Series Editor: R. N. Ginsburg
Casebooksin Earth SciencesSeries Editor: R. N. Ginsburg
The comparative quiet of the jungle with only the creak of thewalking-beam, the muffled clang of iron on iron, and the hissof steam, was first broken by a growling mutter, swelling atlength into a menacing roar that shook the earth and washeard like the sound of distant thunder . . A little later, everyleaf, every flower, every blade of grass now vivid with thegreens and brilliant colors of the tropical jungle, was converted as if by magic into the fantastic dream of some futuristic painter, all a glistening black as if fashioned of highlyburnished metal. In the center of this strange picture, amidthe ruins of what had been a short while before a sturdy derrick of bolted timber, a column of oil many hundreds of feethigh ran straight into the air, thick as a barrel, black asnight, and in appearance as smooth as ebony. Cerro Azul No.4 had come in!Exerpt from Mexican PetroleumPan-American Petroleum & Transport, Co., 1922Cover photo of Cerro Azul No.4.
CarbonatePetroleum ReservoirsEdited byPerry O. Roehl and Philip W. ChoquetteWith 386 lllustrationsSpringer-VerlagNew York Berlin Heidelberg Tokyo
EditorsPerry O. Roehl, Department of Geology, Trinity University, San Antonio,TX 78282, USAPhilip W. Choquette, Marathon Oil Company, P.O. Box 296, Littleton,CO 80160, USASeries EditorRobert N. Ginsburg, University of Miami, School of Marine andAtmospheric Science, Fisher Island Station, Miami, FL 33139, USAOn the front cover: Photo of Cerro Azul No.4, reprinted from MexicanPetroleum, copyright 1922 by Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Co.,New York.On the front endpaper: Tectonic map of the world redrafted from a mapthat appeared in Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution, Second Edition, byKent C. Condie, copyright 1982 by Pergamon Press Inc., Oxford.Reprinted by permission.Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataMain entry under title:Carbonate petroleum reservoirs.(Casebooks in earth sciences)Bibliography: p.Includes index.I. Petroleum-Geology-Case studies. 2. Rocks,Carbonate-Case studies. I. Roehl, Perry O.II. Choquette, Philip W. III. Series.TN870.5.C34 1985553.2'885-4725ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9536-5c-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-5040-1DOT: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5040-1 1985 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc.Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form withoutwritten permission from Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010,U.S.A.The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, evenif the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, asunderstood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freelyby anyone.Media conversion by Ampersand Publisher Services, Inc., Rutland, Vermont.987654321
Series PrefaceThe case history approach has an impressive record of success in a varietyof disciplines. Collections of case histories, casebooks, are now widely usedin all sorts of specialties other than in their familiar application to law andmedicine. The case method had its formal beginning at Harvard in 1871 whenChristopher Lagdell developed it as a means of teaching. It was so successfulin teaching law that it was soon adopted in medical education, and the collection of cases provided the raw material for research on various diseases.Subsequently, the case history approach spread to such varied fields as business, psychology, management, and economics, and there are over 100 booksin print that use this approach.The idea for a series of Casebooks in Earth Sciences grew from my experience in organizing and editing a collection of examples of one variety ofsedimentary deposits. The project began as an effort to bring some order toa large number of descriptions of these deposits that were so varied in presentation and terminology that even specialists found them difficult to compareand analyze. Thus, from the beginning, it was evident that something morethan a simple collection of papers was needed. Accordingly, the nearly fiftycontributors worked together with George de Vries Klein and me to establisha standard format for presenting the case histories. We clarified the terminologyand some basic concepts, and when the drafts of the cases were completedwe met to discuss and review them. When the collection was ready to submitto the publisher, and I was searching for an appropriate subtitle, a perceptivecolleague, R. Michael Lloyd pointed out that it was a collection of casehistories comparable in principle to the familiar casebooks of law and medicine. After this casebook [Tidal Deposits (1975)] was published and accordeda warm reception, I realized that the same approach could well be applied tomany other subjects in earth science.It is the aim of this new series, Casebooks in Earth Sciences, to apply thediscipline of compiling and organizing truly representative case histories toaccomplish various objectives: establish a collection of case histories for bothreference and teaching; clarify terminology and basic concepts; stimulate andfacilitate synthesis and classification; and encourage the identification of new
