Lower Cape Fear River Basin Cape Fear DO Issues - University Of North .
Lower Cape Fear River Basin Cape Fear DO Issues by Jim Bowen, Assoc. Professor Civil Engr. Dept., UNC Charlotte Cape Fear Basin TMDL Conference Raleigh, NC September 9, 2003
Outline of Talk 1. Water Quality Models - The Analysis Tool of the TMDL Analysis 2. An Example TMDL - Neuse River Estuary, Nitrogen TMDL 3. Contrasting DO Conceptual Models - Neuse and Lower Cape Fear River Estuaries 4. Special Challenges in Modeling DO Dynamics in the Lower Cape Fear River Estuary
The TMDL Analysis Scenario 4 3 2 1 Pollutant Load Nutrients (N,P), BOD, etc.
The TMDL Analysis Scenario 4 3 2 1 Pollutant Load Nutrients (N,P), BOD, etc. Scenario 4 3 2 1 Water Quality Goal Water Quality
The TMDL Analysis Scenario 4 3 2 1 Pollutant Load Nutrients (N,P), BOD, etc. Water Quality Model Scenario 4 3 2 1 Water Quality Goal Water Quality
TMDL’s Use Water Quality Models Hydrologic Conditions River Flows, Temp’s, Conc’s Tides Pollutant Loads Air temps, “Met” precip, wind, cloudiness Data Time Estuary Physical Characteristics: e.g. length, width, depth, roughness Time Water Quality Model Adjustable Parameters: (growth, death, decay, sinking rates, temperature, nutrient, light functions.) State Variables nutrients DO, chlorophyll organic C Time
2. An Example TMDL - Neuse River Estuary, Nitrogen TMDL Scenario 4 3 2 1 Nitrogen Load to Estuary
2. An Example TMDL - Neuse River Estuary, Nitrogen TMDL Scenario 4 3 2 1 Nitrogen Load to Estuary Scenario 4 3 2 1 Water Quality Goal Chlorophyll-a Conc.
2. An Example TMDL - Neuse River Estuary, Nitrogen TMDL Scenario 4 3 2 1 Nitrogen Load to Estuary Neuse Estuary Eutrophication Model Scenario 4 3 2 1 Water Quality Goal Chlorophyll-a Conc.
Neuse and Cape Fear Models are “Mass Balance” Models Accumulation Mass In - Mass Out Mass Inflow State Variable Internal sources Internal Sinks Volume of Water Mass Outflow
What Should the State Variables, Sinks, and Sources Be? Mass Inflow State Variable Internal sources Internal Sinks Volume of Water Mass Outflow
What Should the State Variables, Sinks, and Sources Be? “Conceptual Model” of System Mass Inflow State Variable Internal sources Internal Sinks Volume of Water Mass Outflow
Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model Surface Layer Bottom Layer Sediment
Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model Surface Layer Riverine Nutrient Load Bottom Layer Sediment Long water residence time
Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model Surface Layer Riverine Nutrient Load Bottom Layer Sediment Algal Blooms, High DO Long water residence time
Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model Surface Layer Algal Blooms, High DO Riverine Nutrient Load Bottom Layer Sediment Sediment O2 Demand
Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model Surface Layer Algal Blooms, High DO Riverine Nutrient Load Bottom Layer Sediment without stratification Sediment O2 Demand
Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model Surface Layer Algal Blooms, High DO Riverine Nutrient Load Bottom Layer without stratification Acceptable DO Sediment Sediment O2 Demand
Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model Surface Layer Algal Blooms, High DO Riverine Nutrient Load Bottom Layer with stratification Sediment Sediment O2 Demand
Neuse Estuary Conceptual Model Surface Layer Algal Blooms, High DO Riverine Nutrient Load Bottom Layer Anoxic Bottom Waters with stratification Sediment Sediment O2 Demand
Model Developed for Nutrient TMDL NEEM Neuse Estuary Eutrophication Model
NEEM Divides Water Body into Segments Neuse River Estuary
NEEM Divides Water Body into Segments Neuse River Estuary
Divide Segments into Layers (6-18) Layers may have varying widths Water Column Layer 2 Layer 5
NEEM Water Quality State Variables Physical Properties 1. Temperature 2. Salinity 3. Suspended Solids Phytoplankton 4. Diatoms & Dinoflagg’s 5. Chloros & Cryptos 6. Blue-Green Algae Organic Matter 7. LPOM 9. RPOM 10. LDOM 8. RDOM 9. Part Si Nutrients 11. NH3 12. NO2 NO3 13. Dissolved Silica 14. Ortho Phosphate Oxidants/Reductants 9. Dissolved Oxygen 10. Benthically Derived Oxygen Demand Sediment Organic Matter 18. Labile SOM 19. Refr. SOM
NEEM Predicted and Observed Salinities near New Bern 1998-2000
NEEM Predicted and Observed Chl-a near New Bern 1998-2000
NEEM Predicted and Observed DO Conc. near New Bern 1998-1999
Load Reduction Needed to Meet Water Quality Standards (3 Models) Neuse TMDL Load Reduction Results WASP NEEM Neu-BERN no dummy Neu-BERN w/ dummy 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent TN Reduction Required to Meet Chlorophyl-a Standard Summary of model results used to recommend a 30% reduction in Nitrogen Loading from the 1995 baseline loading.
