Planning Guidance In The 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide Presentation by: RJ Eldridge Peter Lagerwey August 22, 2012 Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
WEBINAR 2: PLANNING GUIDANCE IN THE 2012 AASHTO BIKE GUIDE Today’s Webinar  Significant Updates & New Content  Why planning is important  Types of bicyclists  User skill & comfort  Types of planning  Choosing appropriate facility  Data collection & analysis  Technical analysis tools  Integrating bikes and transit  Bicycle operations and safety (Chapter 3) Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
FUTURE WEBINARS  August 10: Overview  August 22: Planning Chapter  September 4: On-Road Bikeways  Bike Lanes (including Intersections)  September 18: On-Road Bikeways  Shared lanes  October 9: Shared Use Paths  General design principles  Pathway geometry  October 23: Shared Use Paths  Intersection Design  Mid-block crossings  November 6: Bikeway Maintenance and Operation  Bicycle boulevards & signing  Signals Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
DISCOUNT FOR WEBINAR PARTICIPANTS http://www.walkinginfo.org/training/pbic/ AASHTO Promo Flyer.pdf Link will be emailed to webinar attendees Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
COVERED IN PREVIOUS WEBINAR Webinar #1: Overview ÂBackground on how the Guide was developed ÂDifference between AASHTO & NACTO Guides ÂHigh level overview of major changes in 2012 Guide Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
RELEASE OF THE GUIDE – JUNE 2012 ÂSold 1200 copies in the first month ÂGuide expanded from 75 pages to over 200 pages Â3 chapters to 7 chapters Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
WHY PLANNING FOR BICYCLING IS IMPORTANT  Flexible, convenient, affordable travel option  Trips under 2 miles; jobs, school, shopping and recreation  Economic development  Transit compatibility  Reduce congestion  Public Health  Reduces transportation-related environmental impacts Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
WHY PLANNING FOR BICYCLING IS IMPORTANT Bicycle improvements often benefit other modes  Bike lanes increase motorist comfort  Bike lanes provide buffer for pedestrians  Bike lanes improve site lines for all, especially at driveways  Shoulders improve safety for all roadway users Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
TRIP PURPOSE  Utilitarian/Nondiscretionary  Everyday trips; work, school, etc.  Recreation/Discretionary  Wide range of trips and riders  Utilitarian vs. Recreation  Difficult to differentiate  Many trips a combination  Design bicycle facilities to accommodate all trip types (same as for motor vehicles) trips) Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
TYPES OF BICYCLING AND BICYCLISTS ÂAge – Children Bicyclists ÂExperienced and Confident ÂCasual and less Confident Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
TYPES OF BICYCLING AND BICYCLIST Casual/Less Confident Riders Prefer shared use paths, bike boulevards, or bike lanes along low-volume, lowspeed streets May have difficulty gauging traffic and may be unfamiliar with rules of the road as they pertain to bicyclists. May walk bike across intersections May use less direct route to avoid arterials with heavy traffic volumes If no on-street facility is available, may ride on sidewalks May ride at speeds around 8 to 12 mph Cycle shorter distances: 2 to 5 miles is a typical trip distance Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
TYPES OF BICYCLING AND BICYCLIST Experienced/Confident Riders Most are comfortable riding with vehicles on streets, and are able to negotiate streets like a motor vehicle, including using the full width of a narrow travel lane when appropriate and using left-turn lanes While comfortable on most streets, some prefer on-street bike lanes, paved shoulders or shared-use paths when available Prefer a more direct route. Avoid riding on sidewalks. Ride with the flow of traffic on streets May ride at speeds up to 20 mph on flat ground, up to 45 mph on steep descents May cycle longer distances Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESSES  Comprehensive Transportation and Recreation Plans  Bicycle Master Plans  Public process  Coordination with other plans  Phasing of infrastructure  Typical plan contents  Transportation Impact/Traffic Studies  Small Area and Corridor Level Planning  Project Level Planning Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
