Unintended Consequences Of Peacekeeping Operations
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Unintended consequences of peacekeeping operations
Unintended consequencesof peacekeeping operationsEdited by Chiyuki Aoi, Cedric de Coning andRamesh ThakuraUnited NationsUniversity PressTOKYO u NEW YORK u PARIS
6 United Nations University, 2007The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations University.United Nations University PressUnited Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome,Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, JapanTel: þ81-3-3499-2811 Fax: þ81-3-3406-7345E-mail: sales@hq.unu.edu general enquiries: press@hq.unu.eduhttp://www.unu.eduUnited Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USATel: þ1-212-963-6387 Fax: þ1-212-371-9454E-mail: unuona@ony.unu.eduUnited Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United NationsUniversity.Cover design by Mea RheePrinted in Hong KongISBN 978-92-808-1142-1Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataUnintended consequences of peacekeeping operations / edited by Chiyuki Aoi,Cedric de Coning, and Ramesh Thakur.p. cm.Includes index.ISBN 978-9280811421 (pbk.)1. United Nations—Peacekeeping forces. 2. United Nations—Armed Forces.I. Aoi, Chiyuki. II. De Coning, Cedric. III. Thakur, Ramesh Chandra, 1948–JZ6374.U53 2007341.5 0 84—dc222007003294
ContentsList of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viiiList of contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ixPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvList of abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xviiPart I: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Unintended consequences, complex peace operations andpeacebuilding systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chiyuki Aoi, Cedric de Coning and Ramesh Thakur3Part II: Unintended consequences for individuals and groups . . . . .212 Unintended consequences of peace operations on Timor Lestefrom a gender perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shukuko Koyama and Henri Myrttinen233 Protecting civilians from UN peacekeepers and humanitarianworkers: Sexual exploitation and abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vanessa Kent44
viCONTENTSPart III: Host economies, humanitarian action and civil–militarycoordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .674 Unintended consequences of peace operations on the hosteconomy from a people’s perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Katarina Ammitzboell695 Unintended consequences of peace operations onhumanitarian action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shin-wha Lee906 Unintended consequences of civil–military cooperation inpeace operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stuart Gordon109Part IV: Troop-contributing countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1317 Unintended consequences of peace operations fortroop-contributing countries from West Africa: The case ofGhana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kwesi Aning8 Unintended consequences of peace operations for troopcontributing countries from South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C. S. R. Murthy9 Unintended consequences of peace operations for troopcontributing countries in South America: The cases ofArgentina and Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arturo C. Sotomayor133156171Part V: Accountability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19310 The accountability of personnel associated with peacekeepingoperations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Françoise J. Hampson and Ai Kihara-Hunt19511 A beacon of light in the dark? The United Nations’experience with peace operations ombudspersonsas illustrated by the Ombudsperson Institution inKosovo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Florian F. Hoffmann221
CONTENTS12 The vicarious responsibility of the United Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . .Frédéric Mégretvii25013 Conclusion: Can unintended consequences be prevented,contained and managed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chiyuki Aoi, Cedric de Coning and Ramesh Thakur268Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280
Tables2.17.110.1viiiComparison of UNTAET and UNMISET personnelstrengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nexus between HIV prevalence and length ofpeacekeepers’ duty tour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Immunity and jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27142198