vi Series Prefacequestions and new approaches. There are no restrictions on the subject matterfor the casebook series save that they concern earth science. However, it isclear that the most appropriate subjects are those that are largely descriptive.Just as there are no fixed boundaries on subject matter, so is the format andapproach of individual volumes open to the discretion of the editors workingwith their contributors. Most casebooks will of necessity be communal effortswith one or more editors working with a group of contributors. However, itis also likely that a collection of case histories could be assembled by oneperson drawing on a combination of personal experience and the literature.Clearly the case history approach has been successful in a wide range ofdisciplines. The systematic application of this proven method to earth sciencesubjects holds the promise of producing valuable new resources for teachingand research.Miami, FloridaFebruary, 1985Robert N. GinsburgSeries Editor
PrefaceThe success enjoyed in recent years by modem investigators of carbonatereservoirs has produced a vast new literature the volume and sophisticationof which have challenged efforts at synthesis. In this book we have confinedourselves to a selection of representative, well-documented accounts of carbonate reservoirs, in the form of 35 case studies. Collectively, these accountsillustrate the variations of form and subtlety of development that typify somany fields productive from carbonate reservoir traps. The case studies alsodemonstrate the application and need for integration of modem concepts ofcarbonate depositional settings and resulting facies, diagenesis and the resulting petrophysical modification of these facies, and the reservoir propertiesthat result from all these interrelated factors. Finally, the case studies revealthe strategic importance of a regional tectono-sedimentary framework, bothfor setting the depositional conditions that govern the initial accumulation ofcarbonates, and for establishing the complex of climatic, burial-diagenetic,and tectonic effects that finally determine whether a body of limestone ordolomite will actually become a reservoir of petroleum.For the purposes of managerial and engineering requirements in the development and efficient production of carbonate reservoirs, the complexitiesseen in virtually all of these examples-in lateral and vertical geometry andcontinuity and in all measurable petrophysical properties--- :all attention onceagain to an urgent need. This is the need for close interaction between petroleum engineers on the one hand, concerned with efficiently producing oiland gas, and geologists on the other hand, with modem sedimentologicalapproaches, skilled at defining and characterizing the reservoirs for thesefluids.In all of these case studies there is a strong emphasis on modem conceptsand methods in carbonate sedimentology as applied to geologic studies ofreservoirs. However, we have tried to make these studies both accessible andintelligible to readers trained in other disciplines. Each reservoir example issummarized in some detail in a table at the front of the case study, withcharacterization of the geologic setting; nature of reservoir and trap; inferencesabout hydrocarbon source, porosity, permeability, and other reservoir prop-
VlIlPrefaceerties and parameters; general production and reserves data; and other information. The geologic classifications and many of the more esoteric terms usedin the case studies, familiar to most carbonate sedimentologists but likely tobe generally unfamiliar to their reservoir-engineer colleagues, are summarizedin a Glossary and an illustrated outline of Classifications toward the end ofthe book. We have attempted to employ geographic names in accord withprincipal usage by the international petroleum community. It is not the purposeof this pUblication to validate or establish precedence for the recognition ofany geopolitical or geographic entity. The standard of authority for geographicnames used in this publication is The International Petroleum Encyclopediafor 1983 (The Petroleum Publishing Co., Tulsa, OK). Finally, we have extracted generalizations about the collection of reservoirs sampled in this book,and present these together with a brief perspective in the Introduction. Wehope these features of the book will encourage engineers as well as geologiststo read further.Our attempt to compile a sampling of carbonate reservoir studies beganwith a call for papers