Sika Concrete Handbook

Sika – a global Player in SpecialtyChemicals for Construction and IndustrySika AG, located in Baar, Switzerland, is a globally active specialty chemicals company. Sikasupplies the building and construction industry as well as manufacturing industries (automotive,bus, truck, rail, alternative energies, building components).Sika is a leader inprocessing materials used in sealing, bonding, damping, reinforcing andprotecting load-bearing structures. Sika’s product lines feature high-quality concrete admixtures,specialty mortars, sealants and adhesives, damping and reinforcing materials, structuralstrengthening systems, industrial flooring as well as roofing and waterproofing systems.Sika Services AGBusiness Unit ConcreteTüffenwies 16CH-8048 ZürichSwitzerlandPhone 41 58 436 40 40Fax 41 58 436 41 50www.sika.comOur most current General SalesConditions shall apply.Please consult the Product Data Sheetprior to any use and processing. Sika Services AG / BU Concrete / 05.2012 / CMSWorldwide local presence in 76 countries and some 15,300 employees link customers directly toSika and guarantee the success of all p artners.Sika Concrete HandbookSika Concrete Handbook

Sika Concrete Handbook

EditorSika Services AGTüffenwies 16CH-8048 ZürichAuthorsDipl.-Ing. HTL Jürg Schlumpf, Sika Services AGDipl.-Ing. Bastian Bicher, Sika Services AGDipl.-Ing. Oliver Schwoon, Sika Services AGLayoutSika Services AGCorporate Marketing Service 2012 by Sika AGAll rights reservedEdition 05/2012

ForewordThis new Concrete Handbook is a Chapter by Chapter guide about the main methods andprocesses for the production of concrete to meet different requirements. Of course the growingdemands for sustainability in concrete are also taken into consideration.One of the main requirements for durable concrete is its impermeability to water. But watertightconcrete alone is not all that is required to make a structure waterproof. A specific chapter‘White Box’ on ‘Watertight Concrete Construction’ which considers the form and dimensions ofthe design, the watertight concrete mix design and the alternative solutions for watertight jointsealing has been added to this Concrete Handbook.The book is divided into the following chapters:1. Construction Material Concrete2. Sustainability3. The Five Concrete Components4. Concrete Mix Design5. Fresh Concrete Properties and Tests6. Concrete Application7. Hardened Concrete Properties and Tests8. Concrete Types9. White Box10. Recommended Measures11. Standards12. IndexModern concrete is produced from five components. This results in a complex matrix, control ofwhich presents a constantly recurring challenge for everyone involved. For every structure theconcrete components must be adapted to both the fresh and the hardened concrete performancerequirements.The authors of the Concrete Handbook have worked in Sika for many years as engineers inproject and product management. This booklet is written both as an introduction to concreteand its application and for a deeper study of the most important building material concrete; it isintended as a reliable source of information for our partners.May 20123

1. Table of ContentsForeword31.1.11.21.3Construction Material ConcreteIntroductionTermsMain Uses of Concrete778102.2.12.2SustainabilityConcrete Admixtures and the EnvironmentPowerful and Sustainable1414163.3.13.23.33.3.13.43.5The Five Concrete ComponentsCement and BinderConcrete AggregatesConcrete AdmixturesSika ProductsConcrete Additions and Supplementary Cementious Materials (SCM)Water222226303536384.4.14.24.3Concrete Mix DesignConcrete Mix Design CalculationDesign Concept Paste VolumeSika Mix Design esh Concrete Properties and TestsWater/Cement - RatioPan testing methodMicrowave testing methodWorkability and ConsistenceHot Weather ConcreteCold-Weather ConcreteFresh Concrete Air ContentFresh Concrete DensityFresh Concrete TemperatureCohesion and crete ApplicationCrane and Bucket ConcretePumped ConcreteSelf-Compacting Concrete (SCC)Concrete for Traffic AreasMass Concrete7878808488904

1. Table of Contents6.66.76.86.96.106.116.12Monolithic Concrete for Industrial FloorsRoller-Compacted Concrete (RCC)Slipform ConcreteSprayed ConcreteWet Precast ConcreteTunnel Segment ConcreteSemi-dry 87.97.107.117.127.13Hardened Concrete Properties and TestsRequirements for Specimens and MoldsCompressive StrengthWatertightnessFrost and Freeze/Thaw ResistanceSulfateFire ResistanceAAR ResistanceAbrasion ResistanceChemical ResistanceFlexural StrengthShrinkageTensile 138.148.158.16Concrete TypesWaterproof ConcreteCorrosion Resistant ConcreteFrost and Freeze/Thaw Resistant ConcreteSulfate Resistant ConcreteFire Resistant ConcreteAlkali-Silica-Reaction Resistant ConcreteAbrasion Resistant ConcreteChemical Resistant ConcreteHigh Strength ConcreteShrinkage Controlled ConcreteFiber Reinforced ConcreteFair-faced ConcreteColored ConcreteUnderwater ConcreteLightweight ConcreteHeavyweight 1921941965

1. Table of Contents9.White Box19810.10.110.210.3Recommended MeasuresFormwork PreparationConcrete 111.311.4StandardsStandards EN 206-1Definitions from the standardExposure classes related to environmental actionsClassification by consistenceCompressive strength classesThe k-value (Extract from EN 206-1)Chloride content (extract from EN 206-1)Specification of ConcreteConformity controlProof of other Concrete PropertiesStandard EN 934-2Specific Requirements from the StandardASTM "Concrete and Aggregates"ASTM for 4224612.Index2506

