required if dissolved oxygen is below 8.0 milligrams per liter. Inspect all equipment for invasive species prior to entering into the waterbody. Clean equipment by removing plants, mud, debris, and organisms from the exterior and interior. The provision is enacted for the prevention of invasive species. Prior to entering into the waterbody. Maintain for all work in waterways. ESA – Endangered Species Act; CFR – Code of Federal Regulations; NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; BiOp – Biological Opinion Maintenance dredge cuts along the channel edges may increase the potential of changing the existing riverbed adjacent to the dredge areas, due to erosion and side-slope adjustment. Should the riverbed adjust in response to the maintenance dredging, the effect should equilibrate within one to three years after the desired channel depth is restored. Conditions would be similar to previous maintenance dredging events, and there would be no increased erosion from future recurring maintenance dredging events. Any maintenance dredging effects associated with the proposed maintenance dredging would be localized and minor with respect to the hydraulics and sediment transport conditions of the Columbia River. Thus, changes to existing patterns of erosion, deposition, and would not be expected. In-water placement of the dredged material is intended to redistribute the sediment within the aquatic ecosystem and maintain 12 P a g e
sediment availability for riverine transport and depositional functions. 3. Jurisdiction and Consistency Requirements The Corps is seeking concurrence from DLCD with the Corps’ CZMA Consistency Determination per CZMA Section 307 (c) and 15 CFR 923.33 (a) and (b). The CZMA per 15 CFR 930.30 states "provisions of this subpart are intended to assure that all federal agency activities including development projects affecting any coastal use or resource will be undertaken in a manner consistent to the maximum extent practicable with the enforceable policies of approved management programs." The CZMA therefore requires that federal actions be consistent, to the maximum extent practicable, with the enforceable policies of the Oregon Coastal Management Program (OCMP). According to DLCD, the enforceable policies of the OCMP include: (1) (2) (3) the statewide planning goals, the applicable acknowledged city or county comprehensive plans and land use regulations (those approved by the Land Conservation and Development Commission as being in compliance with the statewide planning goals), and selected state authorities (e.g., water quality standards). The following discussion explains the content of the enforceable policies of the OCMP and how this project meets the requirements of such policies. The Corps prepared its determination consistent with the content requirements described in 15 CFR 930.39, and has based its determination "upon an evaluation of the relevant enforceable policies of the management program" and has included or incorporated by reference commensurate supporting information. The Corps has evaluated its determination of effects in compliance with 15 CFR 930.33-39 as applicable, as well as consideration of 15 CFR 930.22 when evaluating consistency to the "maximum extent practicable". The Corps has determined that the following Statewide Planning Goals, Clatsop County Comprehensive Plan Goals, and zoning ordinances may be applicable to demonstrating the proposed project's consistency with the enforceable policies of the Oregon Coastal Management Plan. References include: Oregon's Statewide Planning Goals and Guidelines, July 2019 Oregon Revised Statutes Applicable to the Oregon Coastal Management Program Clatsop County Standards Document, amended July 2018 Columbia River Estuary Dredged Material Management Plan as defined in the Clatsop Comprehensive Plan Goals and Policies, November 2015 Clatsop County Land and Water Development and Use Ordinance, July 2018 Clatsop County Comprehensive Plan Goals and Policies, June 2012 13 P a g e
The consistency of the proposed project with each of these plans or documents is addressed below. The Corps is seeking state concurrence from DLCD with the Corps’ findings in its CZMA consistency determination. It is notable that actions similar to the proposed activities occur elsewhere in the Columbia River and estuary. The Corps regularly conducts maintenance dredging and in-water and shoreline placement activities throughout the Columbia River, the effects of which have been reviewed for consistency with state and local plans, including in conjunction with dredging in the Mouth of the Columbia River (MCR) from RM -3 to RM 3. That consistency review determined that dredging and placement activities for the MCR FNC are an allowable activity in state and local plans. This concurrence indicates there is precedence for concurrence with the Corps’ determination that the proposed activities are consistent with enforceable state and local policies. A. Oregon's Statewide Planning Goals and Guidelines The Corps has determined that the following Statewide Planning Goals, local comprehensive plan policies, and zoning ordinances may be applicable to demonstrating the proposed project’s consistency with the enforceable policies of the OCMP. The Corps has evaluated consistency