Mediterranean Biodiversity And Marine Litter
MediterraneanBiodiversity andMarine LitterAn interaction knowledge baseIn collaboration with:
MediterraneanBiodiversity andMarine LitterAn interaction knowledge base
This report is a joint effort of the Biodiversity Protection Community projects co-financed by theInterreg-MED Programme focusing on pollution aspects according to the PANACeA Roadmap for WorkingGroup 1 on Biodiversity Protection and Management.The projects featured in this report have supported the review of a spatial understanding of marine litterthreats to Mediterranean marine life particularly in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).Citation:Mediterranean biodiversity and marine litter: an interaction knowledge base, Interreg Med BiodiversityProtection project, 2019.Authors:Carlos Guitart (ETC-UMA), Dania Abdul Malak (ETC-UMA), Antonio Sánchez (ETC-UMA), Carolina PérezValverde (MedCities), Emanuele Bigagli (Independent Consultant, MedCities), Sonsoles San Román (ETCUMA)Contributors:ACT4LITTER: Thomais Vlachogianni (MIO-ECSDE), Ignasi Mateo Rodriguez (UNEP MAP SCP/RAC)AMARE: François Galgani (IFREMER), Simonetta Fraschetti (University of Naples Federico II)MEDSEALITTER: Morgana Vighi (University of Barcelona), Antonella Arcangeli (ISPRA), Odei Garcia-Garin(University of Barcelona), Roberto Crosti (ISPRA)PHAROS4MPAs: Catherine Piante (WWF France), Pierre Yves Hardy (WWF France)PLASTICBUSTERS MPAs: Maria Cristina Fossi (University of Siena), Teresa Romeo (ISPRA), Cristina Panti(University of Siena), Alessandro Galli (University of Siena), Ilaria Caliani (University of Siena)PANACeA: Konstantia Nikopoulou (MedCities)Cover Photo: AP Images/European Union-EPBack cover photo: annapolis rose/flickr.comDesign and layout: Blueverdestudio.com
T able of Contents0 Glossary.1 Introduction206.08Threats of marine litter on Mediterranean biodiversity .121315162.1 An integrated regional approach to a global threat .2.2 The known and unknown in the Mediterranean region .2.3 Discovering marine litter effects on biodiversity through scientific research .Assessment of marine litter interactions with Mediterranean3 biodiversity .3.13.23.33.4State of knowledge on marine litter impacts in Mediterranean MPAs .State of knowledge on marine litter impacts in the Mediterranean Sea .State of knowledge on marine litter impacts on marine habitats .State of knowledge on marine litter impacts in Mediterranean ecoregions .1820232329MedBioLitter: The Mediterranean database on marine litter4 impacts – state and outlook .4.1 Database and information gathering, integration and parameters .4.2 Updating process of the MedBioLitter database .4.3 Communicating key information .5 Key messages to policy makers6Annexes30303232.34.38Annex I Marine litter science by the Mediterranean biodiversity protectioncommunity .Annex II List of Marine Protected Areas in Interreg Med Biodiversity Protectionprojects .Annex III Example of entry extracted from MedBioLitter showing its structure .7 References.39525456
6 Mediterranean biodiversity and marine litter: an interaction knowledge baseG lossaryLEXICONBenthicOf, relating to, or occurring at the bottom of a body of water.BenthopelagicLiving and feeding near the bottom as well as in midwaters or near the surface. Feeding onbenthic as well as free swimming organisms. The depth zone about 100 m. off the bottom at alldepths below the edge of the continental shelf.BiotaThe animal and plant life of a particular region, habitat, or geological periodColonizationThe establishment of a species in an area not currently occupied by that species. Colonisationoften involves dispersal across an area of unsuitable habitat. Marine litter items can becomecolonized and transport potentially invasive species into new habitats.DemersalSinking to or lying on the bottom; living on or near the bottom and feeding on benthicorganisms.EntanglementMany marine species such as seals, whales and marine turtles become entangled in marinelitter, causing suffocation, strangulation and drowning. Marine litter can also restrictmovement, reduce the ability to catch food and avoid predators, or cause lacerationsand infections. The most frequent cause of entanglement is discarded fishing gear; othercauses include ‘six-pack’ rings and balloon df/flyer marine litter.pdf )IngestionMistaken as food or ingested accidentally during feeding, debris and litter may block thedigestive tract or cause internal injuries and lead to death. It can also impair digestion andstunt growth as well as reproduction rates. There is in-creasing concern that, along with plastics,animals could be ingesting persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and toxic compounds suchas medicines. (https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/pdf/flyer marine litter.pdf )IsopodAny freshwater, marine, or terrestrial crustacean of the order or suborder Isopoda, having sevenpairs of legs typically adapted for crawling, and a dorsoventrally flattened body, and includingwood lice, several aquatic parasites of crabs and shrimps, and numerous swimming or bottomdwelling species.MesopelagicLiving or feeding at midwater at depths between 200 m and 1,000 m. Generally characterizedby dim light and steep temperature gradients.NeriticOf, relating to, inhabiting, or constituting the belt or region of shallow water adjoining theseacoast.NeustonicThe collection of microscopic and small organisms that inhabit the region on or just below thesurface of a body of water.PelagicLiving and feeding in the open sea; associated with the surface or middle depths of a body ofwater; free swimming in the seas, oceans or open waters; not in association with the bottom.Many pelagic fish feed on plankton. In FishBase, referring to surface or mid water from 0 to 200m depth.
