Clashing Views On Social Issues - The Eye
editor.fm Page i Thursday, March 23, 2006 12:17 PMClashing Views onSocial IssuesFOURTEENTH EDITION
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editor.fm Page iii Thursday, March 23, 2006 12:04 PMClashing Views onSocial IssuesFOURTEENTH EDITIONSelected, Edited, and with Introductions byKurt FinsterbuschUniversity of MarylandA Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies
editor.fm Page iv Thursday, March 23, 2006 12:04 PMTo my wife, Meredith Ramsay, who richly shares with me a life ofthe mind and much, much more.Photo AcknowledgmentCover image: Buccina Studios/Getty ImagesCover Art AcknowledgmentMaggie LytleCopyright 2007 by McGraw-Hill Contemporary Learning Series,A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Dubuque, Iowa 52001Copyright law prohibits the reproduction, storage, or transmission in any form by any means of anyportion of this publication without the express written permission of McGraw-Hill ContemporaryLearning Series and of the copyright holder (if different) of the part of the publication to be reproduced.The Guidelines for Classroom Copying endorsed by Congress explicitly state that unauthorized copyingmay not be used to create, to replace, or to substitute for anthologies, compilations, or collective works.Taking Sides is a registered trademark of McGraw-Hill Contemporary Learning SeriesManufactured in the United States of AmericaFourteenth Edition23456789QPDQPD9876Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataMain entry under title:Taking sides: clashing views on social issues/selected, edited, andwith introductionsby Kurt Finsterbusch.—14th ed.Includes bibliographical references and index.1. Social behavior. 2. Social problems. I. Finsterbusch, Kurt, ted on Recycled Paper
editor.fm Page v Thursday, March 23, 2006 12:04 PMPrefaceThe English word fanatic is derived from the Latin fanum, meaning temple.It refers to the kind of madmen often seen in the precincts of temples inancient times, the kind presumed to be possessed by deities or demons. Theterm first came into English usage during the seventeenth century, when itwas used to describe religious zealots. Soon after, its meaning was broadenedto include a political and social context. We have come to associate the termfanatic with a person who acts as if his or her views were inspired, a personutterly incapable of appreciating opposing points of view. The nineteenthcentury English novelist George Eliot put it precisely: “I call a man fanaticalwhen . . . he . . . becomes unjust and unsympathetic to men who are out of hisown track.” A fanatic may hear but is unable to listen. Confronted with thosewho disagree, a fanatic immediately vilifies opponents.Most of us would avoid the company of fanatics, but who among us is nottempted to caricature opponents instead of listening to them? Who does not putcertain topics off limits for discussion? Who does not grasp at euphemisms toavoid facing inconvenient facts? Who has not, in George Eliot’s language, sometimes been “unjust and unsympathetic” to those on a different track? Who is not,at least in certain very sensitive areas, a little fanatical? The counterweight tofanaticism is open discussion. The difficult issues that trouble us as a society haveat least two sides, and we lose as a society if we hear only one side. At the individual level, the answer to fanaticism is listening. And that is the underlying purposeof this book: to encourage its readers to listen to opposing points of view.This book contains 40 selections presented in a pro and con format. A totalof 20 different controversial social issues are debated. The sociologists, politicalscientists, economists, and social critics whose views are debated here make theircases vigorously. In order to effectively read each selection, analyze the pointsraised, and debate the basic assumptions and values of each position, or, in otherwords, in order to think critically about what you are reading, you will first haveto give each side a sympathetic hearing. John Stuart Mill, the nineteenth-centuryBritish philosopher, noted that the majority is not doing the minority a favor bylistening to its views; it is doing itself a favor. By listening to contrasting points ofview, we strengthen our own. In some cases we change our viewpoints completely. But in most cases, we either incorporate some elements of the opposingview—thus making our own richer—or else learn how to answer the objections toour viewpoints. Either way, we gain from the experience.Organization of the book Each issue has an issue introduction, which setsthe stage for the debate as it is argued in the YES and NO selections. Each issueconcludes with a postscript that makes some final observations and points the wayto other questions related to the issue. In reading the issue and forming your ownopinions you should not feel confined to adopt one or the other of the positionspresented. There are positions in between the given views or totally outside them,and the suggestions for further reading that appear in each issue postscript shouldv
