January 31 EQ- How Does Classical Conditioning Work? - WordPress

January 31 EQ- How does classical conditioning work? Table of Contents: 89. Daily Sheet 90. Learning Notes 91. Classical Conditioning Notes and Diagrams 92. Classical Conditioning Examples Agenda: 1. Daily Sheet 2. Classical Conditioning HW- Classically Condition someone! Write up your experiment. Nothing unethical! Make sure to uncondition them!

Practice AP TEST Questions 1. Which of the following abilities is predominately a function of the right hemisphere of the brain? a. Speech b. Writing c. Spatial Reasoning d. Reading Comprehension e. Language Comprehension 2. Which of the following is TRUE about the blind spot in the eye? a. It occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye. b. It is caused by an excess of bipolar cells in the retina. c. It is most apparent in low levels of illumination. d. It is stimulated only by high levels of illumination. e. It is caused by a bleaching of rhodopsin in the rods. 3. In adult humans, which of the following is typically true of REM sleep? a. It is correlated with dreaming. b. It leads to a marked increase in muscle mass. c. It alternates with nREM every 30 minutes. d. It only occurs during the first half of sleep. e. It involved decreased blood pressure and heart rate.

Learning Cornell Notes- pages 90 & 91 Questions for page 90: What is learning? What are the three types of learning? What are the two types of conditioning? Explain Pavlov’s Experiment Questions for page 91: What is the Classical Conditioning diagram? Explain the Little Albert Experiment Two CC Example Diagrams

LEARNING

What is learning? Relatively PERMANENT behavior change due to experience Most learning is associative learning: Learning that certain events occur together. Ex: Cussing and getting popped on the arm by your mom!

Three Main Types of Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning

Conditioning Type of learning that involves stimulusresponse connections Two types: – Classical Conditioning (involuntary behaviors) – Operant Conditioning (voluntary behaviors)

Pavlov- father of classical conditioning - Classical Conditioning is when you “train” someone to exhibit an involuntary behavior to a formerly neutral stimulus -Conditioned dogs to salivate to the ringing of a bell

Pavlov always fed his dogs at the same time. He realized that as soon as they saw him come in the room, they would start drooling. (Instead of just drooling when they had the food in front of them.) He said “WHOA! They’ve LEARNED to ASSOCIATE me with food and their BODIES are INVOLUNTARILY responded to me just like they would to food. He decided to see if he could CONDITION them to respond to other things in the same way .

Classical Conditioning Diagram After Conditioning Before Conditioning Dogs naturally drool when food is placed in front of them. Pavlov conditioned his dogs to drool when they heard a bell ringing. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. Unconditional Response (UCR): the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an originally irrelevant (neutral) stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response. Conditioned Response (CR): the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

John Watson Applied Pavlov’s experiment to humans Father of “Behaviorism” Wanted to show that our emotions and behaviors were just conditioned responses

Little Albert Experiment 11 month old baby Feared loud noises Watson conditioned him to associate white rats with the loud noise Eventually, he feared the white rat Albert generalized this into a fear of anything white and furry

Two Examples of Classical Conditioning Classically Conditioning my roommate UCS UCR CS CR Classically Conditioning Dwight UCS UCR CS CR

Work with a partner to complete the Classical Conditioning Worksheet 15 minutes End

February 2 Agenda: 1.Daily Sheet 2.Review Classical Conditioning (Ex. From real life) 3.Operant Conditioning (notes, video, lab) 4. Practice EQ- How does operant conditioning work? SSPBC1 Table of Contents: 93. Classical Conditioning Elements 94. Operant Conditioning Notes 95. OC Worksheet HW- Programmed Unit Assignment Consciousness HW Folders: MUST BE TURNED IN TODAY!! Assignments: 1. Why of Sleep Article Guide 2. 2 Paragraphs on Dying to Sleep Article 3. Chart on Sleep Disorders 4. Drugs Chart 5. Practice Questions/ Critical Thinking Activity

Pavlov spent the rest of his life outlining his ideas. He came up with 5 critical terms that together make up classical conditioning. Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination

5 Elements of Classical Conditioning Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination

Acquisition The initial stage of learning. The phase where the neutral stimulus is associated with the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR (thus becoming the CS). Does timing matter? The CS should come before the UCS (1/2-1 second) They should be very close together in timing.

Extinction The diminishing of a conditioned response. Will eventually happen when the UCS does not follow the CS. (They will stop associating the tone with the food if the tone is not followed by food repeatedly) Is extinction permanent?

Spontaneous Recovery The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response. A real life example . Imagine that you have a significant other and EVERYTIME you are together they have on a particular cologne/perfume. You will think of them and feel “lovey” each time you spell it. TEN YEARS LATER, you randomly smell that cologne and you all of a sudden are missing that person and feeling lovey towards them.