Mediterranean biodiversity and marine litter: an interaction knowledge base 7ACRONYMSEBSAEcologically or Biologically Significant Areas are areas which, through scientific criteria, have beenidentified as important for the healthy functioning of our oceans and the services that they provide. In2008, the ninth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP9 CBD) adopted the scientific criteria for EBSAs in need of protection in open-ocean waters and deepsea habitats.FRAFisheries Restricted Area. FRAs are established to ensure the protection of deep-sea sensitive habitatsand of essential fish habitats (EFH) in well-defined sites.GESGood Environmental StatusIMAPIntegrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme and related Assessment Criteria. At their 19thOrdinary Meeting (COP 19, Athens, Greece, 9-12 February 2016), the Contracting Parties to theConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean(Barcelona Convention) - namely 21 Mediterranean countries and the European Union - adopted theIMAP.MBLMedBioLitter database on interactions between marine litter and biodiversity in the Mediterranean.MLMarine litter, debris. Human-created waste discharged into and/or found on the coastal or marineenvironment.MPAThe term Marine Protected Area includes marine reserves, fully protected marine areas, no-take zones,marine sanctuaries, ocean sanctuaries, marine parks, locally managed marine areas, among other.They have different levels of protection, and the range of activities allowed or prohibited within theirboundaries varies considerably too.WWF uses the term Marine Protected Area as an overarching description of:“An area designated and effectively managed to protect marine ecosystems, processes, habitats, andspecies, which can contribute to the restoration and replenishment of resources for social, economic,and cultural enrichment.”MSFDThe EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive. The MSFD was put in place to protect the marineecosystem and biodiversity upon which our health and marine-related economic and social activitiesdepend. To help EU countries achieve a good environmental status (GES), the directive sets out 11illustrative qualitative descriptors.RACRegional Activity Centre. There are several RACs in the Mediterranean under the umbrella of UNE MAP,among which: The Plan Bleu Regional Activity Centre (PB/RAC) The Priority Actions Programme Regional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC) The Specially Protected Areas Regional Activity Centre (SPA/RAC) The Regional Activity Centre for Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP/RAC)RAMSARA Ramsar site is a wetland site designated to be of international importance under the RamsarConvention. The Convention on Wetlands, known as the Ramsar Convention, is an intergovernmentalenvironmental treaty established in 1971 by UNESCO, which came into force in 1975. It provides fornational action and international cooperation regarding the conservation of wetlands and the wisesustainable use of their resources.SPAMISpecially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance. Through the Protocol concerning SpeciallyProtected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (SPA/BD Protocol), the ContractingParties to the Barcelona Convention established the SPAMI List to promote cooperation in themanagement and conservation of natural areas, as well as in the protection of threatened speciesand their habitats. The conservation of the natural heritage is the basic aim that must characterize theSPAMIs. Since the 20th ordinary meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention and itsprotocols, the SPAMI List includes 35 sites, among which one encompasses an area established also onthe high sea: the Pelagos Sanctuary for marine mammals.UNEPMAPUnited Nations Environment Programme Mediterranean Action Plan. Also known as UN EnvironmentMAP. Through the MAP, the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention and its Protocols aredetermined to meet the challenges of protecting the marine and coastal environment while boostingregional and national plans to achieve sustainable development. The 22 Contracting Parties to theBarcelona Convention are: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France,Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Slovenia, Spain, Syrian ArabRepublic, Tunisia, Turkey, and the European Union.