Material1. Construction Material Concrete1.1 IntroductionSika – with Long ExperienceFounded by Kaspar Winkler in 1910, the name Sika today stands for waterproof and durablesolutions. Beginning with rendering mortar, used for the first time in the waterproofing of theold Gotthard Railway Tunnel, and extending to entire waterproofing systems for a wide numberof applications, which also currently includes the Gotthard Base Tunnel, the longest high-speedrailway tunnel in the world, Sika products contribute to building success. To seal durably againstpenetrating water, while in other instances to protect precious water and prevent its leakage; twosides of a comprehensive challenge present complex interfaces.Designing an entire watertight building from the basement to the roof requires the developmentof solutions for the widest range of applications, solutions which can be installed practically andprovide permanent protection. For a complete structure this means the sealing of surfaces suchas roofs, underground walls or foundation plates. It also means assuring the watertightness ofconstruction joints and of movement joints. Furthermore, waterproofing solutions in visible areasmust meet high aesthetical requirements.Alongside water, building structures are exposed to a broad range of forces and strains,starting with mechanical stresses resulting from the type of construction and extending tovarious external attacks. Extreme hot or cold temperature conditions, aggressive water or otherchemicals, continually rolling, abrading or pulsating strains on surfaces, or in extreme cases theimpact of fire, places enormous stresses on structures as a whole and on building materials.Concrete has shaped Sika’s development sustainably, and since 1910 Sika has made a notablecontribution to the development of concrete as a durable building material!7

1. Construction Material Concrete1.2 TermsThree main constituents are actually enough to produce concrete: Binder (Cement) Aggregates WaterDue to continually increasing demands for the concrete quality (mainly durability) and hugeadvances in admixture and concrete technology, it is now possible to produce many differentkinds of concrete.The aggregates (sand and gravel)are the main constituents of concrete, at over 70% by volume. Thetype and quality of the aggregatesare therefore vitally important forthe properties of the concrete,both fresh and hardened. Standard concreteConcrete with a maximum particle diameter 8 mmDensity (kiln dried) 2'000 kg/m³, maximum 2'600 kg/m³ Heavyweight concreteDensity (kiln dried) 2'600 kg/m³ Lightweight concreteDensity (kiln dried) 800 kg/m³ and 2'000 kg/m³ Fresh concreteConcrete, mixed, while it can still be worked and compacted Hardened concreteConcrete when set, with measurable strength ‘Green’ concreteNewly placed and compacted, stable, before the start of detectablesetting (green concrete is a precasting industry term)Other terms in use are shotcrete, pumped concrete, craned concrete etc. they define theplacement into the formwork, working and/or handling to the point of installation (see Chapter 6).8

Material1. Construction Material ConcreteIn addition to the three main components of concrete, concrete admixtures and additives are alsoused in concretes with higher performance specifications again both fresh and hardened.Sika began developing the first admixtures for cementitious mixes in 1910, the year in which itwas founded. At that time the main aims were to shorten the setting time of mortar mixes, makethem watertight or increase their strength. Some of these early, successful Sika products are stillin use today.Water is necessary in concrete for consistence and hydration of the cement, but too much waterin the hardened concrete is a disadvantage, so Sika products were also developed to reduce thewater content while maintaining or even improving the consistence (workability):DateProduct baseTypical Sika product1910Aqueous alkaline solution Sika -1Main effectsWaterproofing agent 1930LignosulfonatePlastocreteWater reduction up to 10%1940GluconatePlastiment Water reduction up to 10%plus retardation1960Mix of carbohydrate andpolyphosphatesMix of syntheticsurfactantsSika Retarder RetardationSika-Aer Air-entrainment Water reduction up to 20%1970198019901990NaphthaleneMelamineVinyl copolymersMixture of organic andinorganic salt solution2000Modified Polycarboxylates Sika ViscoCrete (PCE)Water reduction up to 40%2010Modified Polycarboxylates Sika ViscoFlow (PCE)Slump rentention up to 7 hoursSikament SikaRapid Water reduction up to 25%Hardening acceleratorEver since the company was founded, Sika has always been involved where cement,aggregates, sand and water are made into mortar or concrete – the reliable partner for economicconstruction of durable concrete structures.9

1. Construction Material Concrete1.3 Main Uses of ConcreteIt makes sense to classify the uses of concrete on the basis of where and how it is produced,together with its method of application, since these have different requirements and properties.The sales of cement in four different countries in 2010 are given as an example of how the percentages vary for the different distribution and usage channels for the overall methods of use:GermanyUSAChinaIndia Approx. 45%to ready-mix plants Approx. 70%to ready-mix plants Approx. 40%to ready-mix plants Approx. 10%to ready-mix plants Approx. 30%precast componentand concrete productproducers Approx. 10%precast componentand concrete productproducers Approx. 10%precast componentand concrete productproducers Approx. 15%precast componentand concrete productproducers Approx. 15%contractors Approx. 10%contractors Approx. 30%contractors Approx. 20%contractors Approx. 10%other outlets Approx. 10%other outlets Approx. 20%other outlets Approx. 55%other outletsThe requirements for the concrete differ for each of these applications. The right planning andpreparation of the concrete works are crucial for the successful use of this fantastic buildingmaterial.10