KEY ELEMENTS OF PLANNING BICYCLE TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS ÂBicyclists need accommodation on ALL roadways ÂDeciding and prioritizing where improvements are needed ÂThe practical approach of network planning ÂChoosing an appropriate facility type Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
PHASING OF INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ÂShort-term projects ÂEast to implement (e.g. restriping when road is repaved) ÂMedium-term projects ÂPart of another capital project (e.g. widening shoulder) Â Long-term projects ÂComplex & high cost (e.g. bicycle bridge) Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
PHASING PLAN: ISSUES TO CONSIDER ÂBicycle travel demand ÂRoute connectivity and directness ÂCrash/conflict analysis ÂBarriers ÂEase of implementation ÂSystem integration Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
DECIDING WHERE IMPROVEMENTS ARE NEEDED  Bicyclists need accommodation on ALL roadways ÂPrioritize most important improvements  Revised guidance explains: ÂThe practical approach of network planning ÂChoosing an appropriate facility type ÂMultiple facilities on a single corridor ÂWayfinding Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
DECIDING WHERE IMPROVEMENTS ARE NEEDED Factors to Consider  User needs – all types  Safety  Overcoming barriers  Security  Connection to land uses (e.g. employment centers)  Overall feasibility  Directness of route  Logical route  Intersections  Aesthetics  Spacing or density of Bikeways Employment Density Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
CHOOSING AN APPROPRIATE FACILITY TYPE Facility Types Considerations  Shared lanes  Road function (arterial, local)  Marked shared lanes  Traffic volume  Paved shoulders  Speed  Bike lanes  One-way lanes (cycle tracks)  Bicycle boulevards  Shared use paths  Traffic mix (e.g. truck %)  Expected users  Road conditions  Driveways, access points, parking  Topography  Adjacent land uses  Costs Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
CHOOSING AN APPROPRIATE FACILITY TYPE  Considerations for different facility types  Multiple facility types in same corridor Type of bikeway Best use Motor vehicle Traffic design speed volume Classification or intended use Paved shoulders Rural highways that connect town centers and other major attractors Typical posted rural highway speeds (generally 40-55 mph) Variable. May be as Rural 2-lane roadways, low as 250 vehicles inter-city highways per day up to 4,000 vehicles per day or greater Bike lanes Major streets that provide direct, convenient, quick access to major land-uses. Also can be used on collector roadways and busy urban streets with slower speeds Use as the speed differential between bicyclists and motorists increases. Generally, any roadway where the design speed is more than 25 mph Variable. Speed differential is generally a more important factor in the decision to provide bike lanes than traffic volumes Arterials and collectors intended for major motor vehicle traffic movements Other considerations Provides more shoulder width for roadway stability. Shoulder width should be dependent on characteristics of the adjacent motor vehicle traffic, i.e. wider shoulders on higher speed roads Where motor vehicles allowed to park adjacent to bike lane, ensure width of bike lane sufficient to reduce probability of conflicts due to opening vehicle doors and other hazards. Analyze intersections to reduce bicyclist/motor vehicle conflicts. Sometimes bike lanes are left “undesignated” (i.e. bicycle symbol andAASHTO signs are not used) in Planning Guidance in the 2012 Bike Guide urban areas as an interim measure
WAYFINDING FOR BICYCLES ÂConsiderations ÂStandard signs ÂPart 9 of the MUTCD Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
TECHNICAL ANALYSIS TOOLS  Data collection: bike counts  Quality (level) of service  Safety analysis  GIS-based network planning  Bicycle travel demand analysis  Cost benefit analysis Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
DATA COLLECTION AND FLOW ANALYSIS Data for planning and operating a bicycle network  Identify high demand corridors  Before & after data (new facility)  Forecast bicycle travel demand  Track use over time  Project increases in bicycle use  Track travel patterns  Analyze equipment trends (e.g. helmets)  Analyze demographic trends Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