1Photo by: Bru-nO/pixabay.com
Mediterranean biodiversity and marine litter: an interaction knowledge base 9IntroductionMarine litter is at present a top rankedpollution menace to the conservation andsustainability of marine biodiversity andhealthy and functional ecosystems. There is agrowing evidence of global marine ecosystemsimpacted by marine litter as a result of ourunsustainable lifestyles associated with the‘plastic’ revolution. The way litter pollution(from macro down to micro and nano scales) isaffecting marine life is not fully understood yet,especially beyond short spatial and temporalscales. As the global production of plastics hasbeen growing exponentially since 1960s andas there are already huge quantities of marinelitter in the oceans and seas; such studiesneed to be urgently prioritized to allow theunderstanding of potential future scenariosand to support finding solutions to guaranteefunctional marine ecosystems and so theprovision of proper ecosystem services.The Mediterranean Sea is not an exception,and in addition to the efforts to generateevidence and knowledge on the quantitiesof litter present on beaches and in the sea- floating, present in the water column oraccumulated in canyons and deep-sea areas -,it should be imperative to address the currentgaps regarding the lack of knowledge on theimpacts of marine litter on marine organisms.
10 Mediterranean biodiversity and marine litter: an interaction knowledge baseThis global and Mediterranean issue and the managerial challenges arising from itare the focus of governments and international organizations worldwide seekingto coordinate a global response to this common challenge. First, regarding themobilization of better awareness, scientific research and priority actions, and secondly,by challenging established consumption patterns, lifestyles and economic inertiasthrough the implementation of circular economy models. With this approach, the UNEnvironment/Barcelona Convention set the Regional Plan on Marine Litter Managementfor the Mediterranean in 2013 and is running an operational and collaborative platformto coordinate efforts at the basin scale, as well as implementing the IntegratedMonitoring and Assessment Program of the Mediterranean Sea and Coast (UNEnvironment/Barcelona Convention IMAP), including monitoring and assessment ofmarine litter (Ecological Objective 10). Moreover, European countries bordering theNorthern part of the Mediterranean Sea are combating the ‘plastic pollution’ throughthe EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (EU MSFD, Descriptor 10) and other morerecent policies, such as the European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy.In the Mediterranean, the Interreg-Med programme (2014-2020) has co-financedseveral initiatives that tackle the issue of marine litter. The Mediterranean BiodiversityProtection Community, co-financed by Interreg Med and featured by PANACeA, isone of these networks and aims at ensuring harmonized approaches to providetransferable evidence-based solutions on this growing challenge in the region. Partof the contribution of this Interreg Med community is to increase the evidence andthe understanding of marine litter concerns and to reduce the pressures coming frommarine litter as well as its impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems in the Mediterraneanregion.The main areas of work of this community to date include the compilation of knowledgeand available information on monitoring, measures and actions in marine protectedareas (MPAs) and beyond, and to provide tools to support biodiversity protection andmanagement to a wide range of stakeholders from local managers to regional policymakers in the Mediterranean region. An insight on projects tackling marine litter policy,management, pressures, impacts and best practices to combat litter in the marine andcoastal environment is presented in Table 1. Five projects (out of 11 thematic projectswithin the Mediterranean Biodiversity Protection Community) have pursued marinelitter pollution knowledge objectives. The knowledge generated by the BiodiversityProtection community has been synthesized here to offer coordinated knowledge andpractice in the Mediterranean region and to contribute to both the Mediterranean andinternational marine litter reduction challenges.Five thematic projects within theMediterranean Biodiversity ProtectionCommunity have pursued marine litterpollution knowledge objectives