and solicitation for support from segments of theworldwide petroleum industry and a few associated governmental entities.This appeal brought an enthusiastic response in the form of titles and abstractsfrom some 50 authors, as well as the generous support of 27 sponsors,separately acknowledged herein.Bolstered by this response, we developed a set of guidelines and presentationformat that we hoped would be acceptable to the authors and to a widereadership. A workshop for the authors who had submitted initial manuscriptswas convened at Vail, Colorado, in June 1980. Each prospective authorpresented his paper for review by the others. For this conference we werefortunate in being able to produce a volume of preprints, which allowed eachcontributor to review and evaluate his contributions in the context of all thesubmitted manuscripts. Committees of authors then worked to develop recommendations for content, methodology, format, illustration styles, terminology, documentation, and other aspects germane to a collection of casestudies. Although a variety of emphases and approaches in the case studiesmade adherence to rigid format impractical, many of the recommendationsmade at Vail were adopted and are very much in evidence in this book.Following the Vail workshop, a few additional case studies were solicitedin an effort to fill in gaps in geologic and/or geographic coverage. Readerswill recognize that comprehensive sampling is difficult to achieve in a manageable number of adequately documented case studies, as we attempt toaddress in the Introduction that follows. But we have tried.The workshop/preprint approach would have been impossible without thegenerous help and financial support of many people and organizations. RobertN. Ginsburg, University of Miami, gave helpful advice in planning andimplementing the Vail workshop. Members of the staff of Marathon OilCompany's Denver Research Center compiled and printed the preprint volume,which was distributed to all the authors and sponsors of the workshop.The book manuscript went through numerous drafts, which were preparedby DeAnne Hite, Linda Millarke, and Connie Pedde of Marathon Oil Companyand Linda McCabe of Trinity University. Many of the line drawings submittedby the authors were either modified or redrafted by Susan Hartline and ArzellThompson. Final proofreading was done by Sally Andrews of Marathon andLynn Travis and Randall Walters of Trinity. Jane C. Olson did the bulk ofthe subject index and Mary Roehl prepared the author index. We extend
PrefacelXparticular thanks to the management of Marathon's Research Center and theadministration of Trinity University for ongoing support of this project, andto our wives, Mary Roehl and Jean Choquette, for steadfast moral supportduring the book's long gestation.We thank all of the contributors to this casebook for their patience andcooperation, over an extended period of time, in working with us as weattempted to weld a wide diversity of case studies into a cohesive format.Some of our colleagues, notably Dexter H. Craig of Marathon and RobertN. Ginsburg, served as much-needed sounding boards, gave council, andreviewed some of our efforts, and we gratefully acknowledge their support.Having said all this, however, we bow to the inevitable and accept the principalresponsibility for the collective outcome, which we hope will be useful andinstructive.San Antonio, TexasLittleton, ColoradoFebruary, 1985Perry O. RoehlPhilip W. Choquette
Project SponsorsWe are pleased to acknowledge the substantial and timely monetary supportand encouragement of the following industrial and governmental organizations:Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company, United Arab EmiratesAGIP S.p.A., Milan, ItalyAnschutz Corporation, Denver, ColoradoAquitaine Company of Canada, Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, CanadaARCO Oil and Gas Company, Dallas, TexasConoco, Inc., Houston, TexasExxon Company, USA, Houston, TexasGulf Canada Resources, Inc., Calgary, Alberta, CanadaMichel T. Halbouty, Houston, TexasHorne Oil Company, Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, CanadaHudson's Bay Oil and Gas Company, Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, CanadaJapan Petroleum Exploration Company, Ltd., Tokyo, JapanKoninklijke/Shell Exploratie en Produktie Laboratorium, The Hague, TheNetherlandsMarathon Oil Company, Littleton, ColoradoNorthwest Exploration Company, Denver, ColoradoOccidental Petroleum Company, Bakersfield, CaliforniaPetrobras Brasileiro, S.A., Rio de Janeiro, BrazilPetro-Lewis Corporation, Denver, ColoradoPhillips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, OklahomaPlacid Oil Company, Dallas, TexasShell Oil Company, Houston, Texas
