U.S. History I: United States History 1607-1865 Text For .

U.S. History I: United States History 1607-1865Text for History 121Northern Virginia Community CollegeExtended Learning InstituteThird EditionRevised and Updated, June 2010Associate Professor Henry J. SageAcademic American History10509 Old Colchester RoadLorton, Virginia 22079Copyright Henry J. Sage, 2007-2010i

This text by Henry J. Sage is published by Academic American History through Lulu,Inc., an online, print-on-demand service (www.lulu.com). The text is based on theweb site created by the author at Northern Virginia Community College (NVCC),1995-2008. The history content is also located at www.academicamerican.com, aweb site maintained by the author.This edition of the text is structured for History 121, Early American History, taughtonline through the NVCC Extended Learning Institute. It may be updated and augmented during the course of each semester. Announcements about all updates affecting NVCC courses will be posted on the course web site and linked from the NVCCBlackboard course management system. The content parallels From Colonies toFree Nation: United States History 1607-1865, also available through Lulu.Students who purchase this text should be aware that while all course content iscontained herein, they should nevertheless check for announcements in Blackboardregularly for additions or changes in assignments. Links to additional support pagesmay be found on the course web site at www.academicamerican.com.Email the author/instructor: hsage@cox.netH.J. SageCopyright 2007-2010 Henry J. SagePrinted in the United States of America.All rights reserved.Published byAcademic American History10509 Old Colchester RoadLorton, Virginia 22079About the Author: Henry J. Sage is professor emeritus of history at Northern Virginia Community College. He received his B.S. in Engineering in 1962 from the United States Naval Academy. He earned a Diplom in German Language, Culture and History from the University ofHeidelberg in 1968, an M.A. in History from Clark University in 1974, and an M.A. in AmericanLiterature from the University of Maryland in 1986. He has taught history at The College of theHoly Cross, the University of Maryland (Far East Division) and at George Mason University. Mr.Sage served in the Marine Corps until his retirement in 1981. His tours of duty included MarineCorps Headquarters; the Pentagon; Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, Virginia; U.S. Army Artillery School, Fort Sill, Oklahoma; 1st Marine Division, Vietnam; 2d Marine Division, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; 3rd Marine Division, Okinawa, Japan; the Navy ROTC unit at the College ofthe Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts.Cover Photo: The San Jacinto Memorial near Houston, Texas, taken by the author.ii

PrefaceWelcome to Academic American History: Early American History, 1607-1865. This textbookis the print version of course content published on the Academic American History web site,www.academicamerican.com. The site contains links to information about recommendedreadings, historic sites and other sources of historic interest.This text is offered as a convenience for online students, for whom this is the only requiredtext. The alternative to using this text involves downloading and printing identical materialfrom the web site. To save you time, Lulu publishing prints the book to order for each buyer. The link for this and other texts by the author is www.lulu.com/hjsage. As the author Iadd a small royalty fee, which goes toward maintenance of the Academic American Historyweb site and donations to Northern Virginia Community College.This volume is not a rigorously researched and constructed formal textbook. Rather, it is theproduct of my thirty plus years of teaching American history at several different collegesand universities, starting at the College of the Holy Cross in 1971. My lectures, and thistext, have been influenced by America’s finest historians. The documentation in this book isnecessarily slender, for to reassemble a bibliographic record of those years would be quite achallenge.Where materials from any work are quoted directly, the source is clearly indicated. Theygenerally refer to authors whose ideas have struck me as particularly interesting. On thecompanion web site you will find useful links and recommended books that I have found especially helpful in understanding American history. Most of the graphics have come fromopen source locations on the Web such as Google images and various government sitessuch as the Library of Congress and the National Archives. I have also included my ownphotographs where appropriate.Much of what you will find here is the product of my own thinking and necessarily includesopinions with which others may disagree. It is essentially what my students heard duringmy years of teaching in the classroom. It also includes their thoughts and ideas, expressedin class discussions and in examinations and essays written over the years. My online students at Northern Virginia Community College continue to make valuable contributions. Inaddition to their formal and informal submissions, they have provided invaluable proofreading assistance and have made many suggestions, all of which have been given careful consideration. Many student ideas have been included in the text.It is a pleasure to acknowledge the editorial contribution of Katherine Kappus. Her carefulediting and useful suggestions have improved this edition immeasurably. As a historyteacher in Fairfax County, Virginia, Katy viewed the text not only from the point of view of askilled editor, but also from the perspective of students who will be using this book. I amvery grateful for her assistance.My students have also written hundreds of excellent papers from which I have gleaned additional knowledge about our country’s past. This work is dedicated to them.H.J. SageLorton, VirginiaJanuary 2010iii