Generalization The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses. Ex: A toddler is abused by a man wearing red gloves. Now any time she sees someone in red clothing, she gets scared. A cigarette smoking high school student always smokes after the bell rings for dismissal. Now, anytime they hear a bell their body craves a cigarette.

Discrimination The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that does not signal UCS.

Operant Conditioning A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment.

Classical v. Operant They both use acquisition, discrimination, SR, generalization and extinction. Classical Conditioning is automatic (respondent behavior). Dogs automatically salivate over meat, then bell- no thinking involved. Operant Conditioning involves behavior where one can influence their environment with behaviors which have consequences (operant behavior).

The organism is learning associations between events that it doesn’t control Classical Conditioning The organism is learning associations between its behavior and resulting events Operant Conditioning

Edward Thorndike Law of Effect: rewarded behavior is likely to recur.

B.F. Skinner

Shaping A procedure in Operant Conditioning in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal. You start with small steps and gradually get them closer and closer to the final desired behavior Ex: Want animal to learn to press a bar. You reward them first for getting close to the bar, then for sniffing the bar, then for pressing the bar.

Operant Conditioning Chamber AKA- Skinner Box Conditioning

Reinforcer Any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior it follows. Two Types of Reinforcement: Positive and Negative

Positive Reinforcement Strengthens a response by giving something positive after the behavior

Negative Reinforcement Strengthens a response by taking away something negative EX: aspirin takes headache away

Types of Reinforcers Primary- something that is innately satisfying (food, safety, pain relief) Conditioned (secondary)A stimulus that gains it reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.

Immediate v. Delayed Reinforcers Animals will not respond to delayed reinforcers Humans will (paychecks, good grades at the end of a class, trophy at the end of season) Learning to delay gratification is a part of maturing

Reinforcement Schedules

Continuous Reinforcement Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. Quick Acquisition Quick Extinction

Partial Reinforcement Reinforcing a response only part of the time. The acquisition process is slower. Greater resistance to extinction. **** best for learning behaviors ****

Fixed-ratio Schedules A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. Example: I give cookie monster a cookie every FIVE times he sings “C is for cookie”.

Variable-ratio Schedule A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. Example: I give Homer a donut at random times when he says “DOH!!!”

Fixed-interval Schedule A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. Ex: After doing math problems for 10 minutes you will get a reward. (high responses as time approaches “scooping”)

Variable-interval Schedule A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. Pop Quizzes

Punishment An event that DECREASES the behavior that it follows. Does punishment work?

Problems with Physical Punishment: Punished behavior is suppressed Teaches us to discriminate Teaches fear (of behavior and punisher) Teaches aggression

February 6 Agenda: 1. Review 2. Practice 3. Example Videos EQ- How does conditioning work in the real world? SSPBC1 Table of Contents: 96. Classical and Operant Crossword 97. Classical vs Operant Chart Operant Conditioningpeople can learn voluntary behaviors through the consequences of those behaviors (with rewards and punishments) Reinforcer- a reward that INCREASES the frequency of the behavior it follows Punishment- something that DECREASES the frequency of the behavior it follows

Think-Pair-Share You are a parent of two children, a girl age 7 and a boy age 5. You are concerned because your daughter keeps attacking her younger brother every time she gets upset. You would like to use Skinner’s Theory of Operant Conditioning to get rid of this behavior. 1. How would you use the ideas of positive and negative reinforcement to INCREASE the desired behavior? (handling her anger without attacking her brother) 2. How would you use the ideas of positive and negative punishment to DECREASE the undesired behavior? (attacking her brother)

Key Vocabulary- Motivation Intrinsic Motivationdisplaying the behavior because you naturally want to- not because of a reward Extrinsic Motivationdisplaying the behavior because you want the reward

Classical Conditioning vs Operant Conditioning Work with your partner to complete the chart. 10 minutes!

Conditioning in Pop Culture Marshmallow Test Superfetch Big Bang Theory Frasier Supernanny

Classical Conditioning in Advertising Companies want you to make associations between their products and positive emotions/events/activities in your life The goal is that you will subconsciously associate the product with the good feeling Commercials are designed to make you form these subconscious associations Ex: hot guys at the beach drinking sprite; your favorite athlete wearing Nikes, a long lost relative coming back from war drinking Folgers When you see the product at the store, if you have been correctly conditioned, you will start to have these good feelings and will pick their brand over competitors

Some Examples Best Part of Waking Up! Smells Like a Man! What Your Man Could Smell Like More Than Medication Share a Coke!