ContributorsKatarina Ammitzboell, fromDenmark, has more than 10 yearsof experience with governance,conflict resolution and post-conflictsituations, including Afghanistan,Timor Leste, Burundi, Mozambique,South Africa, Egypt, Lebanon,Senegal and Chile. She has workedfor the United Nations, nongovernmental organizations,research institutions andgovernment. She holds an MSc inInternational Development andPublic Sector Economics and anLLM in International HumanRights Law and Islamic Law fromEngland. Her area of specializationis state-building and politicalinstitutional development with afocus on democratic governance,constitutional processes, justice,human rights, Islamic law and legalpluralism. She has been workingboth in and with Afghanistan forover three years with the UnitedNations Development Programmeas assistant country director forgovernance, which includedprogrammes in support of the Bonnprocess. She was a consultant forthe multi-donor evaluation onstate-building, disarmament,demobilization and reintegration,and provincial reconstruction teamsthat has just been released.Currently she works as aDemocratisation Expert forthe European Commission andis finalizing research ondemocratization in Afghanistan.Kwesi Aning attended the Universityof Ghana, Legon, and subsequentlyearned a PhD in Political Sciencefrom the University of Copenhagen,Denmark. He has taught at severaluniversities in Denmark, Austria,the United Kingdom, Nigeria, SierraLeone and Ghana, where he wasattached to the Legon Centre forInternational Affairs (LECIA). DrAning serves on and reviews articlesfor several international journalsand has published extensively inix
xCONTRIBUTORSscholarly journals and contributedseveral book chapters. His mostrecent publications have appearedin Asian and African Studies,Encyclopedia of African History,Review of African PoliticalEconomy, Conflict, Security andDevelopment and African SecurityReview. Dr Aning presently workswith the African Union Commissionin Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, wherehe occupies the position of Expert,Common African Defence andSecurity Policy (CADSP) andCounter-terrorism.Chiyuki Aoi is an Associate Professorof International Politics at AoyamaGakuin University in Tokyo. Shewas previously an AcademicProgramme Officer at the UnitedNations University and a JuniorProfessional Officer at the UnitedNations High Commissioner forRefugees. She was educated inJapan at Sophia University (BA)and the University of Tokyo,and in the United States at theMassachusetts Institute ofTechnology (MS) and ColumbiaUniversity (PhD).Cedric de Coning is a Research Fellowwith the African Centre for theConstructive Resolution of Disputes(ACCORD) and the NorwegianInstitute of International Affairs(NUPI). He started his career withthe South African Department ofForeign Affairs and served inWashington DC and Addis Ababa(1988–1997). While in Addis Ababahe was deployed on electionobserver missions for theOrganization of African Unityto Ethiopia, Algeria and Sudan.On his return to South Africa hejoined ACCORD as ProgrammeManager of the Training for PeaceProgramme and later as AssistantDirector (1997–2000). Heserved with the United NationsTransitional Administration in EastTimor in 2001 and with the UNDepartment of PeacekeepingOperations in New York in 2002.He holds a Master’s degree (CumLaude) in Conflict Management andPeace Studies from the University ofKwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and isa DPhil candidate with theDepartment of Political Studies ofthe University of Stellenbosch,South Africa. He is the SecretaryGeneral of the United NationsAssociation of South Africa and aSenior Research Associate with theCentre for International PoliticalStudies at the University of Pretoria.Stuart Gordon is a Senior Lecturer inthe Department of Defence andInternational Affairs at the RoyalMilitary Academy, UK. During 2003he was Operations Director forthe US/UK Iraq HumanitarianOperations Centre (Baghdad).Recent publications include Almsand Armour (Manchester UniversityPress, forthcoming); ‘‘Development,Democracy and Counter Insurgency:Evaluating Nepal’s Integrated‘Security’ and ‘Development’Policy’’, Asian Survey, Vol. 45, No.4, July/August 2005; ‘‘Military–Humanitarian Relationships andthe Invasion of Iraq: ReforgingCertainties?’’, Journal ofHumanitarian Assistance, 2003.Françoise J. Hampson taught at theUniversity of Dundee, Scotland,before moving to the Departmentof Law and Human Rights Centreat the University of Essex, UK,where she is currently a Professor.
CONTRIBUTORSHer principal areas of interestare the law of armed conflict andinternational/regional humanrights law, in which fields she haspublished and lectured widely. Shewas on the Steering Committeeand Panel of Experts of theInternational Committee of the RedCross for the study on customaryinternational humanitarian law.She has been the applicants’ legalrepresentative in many cases beforethe European Court of HumanRights, in connection with which shewas awarded the Liberty HumanRights Lawyer of the Year award in1998, with her colleague ProfessorKevin Boyle. She has been amember of the UN Sub-Commissionon the Promotion and Protection ofHuman Rights since 1998. She is aGovernor of the British Institute ofHuman Rights.Florian F. Hoffmann currently teachesinternational law and human rightsin the Law Department at theCatholic University of Rio deJaneiro (PUC-Rio, Brazil). He isalso the Deputy Director of