QUALITY (LEVEL) OF SERVICE  Evaluates bicyclists’ perceived safety and comfort with respect to motor vehicle traffic  Can be used to: ÂInventory and evaluate existing bicycling conditions ÂForecast conditions under different design scenarios ÂPrioritize corridors for bicycle improvements Road Width Travel Lane Width Bicycle Lane Width Parking Lane Width w/Gutter Resulting Bicycle Level of Service (LOS Score) 50 13 5 7 C (2.79) 50 12 5 8 C (2.61) 50 11 6 8 B (2.43) Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
SAFETY ANALYSIS ÂCrash data analysis can be used to: ÂInform selection and design of appropriate bicycle facility ÂTarget specific areas (e.g. intersections, corridors, neighborhoods) ÂUnderstand conditions that could contribute to high crash rates ÂFocus attention most effectively Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
GIS DATA COLLECTION/NETWORK PLANNING Â Visual representation of information (e.g. bicycle networks, demand, etc.) Â Efficient analysis of large quantities of data (e.g. crash data, ADT, speed, roadway widths, etc.) Â Essential for systematic evaluation tools such as Bicycle LOS, or systemwide crash analysis Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
BICYCLE TRAVEL DEMAND ANALYSIS ÂLatent demand ÂTypes of travel demand analysis ÂComparison studies ÂSketch plan ÂMarket analysis/land use models ÂDiscrete choice survey models Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS ÂOne-time capital construction costs ongoing maintenance costs ÂAllows comparison to motor vehicle and transit projects ÂAids in prioritization of bicycle projects Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
INTEGRATING BICYCLE FACILITIES WITH TRANSIT ÂMain components to bicycletransit integration: ÂBikeways to transit locations ÂBicycle parking at transit locations ÂBicycle access on transit vehicles ÂEducation on bicycle-transit connections ÂConsiderations for combined bicycle/transit facilities ÂBus/bike lanes, bike lanes on bus corridors, etc. Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
CHAPTER 3: BICYCLE OPERATION AND SAFETY ÂDesign Vehicle ÂTypical bicycle dimensions ÂKey performance criteria ÂTraffic Principles for Bicyclists ÂPosition on roadway ÂChanging lanes ÂIntersection approach ÂLeft turns Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
CHAPTER 3: BICYCLE OPERATION AND SAFETY ÂBicyclist Crash Studies ÂUrban vs. rural ÂYouth vs. adult ÂBicyclist vs. driver error ÂNighttime vs. daytime ÂRiding on sidewalk vs. roadway Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
CHAPTER 3: BICYCLE OPERATION AND SAFETY ÂBicyclist-Motor Vehicle Crashes Causes and Countermeasures ÂWrong-way riding ÂSidewalk riding “Dooring” ÂNighttime riding ÂCrashes involving children ÂBicyclist struck from behind ÂBicyclist/motorist failing to yield Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
QUESTIONS? Contact Information: RJ Eldridge Toole Design Group reldridge@tooledesign.com @tooledesign Peter Lagerwey Toole Design Group plagerwey@tooledesign.com AASHTO 20% Discount: http://www.walkinginfo.org/training/pbic/ AASHTO Promo Flyer.pdf Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
FUTURE WEBINARS  August 10: Overview  August 22: Planning Chapter  September 4: On-Road Bikeways  Bike Lanes (including Intersections)  September 18: On-Road Bikeways  Shared lanes  October 9: Shared Use Paths  General design principles  Pathway geometry  October 23: Shared Use Paths  Intersection Design  Mid-block crossings  November 6: Bikeway Maintenance and Operation  Bicycle boulevards & signing  Signals Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
WEBINAR 3: ON-ROAD BIKEWAYS (BIKE LANES) ÂFocus primarily on bike lanes, including bike lane widths, signs and markings, intersection considerations ÂStandard bike lanes, buffered bike lanes, bike lanes adjacent to reverse angled parking, green bike lanes, leftside bike lanes and contra-flow bike lanes ÂBicycle facility transitions, including bike lanes at intersections Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide
AASHTO & NACTO Guides ÂHigh level overview of major changes in 2012 Guide COVERED IN PREVIOUS WEBINAR. Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide . Planning Guidance in the 2012 AASHTO Bike Guide FUTURE WEBINARS ÂAugust 10: Overview ÂAugust 22: Planning Chapter ÂSeptember 4: On-Road Bikeways ÂBike Lanes (including Intersections .
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Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
