Microsoft SQL Server 2008 : A Beginner's Guide
Microsoft SQL Server 2008 A Beginner’s Guide
About the Author Dušan Petković is a professor in the Department of Computer Science at the Polytechnic in Rosenheim, Germany. He is the author of SQL Server 7: A Beginner’s Guide, SQL Server 2000: A Beginner’s Guide, and Microsoft SQL Server 2005: A Beginner’s Guide, and is a frequent contributor to SQL Server Magazine. About the Technical Editor Todd Meister has been using Microsoft technologies for over ten years. He’s been a technical editor on over 40 titles ranging from SQL Server to the .NET Framework. In addition, he is an assistant director for computing services at Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana. He lives with his wife, Kimberly, and their four children in central Indiana. Contact Todd at tmeister@sycamoresolutions.com. Copyright 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. Click here for terms of use.
Microsoft SQL Server 2008 A Beginner’s Guide Dušan Petković New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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Contents at a Glance Part I Basic Concepts and Installation Chapter 1 Relational Database Systems—An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chapter 2 Planning the Installation and Installing SQL Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Chapter 3 SQL Server Management Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Part II Transact-SQL Language Chapter 4 SQL Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Chapter 5 Data Definition Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Chapter 6 Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Chapter 7 Modification of a Table’s Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Chapter 8 Stored Procedures and User-Defined Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Chapter 9 System Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Chapter 10 Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Chapter 11 Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 12 Security System of Database Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Chapter 13 Concurrency Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 14 Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Part III 279 343 SQL Server: System Administration Chapter 15 System Environment of Database Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Chapter 16 Managing Instances and Maintaining Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Chapter 17 Backup and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Chapter 18 Automating System Administration Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 v
vi M i c r o s o f t S Q L S e r v e r 2 0 0 8 : A B e g i n n e r ’s G u i d e Chapter 19 Data Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Chapter 20 Query Optimizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 Chapter 21 Performance Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 Part IV SQL Server and Business Intelligence Chapter 22 Business Intelligence—An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 Chapter 23 Microsoft Analysis Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 24 Business Intelligence and Transact-SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 Chapter 25 Microsoft Reporting Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 Chapter 26 Optimizing Techniques for Business Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 Part V 565 Beyond Relational Data Chapter 27 Overview of XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 Chapter 28 SQL Server and XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 Chapter 29 Introduction to Spatial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
For more information about this title, click here Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Part I Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Basic Concepts and Installation Relational Database Systems—An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Database Systems: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variety of User Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical Data Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Logical Data Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Query Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concurrency Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Backup and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Database Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relational Database Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Working with the Book’s Sample Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SQL: A Relational Database Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Database Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Normal Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entity-Relationship Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Syntax Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 11 11 13 15 17 18 18 Planning the Installation and Installing SQL Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Planning the Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purpose of the SQL Server System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hardware and Network Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SQL Server Editions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installation Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 22 23 24 25 vii
viii M i c r o s o f t S Q L S e r v e r 2 0 0 8 : A B e g i n n e r ’s G u i d e Chapter 3 Part II Chapter 4 Installing SQL Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Before Starting the Setup Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Starting the Setup Program and Installing Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installing SQL Server Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Starting and Stopping an Instance of Database Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dedicated Connection to an Instance of Database Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 28 28 28 37 38 38 SQL Server Management Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 SQL Server Program Group and Books Online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction to SQL Server Management Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connecting to a Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Registered Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Object Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Organizing and Navigating Management Studio’s Panes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using Management Studio with Database Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Administering Database Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managing Databases Using Object Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Authoring Activities Using SQL Server Management Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 41 42 44 44 45 46 46 49 57 63 63 Transact-SQL Language SQL Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 SQL’s Basic Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Literal Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reserved Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Numeric Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Character Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temporal Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DECIMAL with VARDECIMAL Storage Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 68 69 70 70 70 71 71 72 72 74 78
Contents Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Transact-SQL Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregate Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scalar Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scalar Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Global Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NULL Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 79 80 87 87 88 89 89 Data Definition Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Creating Database Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creation of a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CREATE TABLE: A Basic Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CREATE TABLE and Declarative Integrity Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Referential Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating Other Database Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Integrity Constraints and Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modifying Database Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Altering a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Altering a Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Removing Database Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 92 97 99 105 109 111 113 114 116 120 121 122 Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 SELECT Statement: A Basic Form and the WHERE Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WHERE Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subqueries and Comparison Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subqueries and the IN Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subqueries and ANY and ALL Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SELECT Statement: Other Clauses and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GROUP BY Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregate Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HAVING Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ORDER BY Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SELECT Statement and IDENTITY Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Set Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 127 142 143 144 145 147 147 149 155 156 158 160 ix
x M i c r o s o f t S Q L S e r v e r 2 0 0 8 : A B e g i n n e r ’s G u i d e CASE Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMPUTE Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temporary Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Join Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two Syntax Forms to Implement Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Natural Join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cartesian Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outer Join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Further Forms of Join Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Correlated Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subqueries and the EXISTS Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Should You Use Joins or Subqueries? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derived Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Table Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 7 Chapter 8 164 166 168 169 170 171 177 177 180 183 184 185 186 187 188 195 195 Modification of a Table’s Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 INSERT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inserting a Single Row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inserting Multiple Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table Value Constructors and INSERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UPDATE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DELETE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TRUNCATE TABLE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The OUTPUT Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MERGE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 200 203 205 205 208 209 210 211 213 213 Stored Procedures and User-Defined Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Procedural Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Block of Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IF Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WHILE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous Procedural Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Handling Events with TRY and CATCH Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 216 217 218 219 220 221
Contents Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creation and Execution of Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stored Procedures and CLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . User-Defined Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creation and Execution of User-Defined Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . User-Defined Functions and CLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 9 System Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Introduction to the System Catalog . . . . . . . . . . General Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Catalog Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dynamic Management Views and Functions Information Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proprietary Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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70 Microsoft SQL Server 2008: A Beginner’s Guide SQL_2008 / Microsoft SQL Server 2008: ABG / Petkovic / 154638-3 / Chapter 4 In Transact-SQL, the use of double quotation marks is defined using the QUOTED_ IDENTIFIER option of the SET statement. If this option is set to ON, which is theFile Size: 387KBPage Count: 26Explore furtherLanguage Elements (Transact-SQL) - SQL Server Microsoft Docsdocs.microsoft.comThe 33 languages of SQL Server Joe Webb Blogweblogs.sqlteam.comThe Language of SQL Pdf - libribooklibribook.comSql And The Standard Language For Relational Database .www.bartleby.comdatabase - What are good alternatives to SQL (the language .stackoverflow.comRecommended to you based on what's popular Feedback
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Nov 20, 2009 · Microsoft SQL Server The following are the supported SQL Server versions (32-bit versions only): Microsoft SQL Server 2008 SP1 Enterprise Edition Microsoft SQL Server 2008 SP1 Express Microsoft SQL Server 2008 SP1 Standard Edition Microsoft SQL Server 2005 SP3 Standard Edition Microsof