thatdepartment’s human rights centre,the Núcleo de Direitos Humanos.He did his undergraduate studies inlaw and government at the LondonSchool of Economics and PoliticalScience, and holds a Master’sdegree (Mestrado em CiênciasJurı́dicas) from the PUC-Rio. Hegained his PhD in Law at theEuropean University Institute(Florence, Italy) with a thesisentitled ‘‘Can Human Rights BeTransplanted: Reflections on aPragmatic Theory of Human Rightsunder Conditions of Globalization’’.His research interests includehuman rights in theory and practice,xiinternational accountability,international legal theory andgeneral legal philosophy. Within theNúcleo de Direitos Humanos he is,inter alia, co-coordinating a researchproject on ‘‘International Trade,Development, and Human Rights’’,which seeks to work on the interfacebetween these three issue areasfrom the perspective of the globalSouth, and a study on ‘‘RightsConsciousness, Access to Justice,and Alternative Means to RealiseHuman Rights’’, conducted jointlywith the NGO VivaRio. He is, interalia, a member of the ExecutiveBoard of Sur – Human RightsUniversity Network, a book revieweditor for the Leiden Journal ofInternational Law, a European andInternational Law editor for theGerman Law Journal, and amember of the editing team of theincipient CPOG-J – Journal ofCritical Perspectives on GlobalGovernance.Vanessa Kent is a Senior Researcherand Training Co-ordinator for theTraining for Peace Programme atthe Institute for Security Studies(ISS) in Pretoria, South Africa. Shejoined the ISS after working for theCanadian Department of ForeignAffairs, where she was responsiblefor issues related to United Nationspeace operations, and before thatcoordinated the work of the G8Political Director. Prior to joiningForeign Affairs, she worked asinternational project anddevelopment co-ordinator for thePalestinian Legislative Council inthe West Bank (Palestinianterritories) and political researchofficer for the League of ArabStates (London Mission). She holds
xiiCONTRIBUTORSan MA in War Studies from King’sCollege, London (UK).Ai Kihara-Hunt, a Japanese nationalbrought up in Japan and Germanyand educated in the UnitedKingdom, has worked in the fieldwith different peacekeepingoperations, intergovernmentalorganizations and non-governmentalorganizations in human rights.These include the Organizationfor Security and Co-operation inEurope in Bosnia and Herzegovina;the United Nations Mission inEast Timor, the United NationsTransitional Administration in EastTimor and the Commission forReception, Truth and Reconciliation(CAVR) in Timor Leste; and theUnited Nations High Commissionerfor Refugees in Sri Lanka. Shehas obtained an MA in RuralDevelopment from the Universityof Sussex, UK, and an LLM inInternational Human Rights Lawfrom the University of Essex, UK.Her main professional area ofinterest is the interpretation andapplication of international humanrights law in different contexts,chiefly in post-conflict situations.She is currently working in theOffice of the High Commissioner forHuman Rights.Shukuko Koyama is a PhD candidateat the University of Bradford, UK.Shukuko has worked as a ProjectOfficer at the United NationsInstitute for Disarmament Research,Geneva, Switzerland, and aDisarmament, Demobilization andReintegration Officer with theUnited Nations OrganizationMission in the Democratic Republicof Congo (MONUC).Shin-wha Lee is an AssociateProfessor in the Department ofPolitical Science and InternationalRelations at Korea Universityand is Research Director of IlminInternational Relations Institute atKorea University. She received herPhD (International Relations) fromthe University of Maryland atCollege Park, USA, and held a PostDoctoral Fellowship at the Centerfor International Affairs, HarvardUniversity, USA (1994–1997).Among her previous positions wereResearcher at the World Bank(1992); Co-ordinator of Minoritiesat Risk Project (1993–1994); SpecialAdvisor to ‘‘the RwandanIndependent Enquiry’’ appointed byUN Secretary-General Kofi Annan(1999); Chair’s Advisor ofASEANþ3 East Asian VisionGroup (2000–2001); KoreanDelegate of the Korea-China-JapanFuture Leaders Forum (2004); andVisiting Scholar at the East AsianStudies Programme, PrincetonUniversity, USA (2005). ProfessorLee has published more than 60books and articles (in English andKorean) covering the fields of nontraditional security issues, EastAsian cooperation and regionalism,and the role of the United Nationsand international organizations inglobal peace and security.Frédéric Mégret, PhD (Université deParis I, Graduate Institute ofInternational Studies of theUniversity of Geneva), is anAssistant Professor of Law andthe Canada Research Chair on theLaw of Human Rights and LegalPluralism at the University ofMcGill, Canada. Before joining theUniversity of McGill, he was an