editor.fm Page vi Thursday, March 23, 2006 12:04 PMviPREFACEhelp you find resources to continue your study of the subject. At the back of thebook is a listing of all the contributors to this volume, which will give you information on the social scientists whose views are debated here. Also, on the On theInternet page that accompanies each part opener, you will find Internet siteaddresses (URLs) that are relevant to the issues in that part.Changes to this edition This new edition has been significantly updated.There are three completely new issues: Should Mothers Stay Home with Their Children? (Issue 5), Are Boys and Men Disadvantaged Relative to Girls and Women? (Issue10), and Should Biotechnology Be Used to Alter and Enhance Humans? (Issue 15). Inaddition, one or both of the selections were replaced to bring a fresh perspectiveto the debates for the issues on moral decline (Issue 1), crisis of the family (Issue4), gay marriage (Issue 6), affirmative action (Issue 9), business control of the government (Issue 11), government intervention (Issue 12), welfare reform (Issue 13),public education (Issue 14), the environment (Issue 19), and globalization (Issue20). Today the world is changing rapidly in many ways so that new issues arise, oldones fade, and some old issues become recast by events.A word to the instructor An Instructor’s Manual With Test Questions(multiple-choice and essay) is available through the publisher for the instructorusing Taking Sides in the classroom. A general guidebook, Using Taking Sides in theClassroom, which discusses methods and techniques for integrating the pro-conapproach into any classroom setting, is also available. An online version of UsingTaking Sides in the Classroom and a correspondence service for Taking Sides adopters can be found at http://www.mhcls.com/usingts/.Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Social Issues is only one title in the TakingSides series. If you are interested in seeing the table of contents for any of theother titles, please visit the Taking Sides Web site at http://www.mhcls.com/takingsides/.Acknowledgments I wish to acknowledge the encouragement and supportgiven to this project by Larry Loeppke, former and present list managers for theTaking Sides series, and Nichole Altman, developmental editor.I want to thank my wife, Meredith Ramsay, for her example and support. Ialso want to thank George McKenna for many years as a close colleague and coeditor through many early editions of this book.Kurt FinsterbuschUniversity of Maryland
editor.fm Page vii Thursday, March 23, 2006 12:04 PMContents In BriefPART 1 Culture and ValuesIssue 1.Issue 2.Issue 3.1Is America in Moral Decline? 2Does the News Media Have a Liberal Bias? 22Is Third World Immigration a Threat to America’s Way of Life? 42PART 2 Sex Roles, Gender, and the FamilyIssue 4.Issue 5.Issue 6.PART 3 Stratification and InequalityIssue 7.Issue 8.Issue 9.Issue 10.117Is Increasing Economic Inequality a Serious Problem? 118Is the Underclass the Major Threat to American Ideals? 134Has Affirmative Action Outlived Its Usefulness? 154Are Boys and Men Disadvantaged Relative to Girls andWomen? 174PART 4 Political Economy and InstitutionsIssue 11.Issue 12.Issue 13.Issue 14.Issue 15.61Is the Decline of the Traditional Family a National Crisis? 62Should Mothers Stay Home with Their Children? 80Should Same-Sex Marriages Be Legally Recognized? 98189Is Government Dominated by Big Business? 190Should Government Intervene in a Capitalist Economy? 208Has Welfare Reform Benefited the Poor? 226Is Competition the Reform That Will Fix Education? 242Should Biotechnology Be Used to Alter and EnhanceHumans? 260PART 5 Crime and Social Control281Issue 16. Is Street Crime More Harmful Than White-Collar Crime? 282Issue 17. Should Drug Use Be Decriminalized? 304Issue 18. Does the Threat of Terrorism Warrant Curtailment of CivilLiberties? 320PART 6 The Future: Population/Environment/Society337Issue 19. Is Mankind Dangerously Harming the Environment? 338Issue 20. Is Globalization Good for Mankind? 356vii