3. LCFR Estuary, Organic Matter (BOD) TMDL Scenario 4 3 2 1 BOD Load to Estuary
3. LCFR Estuary, Organic Matter (BOD) TMDL Scenario 4 3 2 1 BOD Load to Estuary Scenario 4 3 2 1 DO Conc. Water Quality Goal
3. LCFR Estuary, Organic Matter (BOD) TMDL Scenario 4 3 2 1 BOD Load to Estuary LCFR Estuary Model Scenario 4 3 2 1 DO Conc. Water Quality Goal
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model Cape Fear Nutrient Load Vertically Mixed Water Column Sediment Shorter water residence time
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model NECF & Black R. Color Load Cape Fear Nutrient Load Vertically Mixed Water Column Sediment Shorter water residence time
Monitoring Stations Map Lower Cape Fear River Program
2001-2002 Salinity, LCFRP Data Riverine NC11 LCFR Ocean
2000-2001 Light Attenuation, LCFRP Data Riverine LCFR Ocean
2001-2002 Turbidity, LCFRP Data Riverine LCFR Ocean
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model NECF & Black R. Color Load Cape Fear Nutrient Load Vertically Mixed Water Column Sediment Fewer phytoplankton Shorter water residence time Sediment O2 Demand
2001-2002 Chl-a, LCFRP Data Riverine LCFR Ocean
2000-2001 Orthophosphate, LCFRP Data Riverine LCFR Ocean
2000-2001 NOx, LCFRP Data Riverine LCFR Ocean
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model BOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks Sediment
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model BOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks NECF & Black R. BOD Load Cape Fear BOD Load Sediment
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model BOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks NECF & Black R. BOD Load Cape Fear BOD Load Muni & Ind. BOD Load Sediment
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model BOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks NECF & Black R. BOD Load Cape Fear BOD Load Muni & Ind. BOD Load Sediment decaying phyto.
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model BOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks NECF & Black R. BOD Load Cape Fear BOD Load Muni & Ind. BOD Load Sediment decaying phyto. Surface Reaeration Phytoplank. Productivity
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model BOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks NECF & Black R. BOD Load Cape Fear BOD Load Muni & Ind. BOD Load Sediment decaying phyto. Input of NECF & Black R. Low DO Water Surface Reaeration Phytoplank. Productivity Ocean Inflows
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model BOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks Input of NECF & Black R. Low DO Water NECF & Black R. BOD Load Cape Fear BOD Load Muni & Ind. BOD Load Sediment decaying phyto. Surface Reaeration Phytoplank. Productivity Ocean Inflows Sediment O2 Demand
LCFR Estuary DO Conceptual Model BOD Sources, DO Sources & Sinks Input of NECF & Black R. Low DO Water NECF & Black R. BOD Load Cape Fear BOD Load Muni & Ind. BOD Load Sediment decaying phyto. Surface Reaeration Phytoplank. Productivity BOD Consumption Ocean Inflows Sediment O2 Demand
2001-2002 DO, LCFRP Data Riverine LCFR Ocean
95-01 DO @ NC 11 (Cape Fear), LCFRP Data 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
95-01 @NCF 117 (Northeast Cape Fear), LCFRP Data 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
Special Challenges of Modeling LCFR Estuary 1. Three dimensional variability (longitudinal, lateral, vertical) in state variables 2. Mixing regimes vary significantly from upstream (riverine) to mouth (energetic tidal mixing) 3. Many significant sources of DO to surface waters – algal productivity, – surface reaeration, – lateral inflows from ocean)
Special Challenges of Modeling LCFR Estuary 4. Many significant sinks of DO that affect surface waters sediment oxygen demand low DO water input from Black and NE Cape Fear River, municipal and industrial wastewater loads, BOD inputs from adjacent swamps & Black and NE Cape Fear Rivers
Special Challenges of Modeling LCFR Estuary 5. Widely varying decomposition rates of different organic matter sources Decaying phytoplankton biomass Industrial, municipal BOD loads Refractory organic matter from “black water” sources
BOD decomposition rates vary widely BOD5 DO Consumed (mg/l) Decaying phytoplanton biomass Municipal, industrial BOD loads Black water organic matter Time 5 days
BOD decomposition rates vary Black water widely organic matter Municipal, industrial BOD loads DO Consumed (mg/l) 5 days Decaying phytoplanton biomass Time 50 days
Conclusions Regarding LCFR TMDL 1. Challenging system to model 2. Model must properly account for changing physical regimes through the estuary (river to mouth) 3. Model must account for all of DO sources and sinks 4. Model must properly account for differing qualities of BOD sources to estuary
Lower Cape Fear River Basin Cape Fear DO Issues by Jim Bowen, Assoc. Professor Civil Engr. Dept., UNC Charlotte Cape Fear Basin TMDL Conference Raleigh, NC September 9, 2003. Outline of Talk 1.Water Quality Models - The Analysis Tool of the TMDL Analysis 2.An Example TMDL - Neuse River Estuary,
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Cape Fear River Water Questions and “Answers . What is the Cape Fear River Watershed? Answer: The Cape Fear Watershed is the largest watershed contained entirely within the state and the only river that directly drains to the Atlantic Ocean. The Lower Cape Fear watershed is comprised
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33.1 Ecological Significance of the Cape Fear River Basin The Cape Fear River basin is the largest of North Carolina's river basins, and because of its size . Natural Heritage Program identifies sites (terrestrial or aquatic) that have particular biodiversity significance. A site's significance may be due to the presence of rare species .
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