CONTRIBUTORSAssistant Professor in the Faculty ofLaw of the University of Toronto,Canada, and a research associate atthe European University Institutein Florence, Italy. In the past,Professor Mégret has worked forthe International Committee of theRed Cross and assisted the defencecounsel of one of the accused beforethe International Criminal Tribunalfor Rwanda, and he was a memberof the French delegation at theRome conference that createdthe International Criminal Court.As part of his military service inFrance, he was a Peacekeeper withthe United Nations Protection Force(UNPROFOR) in Sarajevo in 1995.Professor Mégret is currently coediting the second edition of TheUnited Nations and Human Rights:A Critical Appraisal (OxfordUniversity Press, 2006) withProfessor Philip Alston. Mostrecently, Professor Mégret has beenadvising the Liberian governmenton the design of a vetting procedureto screen out applicants to theLiberian armed forces who mayhave been involved in war crimes orgrave human rights abuses.C. S. R. Murthy is a Professor inInternational Organization at theCentre for International Politics,Organization and Disarmament,School of International Studies,Jawaharlal Nehru University, NewDelhi, India. He was Chairperson ofthat Centre from 2003 to 2005. Hehas authored one book, India’sDiplomacy in the United Nations:Problems and Perspectives (LancersBooks, 1993) and edited threebooks, including India andUNESCO: Five Decades ofCooperation (Indian NationalxiiiCommission for Cooperation withUNESCO, 1997). He hascontributed some 40 papers inreputed journals and books touchingupon international conflicts andsecurity, peacekeeping, the UnitedNations, including Security Councilreform, the third world, humanrights and India’s foreign policy.He is also Editor-in-Chief forInternational Studies, a premieracademic journal published in India.He was Fulbright Scholar at theInstitute of War and Peace Studies,Columbia University, New York,USA, from 1993 to 1994. From 1983to 1984 he was LeverhulmeCommonwealth Visiting Fellow atthe Department of InternationalRelations, University of Keele, UK.Henri Myrttinen, MSc, is a Researcherwith the Indonesian Society forSocial Transformation (INSIST) inYogyakarta, Indonesia. One of hisfocal areas is researching issueslinked to gender and violence. Hehas worked extensively on theseissues in Southeast Asia and iscurrently writing his PhD onmasculinity and violence in TimorLeste for the University ofKwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.Arturo C. Sotomayor is an AssistantProfessor of international relationsand Latin American comparativepolitics in the Division ofInternational Studies of the Centrode Investigación y DocenciaEconómicas (CIDE) in MexicoCity. His areas of interest includecivil–military relations in LatinAmerica, UN peacekeepingparticipation by South Americancountries and Latin Americancomparative foreign policy,especially vis-à-vis the United
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PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES FOR UN PEACEkEEPING OPERATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE vI Chapter 3 The Basic Principles for United Nations Peacekeeping 44 Section 3.1 Applying the Basic Principles of United Nations Peacekeeping 46 Section 3.2 Other Success Factors 51 Part II: Planning United Nations Peacekeeping Operations 59
that it does not, and some find that only some kinds of peacekeeping are effective.3 A closer look is clearly needed. The literature on peacekeeping is also surprisingly underdeveloped the oretically. Causal arguments about peacekeeping are therefore often misin formed. Opponents of intervention dismiss peacekeeping as irrelevant, or
Morbidity and Mortality Conference Unintended Consequences ‐‐AACAP 2021 7. What can be done to support trainees when . Microsoft PowerPoint - The Unintended Consequences of Diversity Training POST.pptx Author: calmatee Created Date: 10/8/2021 4:42:53 PM .
Sep 23, 2019 · 4 For more information on U.N. peacekeeping funding, see CRS In Focus IF10597, United Nations Issues: U.S. Funding of U.N. Peacekeeping , by Luisa Blanchfield. 5 U.N. document, A/C.5/73/21, Approved resources for peacekeeping
service in United Nations peacekeeping missions, with an awareness of accepted peacekeeping logistics doctrine, policies and procedures. Note: This information is compiled as of 1 May 2002. United Nations peacekeeping operations, as most organizations is going
Principles and Guidelines. 2008 Over the past six decades, United Nations peacekeeping has evolved into a complex, global undertaking. During . Chapter 3 The Basic Principles of United Nations Peacekeeping . 31 3.1 Applying the Basic Principles of United Nations Peacekeeping .
international peacekeeping activities directed to the maintenance or restoration of international peace and security. United Nations (UN) peacekeeping activities promote the peaceful resolution of conflict. ―UN peacekeeping can deliver important results by protecting civilians, helping t
United Nations, as set forth by the charter, is to unite our strength to maintain“ international peace and security” (“Basic Facts about the UN”). United Nations peacekeeping evolved since its beginnings in 1945. Initially, peacekeeping was limited t