editor.fm Page viii Thursday, March 23, 2006 12:04 PMContentsPrefacevIntroductionxvPART 1 CULTURE AND VALUES1Issue 1. Is America in Moral Decline? 2YES: Robert H. Bork, from Slouching Towards Gomorrah: ModernLiberalism and American Decline (Regan Books, 1996) 4NO: Kay S. Hymowitz, from “Our Changing Culture: Abandoning theSixties,” Current (June 2004) 11Robert H. Bork, famous for being nominated for the Supreme Court but notconfirmed by the Senate, argues that modern liberalism is responsible forthe decline in morals. Journalist Kay S. Hymowitz argues that the permissiveculture of the sixties, which led to less respect for authority, crime, sexualpromiscuity, and other indicators of moral decline, is waning. The culturalpendulum is swinging back to a more traditional culture of commitment,moderation, and family values.Issue 2. Does the News Media Have a Liberal Bias? 22YES: Willam McGowan, from Coloring the News: How Crusading for DiversityHas Corrupted American Journalism (Encounter Books, 2001) 24NO:Robert W. McChesney and John Bellamy Foster, from “The ‘LeftWing’ Media?” Monthly Review (June 2003) 31Journalist Willam McGowan argues that political correctness pertainingto diversity issues has captured media newsrooms and exerts aconstraining pressure on reporters. Robert W. McChesney and JohnBellamy Foster argue that news reporting is bent in the direction of thepolitical and commercial requirements of media owners, and heavyreliance on government officials and powerful individuals as primarysources biases news toward the status quo.Issue 3. Is Third World Immigration a Threat to America’s Wayof Life? 42YES: Patrick Buchanan, from “Shields Up!” The American Enterprise(March 2002) 44NO:Ben Wattenberg, from “Immigration Is Good,” The American Enterprise (March 2002) 51Political analyst Patrick Buchanan asserts that the large influx of legal andillegal immigrants, especially from Mexico, threatens to undermine thecultural foundations of American unity. Ben Wattenberg, senior fellow at theAmerican Enterprise Institute, argues that the United States needs aconstant flow of immigrants to avoid population decline and also to avoid thediminishment of power and influence.viii
editor.fm Page ix Thursday, March 23, 2006 12:04 PMCONTENTSixPART 2 SEX ROLES, GENDER, AND THE FAMILY 61Issue 4. Is the Decline of the Traditional Family a NationalCrisis? 62YES: David Popenoe, from “The American Family Crisis,” National Forum:The Phi Kappa Phi Journal (Summer 1995) 64NO: Frank Furstenberg, from “Can Marriage Be Saved?” Dissent (Summer2005) 72Sociologist David Popenoe contends that families play important roles insociety but how the traditional family functions in these roles hasdeclined dramatically in the last several decades, with very adverseeffects on children. Sociologist Frank Furstenberg argues that diversityof and change in family forms are common throughout history, and themove away from the unusual family form of the 1950s does not indicatea crisis. It does present some problems for children but the worstproblem for children is the lack of resources that often results fromdivorce or single parenting.Issue 5. Should Mothers Stay Home with Their Children? 80YES: Claudia Wallis, from “The Case for Staying Home,” Time (March 22,2004) 82NO: Susan J. Douglas and Meredith W. Michaels, from The Mommy Myth(Free Press, 2004) 88Journalist Claudia Wallis reports that more and more mothers arechoosing to quit work and stay home to care for the children. The workdemands on professional women have increased to the point that veryfew can do both work and family. Forced to choose, growing numberschoose family. Communication studies professor Susan Douglas andwriter Meredith Michaels attack the media for promoting the mommymyth, that “motherhood is eternally fulfilling and rewarding, that it isalways the best and most important thing to do, . and that if you don'tlove each and every second of it there’s something really wrong withyou.” They object to the subtle moral pressure that the media puts onmothers to stay home with their children.Issue 6. Should Same-Sex Marriages Be Legally Recognized? 98YES: Human Rights Campaign, from “Answers to Questions about Marriage Equality” (HRC’s FamilyNet Project, 2004) 100NO: Peter Sprigg, from “Questions and Answers: What’s Wrong with LettingSame-Sex Couples ‘Marry’?” (Family Research Council, 2004) 107America’s largest lesbian and gay organization, The Human RightsCampaign, presents many arguments for why same-sex couples shouldbe able to marry. The main argument is fairness. Marriage confers manybenefits that same-sex couples are deprived of. Researcher PeterSprigg presents many arguments for why same-sex couples should notbe able to marry. The main argument is that the state has the right andduty to specify who a person, whether straight or gay, can marry so norights are violated.