Mediterranean biodiversity and marine litter: an interaction knowledge base 11Table 1. Summary of the projects within the Mediterranean Biodiversity Protection Community working on transferable solutions toreduce the pressures of marine litter in their respective selected Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)* - more information on each projectis available in Annex I.Marine litter relatedobjectivesAcronymTitleMarine Protected Areas participatingACT4LITTERJoint measures topreserve naturalecosystems frommarine litter inMediterraneanProtected AreasMPA management,action plans andgovernance. Synthesisof measures to tackleand combat litterpollution, includingbeach monitoringNational Park of Kornati (Croatia);Thermaikos Gulf Protected Areas (Greece);MPA Miramare (Italy); MPA Torre Guaceto(Italy); Strunjan Landscape Park (Slovenia);MPA Torre del Cerrano (Italy); Ebro DeltaNature Park (Spain); Cabo de Gata-NíjarNatural Park/UNESCO Global Geopark(Spain); and MPA Levante de Mallorca-CalaRatjada (Spain)AMAREActions for MarineProtected AreasNovel approachesto monitoringML providinggeoreferencedinformation ondistribution andamounts in MPAsAlonissos Northern Sporades NationalMarine Park (Greece); Porto CesareoMPA (Italy); Torre Guaceto MPA (Italy);The North-East Marine Protected Area –Maltese Islands (Malta); Freus d’ Eivissa iFormentera – Balearic Islands tocols to protectbiodiversity fromlitter impact at basinand local MPA scalesCombined monitoringand assessmentprotocols for marinelitter quantities andbiodiversity interactionsin the seaCapo Carbonara MPA, Italy; CinqueTerre MPA, Italy; Egadi MPA, Italy andMPAs included in the ferry transectsBarcelona–Civitavecchia; Livorno-Bastia;Palermo-Cagliari; Palermo-Tunis; ement effortsin Mediterraneanprotected areas forbetter biodiversityprotectionSynthesis andcapitalization of currentresearch, managementand policy effortsand tools to tacklemarine litter in theMediterraneanMediterraneanPHAROS4MPAsBlue Economyand MarineConservation:SafeguardingMediterraneanMPAs to achieve aGood EnvironmentalStatusStudy of drivers,activities and pressuresin the marineenvironment related topollution among othersMarine Natural Park of the Gulf of Lion(France), Camargue Natura2000 Site(France), Samaria MPA, AmvrakikosWetlands MPA (Greece), Delta Nestou,Vistonidas, Ismaridas MPA (Greece),Zakynthos Marine National Park (Greece),Miramare MPA (Italy), Cap de Creus from plastics inMediterraneanMarine ProtectedAreasDevelopment of novelscientific approachesand understanding theimpact on biodiversityand MPAsKaraburun-Sazani Island National Park(Albania), Cres-Lošinj MPA (Croatia),Bouches Bonifacio Parc Marin International(France), Hyeres National Park (France)*,Zakynthos Island National Park(Greece), Lampedusa MPA (Italy), TuscanArchipelago National Park (Italy), CabreraArchipelago National Park (Spain), PelagosSanctuary SPAMI (Italy/France/Monaco).* These areas are still to confirm theirinvolvement in the transfer of projectactions* Table 1 is not an exhaustive list of all projects i
6 Mediterranean biodiversity and marine litter: an interaction knowledge base LEXICON Benthic Of, relating to, or occurring at the bottom of a body of water. Benthopelagic Living and feeding near the bottom
1.4 Outline of model survey of measures to reduce marine litter in Japan 1.5 Model areas (11 seacoasts in seven prefectures) 2. Actual Situation of Marine Litter 2.1 Percentage of marine litter by country (by model area) 2.2 Percentage of marine litter by material (by model area) 2.3 Ranking of marine litter by type (in all the model areas)
NOWPAP Regional Action Plan on Marine Litter BACKGROUND Marine litter is a part of the broader problem of solid waste management which is closely linked to the protection and conservation of the marine and coastal environment and sustainable development of the Northwest Pacific region. Marine litter poses multiple negative impacts on the
Slide 5 life Litter and Marine Life 80 % of marine litter comes from land based activities Microplastics leach out harmful pollutants and can be eaten by marine 1 Million sea birds & 100,000 marine animals die each year because of marine litter. You might be wondering how this plastic gets ther
Top Marine Beach Litter Items in Europe . A review and synthesis based on beach litter data . Anna Maria Addamo, Perrine Laroche, Georg Hanke . MSFD Technical Group on Marine Litter
www.petsafe.net FR IT NL DE EN ES 5. Key Definitions Litter Box Frame: Rests on top of the Litter Tray. Rake: Automatically sweeps solid waste into the Waste Compartment after your cat has left the Litter Box.The Rake can also be manually operated with the Manual Button. Detection Sensors: Detect when your cat is inside the Litter Box. LE
A comprehensive Marine litter reduction policy is needed and the EC waste policy and draft plastics policy should lead in that. After prevention and reduction of waste at source - we still need to tackle what does make its way to the sea. Below is a first outline of a new way to approach marine litter clean-ups.
Weis provides a clear introduction not only to marine litter, but also to water pollution writ large. It is an immensely clear and readable text, . (A brief history of marine litter research), 2 (Global distribution, composition and abundance of marine litter), and 7 . see
ANATOMI Adalah ilmu yang . “osteon”: tulang; “logos”: ilmu skeleton: kerangka Fungsi tulang/kerangka: - melindungi organ vital - penghasil sel darah - menyimpan/mengganti kalsium dan pospat - alat gerak pasif - perlekatan otot - memberi bentuk tubuh - menjaga atau menegakkan tubuh. Skeleton/kerangka dibagi menjadi: 1. S. axiale sesuai aksis korporis (sumbu badan): a. columna .