ContentsThis text is arranged into four chronological sections according to the History 121 syllabus.The documents for each section are at the end of that section. Additional references and resources can be found on the course web site, www.academicamerican.com.Course DescriptionviiiPart 1: Colonial American History, 1607-1763Introduction to American HistoryPrehistory: The Age of DiscoveryPrehistory Continued: Native AmericansIntroduction to Colonial American HistoryEarly European ExplorationsEnglish Colonization of North AmericaThe American Colonies. Virginia: The London CompanyBacon’s RebellionThe Protestant ReformationThe New England ColoniesMassachusetts Bay: A Puritan CommonwealthAdditional New England ColoniesMiddle Colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, MarylandThe Southern ColoniesSlavery in the Colonial WorldReligion and Early American HistoryThe Enlightenment and AmericaWomen in Colonial AmericaThe American Colonies and the British EmpireBritish MercantilismThe Glorious Revolution of 1688Colonial Wars and Wars for uments of Colonial American HistoryJohn Smith on the Virginia ColonyLetter from an Indentured ServantJohn Winthrop “Modell of Christian Charity”William Bradford’s History of Plymouth PlantationThe Mayflower CompactThe Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639Mary Jemison’s “Captivity” StoryGottlieb Mittelberger’s Journey to PennsylvaniaJonathan Edwards: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry GodThree Poems of Anne BradstreetMaryland Toleration ActA Letter from New EnglandThe Middle Passage from AfricaVirginia Slave Statues, 1660-1669iv5962646872737679818385878890

Part 2: Era of the American Revolution, 1763-1800IntroductionBackgroundA Century of Imperial War: The Second Hundred Years WarThe French and Indian WarSummary of Conditions in 1763The Stamp Act Crisis, 1765The “Boston Massacre”The Boston Tea Party and Coercive ActsThe First Continental CongressThe Revolution Begins, 1775The Second Continental CongressEarly Fighting: The War in the NorthWashington as a Military CommanderThe Move for IndependenceThe Saratoga Campaign, 1777The Battle of Monmouth, 1778The War in the West and SouthThe Final Showdown at Yorktown, 1781The Treaty of ParisAmerica under the Articles of Confederation: 1783–1789The Northwest OrdinanceThe Constitutional Convention of 1787Ratification of the ConstitutionThe New Republic: The United States, 1789–1800George Washington as PresidentHamilton and Financial ReformAmerica and the French RevolutionThe Rise of Political PartiesForeign Affairs under WashingtonThe Adams AdministrationThe Election of ts of the American Revolution EraJames Otis: Against Writs of AssistanceResolutions of the Stamp Act Congress, 1765The Boston Port Act, March 31, 1774Resolves of the Continental Congress, October 14, 1774Patrick Henry, “Liberty or Death”COMMON SENSE—Thomas Paine, 1776The Virginia Bill of Rights, George MasonBlacks Petition Against Taxation Without Representation, 1780A Bill For Establishing Religious Freedom In VirginiaFrom James Madison’s notes on the Constitutional ConventionGeorge Mason’s Speech of August 22, 1787, on SlaveryConcluding Remarks by Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, etc.Patrick Henry's Opening Speech in the Virginia Ratifying ConventionThe Kentucky and Virginia 7

Part 3: Jeffersonian and Jacksonian DemocracyThe Age of Jeffersonian DemocracyThe Louisiana PurchaseJefferson’ Second TermAmerica in the Age of NapoleonJames Madison as PresidentThe War of 1812The Treaty of GhentThe James Monroe AdministrationRegional Issues, 1815 to 1860The Monroe DoctrineThe Second Generation of Political LeadersThe Marshall Court and U.S. BusinessThe Missouri CompromiseThe 1824 Election & John Quincy Adams as PresidentAmerican Economic Growth 1820-1860The Age of Jacksonian DemocracyThe Election of 1828Jackson and the BankThe Nullification Crisis of 1832The Cherokee RemovalMartin Van Buren as PresidentTocqueville's 19226230235236238240241Documents of American History 1800-1840Thomas Jefferson’s First Inaugural AddressJefferson’s Embargo, 1807James Madison’s War Message to Congress, 1812The Monroe DoctrineJohn Marshall’s Greatest DecisionsSouth Carolina’s Protest Against the Tariff of 1828South Carolina Ordinance of NullificationAndrew Jackson’s Proclamation to South CarolinaDaniel Webster’s Union AddressAndrew Jackson's Bank VetoExcerpts from Tocqueville’s Democracy in America243246247249251258259260263266268Part 4: Expansion and War: The United States 1840-1865IntroductionThe John Tyler AdministrationThe Webster-Ashburton TreatyTexas and the Mexican WarManifest Destiny and MexicoThe Mexican-American WarThe Oregon Boundary DisputeThe Election of 1848Social and Cultural Issues in the Antebellum PeriodThe Age of ReformThe Women’s Movement: Seneca FallsThe Ante-Bellum South: Life on the PlantationApproach to Civil War, America in the 1850svi274276280281284288292293296297300304312