of the project as a whole and has not limited the evaluation to its potential spillover effects, even though federal lands are not subject to local zoning and are excluded from the state’s coastal zone (15 CFR 923.33 [a]). Oregon developed a federally approved coastal management program consistent with the CZMA. The OCMP is based on Oregon's implementation of CZMA via Oregon Administrative Rules (OAR) 660-015-0000. This OAR is commonly referred to as Oregon's Statewide Planning Goals (SPGs). Application of SPGs at the local level for the proposed maintenance dredging is addressed in the Clatsop County Comprehensive Plan (CCCP). The goals and policies in the CCCP that correspond with the Oregon SPGs and guidelines are: 1.1.1 Goal 1 - Citizen Involvement: "To have continuity of citizen participation consisting of a seven member Planning commission, with each member representing diverse geographic areas of the County, thus providing a method of ensuring communication between the citizens, administrative departments, and the Board of County Commissioners. " For Clatsop County, Goal 1 calls for ''the opportunity for citizens to be involved in all phases of the planning process." The public involvement provisions of the Corps’ planning and environmental compliance efforts for this project will provide an opportunity for citizen involvement and demonstrate consistency with this goal. The Corps' preparation of the EA for Federal Navigation Channel Operations and Maintenance Dredging Baker Bay, Chinook, Elochoman Slough, Lake River Environmental Assessment included opportunities for public involvement. The Corps has released the draft EA for an initial public review and 14 P a g e
comment period of 15 days. The Corps will consider the public and agency comments on the draft EA when preparing the final EA. The Corps will prepare a Finding of No Significant Impact for the final EA. 1.1.2 Goal 2 - Land Use Planning: Clatsop County places land in one of 6 Plan designations. Most of the Columbia River Estuary is designated as "Conservation Other Resources". These areas "provide important resource or ecosystem support functions such as lakes and wetlands and federal, state, and local parks." Goal 2 states that land use decisions are to be made in accordance with a comprehensive plan, and that local jurisdictions must adopt suitable "implementation ordinances" to put the plan's policies into effect. The Corps' proposed maintenance dredging at Baker Bay FNC and Chinook FNC complies with Oregon's standards for comprehensive planning. Dredged material will be disposed of in established in-water dredged material disposal areas used for navigation channel maintenance. In evaluating the determination of consistency for the maintenance dredging and in-water placement of dredged material, it is notable that maintenance dredging at the Baker Bay FNC is an ongoing maintenance action that has been conducted annually since 1935 and at Chinook FNC every two to five years since the 1960s. 1.1.3 Goal 6 - Air, Water and Land Quality: “To maintain and improve the quality of the air, water and land resources of the state.” The Corps’ compliance with state and federal environmental laws demonstrates consistency with this goal. The Corps' proposed maintenance dredging and in-water dredged material disposal will be conducted in compliance with the Clean Air Act (CAA) and the State Implementation Plan. The project is not located in a nonattainment area for limited air quality; it is not a transportation project; and it will not qualify as a major stationary source of emissions of criteria pollutants. All construction equipment will be required to meet the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s air emission standards and will not generate emissions that violate National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The Corps has prepared a CWA Section 404(b)(1) evaluation and has current water quality certification as required under CWA Section 401. The Corps performs regular analyses in the FNCs to determine whether sediments are suitable for in-water unconfined placement, according to the requirements of the CWA and the MPRSA. The Corps characterizes sediments present within proposed dredge areas in accordance with the regional and national dredged material testing manual protocols, Ocean Testing Manual, Inland Testing Manual, 2018 Sediment Evaluation Framework for the Pacific Northwest (SEF) (Northwest Regional Sediment Evaluation Team (RSET) 2018). 15 P a g e
Baker Bay was last sampled on July 31, 2020 under the 2018 SEF. The sampling effort was divided into two areas: the outer channel (lowest 2 miles of Baker Bay FNC) and the inner channel (mile 2 to 3.1). The inner channel was 55% fine sediments and 45% sand with a total organic carbon content of 0.76%. The outer channel was 99% sand and 1% fines with a total organic carbon content of 4%.
the Columbia River FNC. The Corps anticipates using any of these types of dredging equipment to maintain the Baker Bay FNC and Chinook FNC. Mechanical Dredging . Clamshell Dredge . The Corps frequently uses clamshell dredges to maintain small navigation channels. Clamshell dredging is typically performed using a bucket operated from a crane or a
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