editor.fm Page x Thursday, March 23, 2006 12:04 PMxCONTENTSPART 3 STRATIFICATION AND INEQUALITY 117Issue 7. Is Increasing Economic Inequality a SeriousProblem? 118YES: Christopher Jencks, from “Does Inequality Matter?” Daedalus(Winter 2002) 120NO:Christopher C. DeMuth, from “The New Wealth of Nations,” Commentary (October 1997) 128Christopher Jencks, professor of social policy at the Kennedy School atHarvard University, presents data on how large the income inequality is inthe United States and describes the consequences of this inequality.Christopher C. DeMuth, president of the American Enterprise Institute forPublic Policy Research, argues that the “recent increase in incomeinequality . . . is a very small tick in the massive and unprecedented levelingof material circumstances that has been proceeding now for almost threecenturies and in this century has accelerated dramatically.”Issue 8. Is the Underclass the Major Threat toAmerican Ideals? 134YES: Charles Murray, from “And Now for the Bad News,” Society(November/December 1999) 136NO:Barry Schwartz, from “Capitalism, the Market, the ‘Underclass,’ andthe Future,” Society (November/December 1999) 142Author Charles Murray describes destructive behavior among the underclass.Murray asserts that this type of behavior will result in serious trouble forsociety even though, according to statistics, the number of crimescommitted has decreased. Psychology professor Barry Schwartz states thatthe underclass is not the major threat to American ideals. He counters that“the theory and practice of free-market economics have done more toundermine traditional moral values than any other social force.”Issue 9. Has Affirmative Action Outlived Its Usefulness? 154YES: Curtis Crawford, from “Racial Preference VersusNondiscrimination,” Society (March/April 2004) 156NO: Lawrence D. Bobo, from “Inequalities that Endure?” in Maria Krysanand Amanda E. Lewis, eds., The Changing Terrain of Race and Ethnicity(Russell Sage Foundation, 2004) 164Curtis Crawford, editor of the Web site http://www.DebatingRacialPreferences.org, explores all possible options for bettering the situationof disadvantaged minorities in a truly just manner. He argues that the right ofeveryone, including white males, to nondiscrimination is clearly superior tothe right of minorities to affirmative action. Sociologist Lawrence D. Bobodemonstrates that racial prejudice still exists even though it has become amore subtle type of racism, which he calls laissez-faire racism. Though it isharder to identify, it has significant effects that Bobo illustrates. In fact, itplays a big role in current politics.
editor.fm Page xi Thursday, March 23, 2006 12:04 PMCONTENTSIssue 10.xiAre Boys and Men Disadvantaged Relativeto Girls and Women? 174YES: Michelle Conlin, from “The New Gender Gap,” Business Week Online(May 26, 2003) 176NO: Joel Wendland, from “Reversing the ‘Gender Gap’,” Political Affairs(March 2004) 183Journalist Michelle Conlin reviews the many disadvantages of boys andmen in school from kindergarten to grad school. Since education is theroute to success, men will be less able to compete in the marketplace.Joel Wendland acknowledges the edge that females have over malestoday in education but argues that females are still disadvantaged in themarketplace.PART 4 POLITICAL ECONOMY AND INSTITUTIONS 189Issue 11. Is Government Dominated by Big Business? 190YES: Bill Moyers, from “This Is the Fight of Our Lives,” Timeline (September/October 2004) 192NO:Jeffrey M. Berry, from “Citizen Groups and the Changing Nature ofInterest Group Politics in America,” The Annals of the American Academyof Political and Social Science ( July 1993) 198Television journalist Bill Moyers describes the harmful consequences of theinfluence and power of businessess and the rich over government. To him,the stories and evidence that he presents are “something to get mad about.”Jeffrey M. Berry, a professor of political science, contends that publicinterest pressure groups that have entered the political arena since the endof the 1960s have effectively challenged the political power of big business.Issue 12. Should Government Intervene in a CapitalistEconomy? 208YES: Eliot Spitzer and Andrew G. Celli Jr., from “Bull Run: Capitalismwith a Democratic Face,” The New Republic (March 22, 2004) 210NO:John Stossel, from “The Real Cost of Regulation,” Imprimis(May 2001) 218Attorneys Eliot Spitzer and Andrew G. Celli Jr. argue that thegovernment plays an essential role in enabling the market to work right.Capitalism runs amuck if it is not regulated to protect against abuse andensure fairness. John Stossel, a TV news reporter and producer of onehour news specials, argues that regulations have done immensedamage and do not protect us as well as market forces.
editor.fm Page xii Thursday, March 23, 2006 12:04 PMxiiCONTENTSIssue 13. Has Welfare Reform Benefited the Poor? 226YES: Scott Winship and Christopher Jencks, from “Understanding WelfareReform,” Harvard Magazine (November/December 2004) 228NO:Sharon Hayes, from “Off the Rolls: The Ground-Level Results ofWelfare Reform,” Dissent Magazine (Fall 2003) 234Sociologists Scott Winship and Christopher Jencks show that welfarereform and a good economy reduced welfare rolls by more than half andreduced poverty at the same time. They argue that the critics of welfarereform were wrong. Sharon Hayes, professor of sociology at theUniversity of Virginia, got to know many welfare mothers and learnedwhat happened to them since the welfare reform. Her article points outthat while quite a few mothers have left welfare since the reform, manycannot hold on to a job and are now worse off than before.Issue 14. Is Competition the Reform That Will FixEducation? 242YES: Clint Bolick, from “The Key to Closing the Minority Schooling Gap:School Choice,” The American Enterprise (April/May 2003) 244NO:Ron Wolk, from “Think
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