xiiProject SponsorsSohio Petroleum Company, San Francisco, CaliforniaSouthland Royalty Company, Fort Worth, TexasSpringer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York, New YorkSuperior Oil Company, Houston, TexasTenneco Oil Company, Houston, TexasYacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Abbreviations andConversion Factorsbblbarrels(s)cpcentipoise(s)BCPDbarrels condensate perdayGpore geometrical factor(see Roehl, this volume)BGCbarrels gas condensateGORgas-oil ratioBLGbarrels liquid gasIPinitial productionBObarrels oilmdmillidarcysBOPDbarrels oil per dayNABPHbarrels per hournot available and/or notknownBWbarrels waterBWPDbarrels water per daybulk volume occupied,extrapolated to infinitecapillary pressure (seeRoehl, this volume)extrapolated displacementcapillary pressure(see Roehl, this volume)psipounds per square inchSCFGstandard cubic feet of gasoil saturationultimate recoveryefficiencyCFGcubic feet gasSoSwCFGPDcubic feet gas per dayUREConversionFactorNon-MetricUnitwater saturationMetric ters0.004047square kilometerscubic feet(standard)x0.02817cubic metersbarrels(42 USgallons)X0.15891cubic metersinchesfeetmetersmilesacremeters
ContentsSeries Preface. Robert N. Ginsburg .Preface. Perry O. Roehl and Philip W. Choquette .Project Sponsors .Abbreviations and Conversion Factors .List of Contributors.vviixixiiixixIntroduction. Perry O. Roehl and Philip W. Choquette.1Paleozoic Reservoirsl. Depositional Facies, Diagenetic Terranes, and PorosityDevelopment in Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Dolomite,Puckett Field, West Texas. Robert G. Loucks andJames H. Anderson .192. Factors Controlling Porosity in Dolomite Reservoirs of theOrdovician Red River Formation, Cabin Creek Field, Montana.Kenneth Ruzyla and Gerald M. Friedman .393. Ordovician Red River Dolomite Reservoirs, Killdeer Field,North Dakota. James R. Derby and John T. Kilpatrick .594. Depositional Sequences and Characteristics of Ordovician RedRiver Reservoirs, Pennel Field, Williston Basin, Montana.James H. Clement .715. Depositional and Diagenetic Controls on Reservoir RockDevelopment and Petrophysics in Silurian Tidalites, InterlakeFormation, Cabin Creek Field Area, Montana.Perry O. Roehl .856. Silurian Reservoirs in Upward-Shoaling Cycles of the HuntonGroup, Mt. Everette and Southwest Reeding Fields, KingfisherCounty, Oklahoma. William A. Morgan. .107
xvi Contents7. Depositional Facies of Middle Silurian (Niagaran) PinnacleReefs, Belle River Mills Gas Field, Michigan Basin,Southeastern Michigan. Dan Gill .1218. Origin and Diagenesis of Middle Devonian Pinnacle ReefsEncased in Evaporites, "A" and "E" Pools, Rainbow Field,Alberta. Volkmar Schmidt, Ian A. McIlreath, andAlfred E. Budwill .1419. Depositional and Reservoir Facies of the Mississippian LeadvilleFormation, Northwest Lisbon Field, Utah. James A. Miller .16110. Depositional Facies, Diagenesis, and Reservoir Character ofMississippian Cyclic Carbonates in the Mission CanyonFormation, Little Knife Field, Williston Basin, North Dakota.Robert F. Lindsay and Christopher G. St. C. Kendall .17511. Porosity Development in the Mississippian Pisolitic Limestonesof the Mission Canyon Formation, Glenburn Field, WillistonBasin, North Dakota. Lee C. Gerhard .19112. Mississippian Oolite and Non-Supratidal Dolomite Reservoirs inthe Ste. Genevieve Formation, North Bridgeport Field, IllinoisBasin. Philip W. Choquette and Randolph P. Steinen .20713. Pennsylvanian Facies-Diagenetic Reservoir, Lower StrawnFormation, Seminole Southeast Field, Midland Basin, WestTexas. S. J. Mazzullo .22714. Geology of Upper Pennsylvanian Carbonate Oil Reservoirs,Happy and Seberger Fields, Northwestern Kansas.William J. Ebanks, Jr. and W. L. Watney .23915. Carbonate Petroleum Reservoirs in the Permian Dolomites of theZechstein, Fore-Sudetic Area, Western Poland. S. Depowski andT. M. Peryt .25116. Permian Patch-Reef Reservoir, North Anderson Ranch Field,Southeastern New Mexico. M. Malek-Aslani .26517. Depositional and Diagenetic History of a Lower Permian(Wolfcamp) Phylloid-Algal Reservoir, Hueco Formation, MortonField, Southeastern New Mexico. John M. Cys andS. J. Mazzullo .27718. Productive Permian Carbonate Cycles, San Andres Formation,Reeves Field, West Texas. Stewart Chuber andWalter C. Pusey .28919. Depositional History and Reservoir Development of a PermianFistulipora-Tubiphytes Bank Complex, Blalock Lake East Field,West Texas. George B. Asquith and John F. Drake .309Mesozoic Reservoirs20. Depositional and Diagenetic Facies in the Jurassic Arab-C and-D Reservoirs, Qatif Field, Saudi Arabia. Augustus O. Wilson.319
Contents xvii21. Dedolomite Porosity and Reservoir Properties of Middle JurassicCarbonates in the Paris Basin, France. Bruce H. Purser .34122. Diagene
Petroleum, copyright 1922 by Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Co., New York. On the front endpaper: Tectonic map of the world redrafted from a map that appeared in Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolu
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